chapter 16

what should be included in a food plan for a pregnant woman during the first trimester?

- 3 cups from veggies - 3 cups from calcium - 2 cups from fruits

a healthy infant should weigh more than ---- pounds at birth

- 5.5

Match the Healthy People 2020 goals for breastfeeding infants.

- 82% breast feeding at the time of discharge - 61% breast feeding for 6 months - 34% breast feeding at 1 year

which nutrients are of particular concern for pregnant vegans

- B6 - Zinc - Iron

factors that limit breast feeding success include ----.

- a lack of information - an inadequate support system - a lack of role models

the lactating woman;s DRIs are based on the ----

- amounts of nutrient stores used to produce milk - nutrient content of milk produced - quantity of milk produced

factors that can limit breastfeeding success include...

- an inadequate support system - a lack of information - a lack of role models

what are the components of colostrum

- antibodies - immune system cells - lactobacillus bifidus factor

what is one of the best promoters for optimal fetal growth?

- appropriate weight gain during pregnancy

most women younger than 18 years ____ as physically ready to be pregnant as they will be in later years

- are not

what are some alternative treatment options for pregnancy induced hypertension that can be used if it is too soon to deliver the infant

- bed rest - magnesium sulfate treatment

weight status prior to pregnancy influences the health of ---- before, during, and after pregnancy

- both the mother and child

oxytocin causes contraction of the muscle like cells surrounding the ducts of the ---- tissue

- breast

what first action should a pregnant women take if she is interested in beginning a regular physical activity program during pregnancy?

- consult a physician

which of the following are functions of folic acid during pregnancy?

- dna synthesis in neural tissue - cell division in neural tissue

which of the following groups of people are at risk of a vitamin D deficiency

- do not consume milk - limited sun exposure

early symptoms of preeclampsia include which of the following

- edema - rise in blood pressure - excess protein in urine - changes in blood clotting

which of the following are issues with teen pregnancies?

- entering pregnancy underweight - gain too little during pregnancy - low nutrient intake

metabolic adjustments that help pregnant women to meet the calorie and nutrient demands of pregnancy include...

- excreting less of some nutrients - using some nutrients more efficiently - absorbing some nutrients more efficiently

what are some programs funded by the USDA that help woman of low socioeconomic status procure foods and nutrition education?

- expanded food and nutrition education program (EFNEP) - supplemental nutrition assistance program program (SNAP) - women infants and children program (WIC)

what are some sources that commonly transmit listeria organisms

- feta cheese - brie cheese

5 of every 1000 babies born in the U.S each year have fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. These babies have which of the following?

- growth retardation - nervous system defects - facial malformations

of the additional 800 calories per day required for milk production, approximately ____

- half should come from the diet - half should come from fat stored during pregnancy

straining to excrete dry hard stools when constipated during pregnancy may cause the formation of....

- hemorrhoids

which is the best statement in reference to strategies for a successful pregnancy?

- improving health status during pregnancy will increase the chance of a successful pregnancy - improving health status prior to conception will increase the chance of a successful pregnancy

protein, carb, and micronutrient needs are ---- during pregnancy

- increased

sufficient intakes of omega 3 fatty acid DHA may improve which of the following during pregnancy?

- infant birth length - gestation duration - infant birth weight

which statements are true in regard to lactobacillus bifidus factor?

- it protects the intestine by preventing the growth of potentially harmful bacteria - it is a component of colostrum

obese women may have a ---- milk supply which will lead to the need for infant formula to be used during feedings

- low

what are some example of exercises that should be avoided during pregnancy?

- martial arts - horseback riding

please pair the components of weight gain during pregnancy with their corresponding weight contribution

- maternal fat stores: 4-8 lbs - fetus: 8 lbs - fetus, amniotic fluid, and placenta: 11 lbs

what are some causes of potential problems encountered with breast feeding?

- misinformation - inverted nipples, which can be corrected prior to pregnancy

what are some strategies that may be used to improve the chances of a successful pregnancy?

- modify or remove potentially harmful habits prior to conception - control or correct existing health problems prior to conception

which of the following are common problems related to pregnancy?

- morning sickness - edema - heartburn

in developing countries prolonged undernutrition during pregnancy will lead to death for the ---- in 1 in 180 births

- mother

which of the following is a condition related to low folic acid intake during pregnancy?

- neural tube defects

factors that make pregnancies high risk include...

- numerous previous pregnancies - closely spaced pregnancies - carrying more than 1 fetus

---- is the practice of eating non food items

- pica

the ---- is an organ that forms in the uterus during pregnancy and is responsible for transferring nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus and remove fetal wastes

- placenta

what are some advantages of breast feeding for the mother

- potential for quicker return to pregnancy weight - decreases the risk of ovarian and premenopausal breast cancer - contributes to an earlier recovery from pregnancy

constipation often occurs during pregnancy as a result of

- pregnancy hormones that slow digestion - iron supplementation

who is at the greatest risk for not consuming enough dietary calcium?

- pregnant teens

multiple previous pregnancies or pregnancies occurring less than 1 year apart increase the risk that future pregnancies will result in...

- premature birth - low birth weight

smoking during pregnancy is related to ---- births

- preterm

women with small breasts can ---- the milk their babies need

- produce all

after birth the mother produces ----, a hormone that enables her to produce milk for breastfeeding

- prolactin

which of the following statements are true about prolactin

- prolactin hormone stimulates milk production - infant suckling stimulates the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland

why is folate so important during pregnancy?

- red blood cell formation - DNA synthesis

infants born to women who consumed insufficient calories are...

- small - more likely to die soon after birth

Listeria monocytogenes is of a particular concern for pregnant women because it can cause ____

- still birth - infections in the newborn - spontaneous abortion

heartburn can occur sometimes during pregnancy because...

- stomach contents may be pushed upward due to crowding of the stomach - pregnancy hormones can relax GI tract sphincters

lactating women who consume caffeine may find that their infants ____

- unable to sleep - are fussy

what can occur if prenatal care is inadequate?

- untreated chronic diseases can increase the risk of fetal damage - untreated maternal deficiencies can harm the developing fetus

supplements of some nutrients, including ____ may adversely affect those who are HIV positive

- vitamin A - Iron - Zinc

what must be increased to support pregnancy?

- vitamins - minerals - calories - proteins

---- during pregnancy is a good indication of growth and development for the fetus and health of the mother

- weight gain

how long should an infant be exclusively breastfed before introducing breast milk in a bottle or supplemental formula feedings?

1-2 months

please list the steps int the process of the let down reflex in order from start to finish

1. suckling stimulates nerves in the nipple and areola 2. the pituitary releases oxytocin and prolactin 3. oxytocin stimulates the release of milk

place in the correct order the terms used to describe an infant from conception to delivery

1. zygote 2. embryo 3. fetus

how many pounds does a healthy weight gain for a pregnant woman include during the 1st trimester

1.1-4.4

how many cups of fluid should the mother consume per day in order to ensure ample milk production?

13 cups per day

approximately how many calories are allowed during the second and third trimesters to allow for a healthy pregnancy

2600

during the 2nd trimester, a daily increase of about ---- calories is recommended

350

how many additional calories are needed by pregnant women during the second and third trimester

350 - 450

a favorable pregnancy outcome is a full terms gestation period of ____ weeks

40

which B vitamin is recommended by the american college of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, for pregnant women to prevent or treat nausea?

B-6

fish and supplements are a good source of omega 3 ------

fatty acids

____ is required for both DNA synthesis and red blood cell formation, which is part of the reason its RDA increases so much during pregnancy and why it is a recommended supplement for women of childbearing age

folate

to help prevent birth defects during pregnancy, the amount of B vitamin ---- acid is increased from 400 micrograms to 600 micrograms each day

folic

adequate maternal weight ---- during pregnancy is an excellent promoter of optimal fetal growth

gain

an underweight woman may improve her pregnancy outcome by ____ more weight before or during pregnancy relative to normal or overweight women

gaining

during pregancy another type of diabetes can develop in weeks 20-28 and is called ---- diabetes

gestational

which food or supplement may help with preventing and/or treating nausea during pregnancy according to the ACOG?

ginger

a diet severely restricted in calories during pregnancy ____

greatly restricts fetal growth and development

preterm delivery, low birth weights, and increased risk of fetal death are outcomes of ____.

iron deficiency anemia

an occasional day of poor nutrient intake ____ a cause for concern to the lactating woman

is not

children born to mothers with gestational diabetes are typically ----.

large for gestational age

women should ____ their trans fatty acid intake during pregnancy

minimize

infants breastfed by adolescent mothers may grow ____ infants of older mothers

more slowly than

certain hormones increase a pregnant woman's sense of smell which contributes to ____

morning sickness

it is ____ to rely on natural cravings during pregnancy to meet nutrient needs

not wise

women tend to experience the most issues with breastfeeding if they were ---- before pregnancy

obese

what is the name of the principal hormone that promotes milk production and is stimulated by both the birth of the baby and by suckling?

prolactin

to easily meet the needs for iodine during pregnancy, women should use iodized ----.

salt

the foodborne illness that poses the greatest risk during pregnancy is caused by ____

the bacteria listeria monocytogenes

____ is the primary regulator of energy in the body

thyroid hormone

why is it important for a woman to consume nutrient dense foods especially during the first trimester

to ensure all essential nutrients are provided

good prenatal care includes taking a ____ supplement throughout the pregnancy

vitamin

____ during pregnancy is a good indication of growth and development for the fetus and health for the mother

weight gain

which statement is true about breastfeeding?

breastfeeding is a learned skill and education prior to lactation is necessary

nutrient dense foods can be displaced during pregnancy in women that consume ----.

alcohol

which statement is true about breastfeeding and women

almost all women are physically capable of breastfeeding

please pair the correct situation with its associated adverse health event

an obese pregnant woman: high bp, gestational diabetes, difficult deliveries an infant from an obese woman: birth defects, death within a few weeks, obesity during childhood underweight pregnant woman: lighter placenta, lower nutrient stores (iron) infant from underweight woman: low birthweight, premature

____ is the thin yellowish immature milk that may first appear anytime from late pregnancy to several days postpartum

colostrum

what is the finite window of opportunity for cells to develop into a particular tissue or organ?

critical period

please pair the terms with its correct definition

embryo: 3rd week to 8th week ovum: egg cell that becomes the fetus fetus: 9th week and after Zygote: fertilized egg