Chapter 16 Many Enlightenments

Adam Smith believed that doing away with guilds would result in which of the following?

1. A settling of prices at their natural levels 2. Easier access to goods

Which of the following factors contributed to the growth of Enlightenment?

1. A tolerant church 2. A thriving economy 3. A sovereign parliament

The area around Naples, Italy, drew Enlightenment scientists entering which fields of study?

1. Archeology 2. Geology

People who opposed the Enlightenment generally fell into which two categories?

1. Clerics 2. Aristocrats

Which two countries were the world's most active slave traders?

1. England 2. The Dutch Republic

Which of the following factors encouraged the development of Enlightenment ideas in Western Europe?

1. Exposure to outside ideas 2. Higher rates of literacy

Which of the following are reforms enacted by Joseph II of Austria that reflect Enlightenment ideas?

1. He increased religious toleration 2. He allowed freedom of the press 3. He made government more efficient

Which three of the following actions of Prussia's Frederick the Great reflected Enlightenment ideas?

1. He modernized Prussia's bureaucracy 2. He reduced censorship and religious persecution 3. He improved the lands that came under his control

Which of the following are examples of Peter the Great's implementation of Enlightenment ideas in Russia?

1. He modernized the military 2. He founded new colleges 3. He updated the alphabet

The French physiocrats felt that the economy could be improved by which of the following actions?

1. Increasing agricultural production 2. Reducing marketplace restrictions

The era of the Enlightenment was marked by which of the following?

1. Increasing colonization 2. Devastating warfare 3. Growing commerce

Which of the following are evidence of the supremacy of Italian opera during the Enlightenment

1. Most princes hired Italian as court composers 2. Almost all operas were performed in Italian

Which two of the following are evidence of the supremacy of Italian opera during the Enlightenment.

1. Most princes hired Italians as court composers 2. Almost all operas were performed in Italian

Which methods of gathering evidence did David Hume consider valid ways to establish truths about human nature or the world?

1. Observation 2. Data collection 3. Experimentation

Adam Smith argued that states should do which of the following?

1. Reject efforts to force the production of certain goods 2. Avoid taxed and tariffs that limit the trade of goods

Which tactics did Louis XV use to resist change in his kingdom?

1. Spies 2. Censorship

Which of the following explain the beneficial effect of the 1707 Act of Union on the Scottish Lowlands?

1. The best farming pand was located in the Lowlands 2. Important port cities were located in the Lowlands

Which of the following happened as a result of economic growth in the British Isles after the 1707 Act of Union?

1. The middle class expanded 2. Trade with the colonies grew

Which of the following reasons limited the spread of Enlightenment ideas in the public sphere of central Europe?

1. There were few urban centers 2. The commercial elite were relatively poor

The Glorious Revolution occurred during which span?

1688-1689

According to John Locke's "Second Treatise," which of the following would give people the right to rebel and form a new social contract?

A king placing himself above the law

Which of the following best describes the plot of Daniel Defoe's novel Robinson Crusoe?

A man gets stranded on a desert island for twenty-eight years

What was the great impediment to the spread of Enlightenment ideas in southern Europe?

A powerful church

Which of the following most contributed to the Dutch Republic's development of Enlightenment ideas?

A tradition of tolerance

In Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract, people can break the social contract with their rulers when their rulers

Become tyrants

During the Enlightenment, how did people seek to improve humanity?

By learning and trying new things

The scientific revolution contributed to the Enlightenment in which of the following ways?

By proving ideas with rigorous experiments

Which group did the most to reveal intolerant and irrational policies of state churches?

Christian humanists

In Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu stated his belief that governments were formed in response to each country's

Climate, customs, and character

In the realm of politics, what was the main goal of most Enlightenment thinkers?

Ending political corruption

John Locke disapproved of landowners who

Failed to make their land fruitful

How did Enlightenment ideas impact church-going in Europe?

Fewer people attended church

Adam Smith believed that the quantities and prices of goods should be set by

Free markets

How does Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile become a virtuous, autonomous, free man?

He avoids the church, the court, and the big city

What caused John Locke to flee England for exile in the Dutch Republic?

His opposition to the crowning of a new king

What important discovery was made by Philip Miller, the author of Gardeners Dictionary?

Insects play an important role in the plant pollination

While many Enlightenment thinkers felt people had to use logic to arrive at truths, Immanuel Kant believed that people could use _____.

Introspection

Adam Smith called the natural process by which free markets control the distribution of goods, jobs, and profits the "_____ _____."

Invisible hand

How did John Locke characterize the state of human knowledge in his 1960 book An Essay on Human Understanding?

It was based mostly on superstition and untested claims

Why is Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe considered the first novel in English?

It was the first detailed account of the life of an ordinary man

What did Enlightenment thinkers most appreciate about England's House of Commons?

Its members were elected by the people

In Zading, Voltaire's fictional hero solved a dispute over whether people should enter a temple with their left of right foot first by suggesting that they

Jump in with both feet

Which Enlightenment author argued that women should cultivate reason and purity of heart instead of beauty?

Mary Wollstonecraft

According to the anonymous author of The Treatise of the Three Impostors, who were the three impostors?

Moses, Jesus, and Mohammed

Why did pamphlets flourish during the Enlightenment?

Most people were able to read and write pamphlets

Which aspect of English government most inspired Enlightenment reformers on the European continent?

Parliamentary sovereignty

Absolutist rulers like Frederick the Great of Prussia and Joseph II of Austria used Enlightenment ideas to do which of the following?

Patronize innovative scholars

In his 1764 treatise On Crimes and Punishments, Cesare Beccaria stated that the justice system should be

Rational and humane

What is one major cause of the desire for individual and social improvement that marked the Enlightenment?

Religious warfare

What important idea did David Hume contribute to modern scientific thinking?

Science should be open to self-criticism

In "A Letter Concerning Toleration," John Locke argued that the state and the church should be

Separate

Enlightenment literature laid the groundwork for the idea that women should devote themselves to the home while men looked after business. This idea is referred to as _____ _____.

Separate spheres

Voltaire believed that superstition, corruption, and intellectual cowardice were spread mainly by

The Catholic Church

What new entity was created by the 1707 Act of Union?

The United Kingdom of Great Britain

What did the French call the Enlightenment?

The century of light

How did people's attitudes about music change during the Enlightenment?

They paid closer attention to the music

What did Voltaire think about the French clergy and the kings' courtiers?

They were stupid and corrupt

What was Baruch Spinoza's opinion of the relationship between God and Nature?

They were the same thing

Which aspect of Peter the Great's new capital city most reflected Enlightenment values?

The establishment of an Academy of Science

On what did Jean-Jacques Rousseau blame the social inequalities of his time?

The establishment of private property

What did Adam Smith believe happened when people pursued their own personal happiness?

The happiness of others increased

Why did many French intellectuals dislike the king and the Catholic clergy?

The king and clergy resisted new ideas

In Montesquieu's Persian Letters, what did the two visitors to France think about Louis XIV and his courtiers?

The king was arrogant, and his courtiers were spoiled