Chapter 16 (Pre-quiz): Reproductive system
How many chromosomes do each sperm and each ovum have? 46 pairs of chromosomes 23 chromosomes 23 pairs of chromosomes 46 chromosomes 2n chromosomes
23 chromosomes
Which hormone promotes a small number of primary follicles within the ovary to grow and mature each month? estrogen follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) testosterone luteinizing hormone (LH)
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Which ovarian phase corresponds with the proliferative phase in the uterus? follicular phase menstrual phase secretory phase luteal phase
follicular phase
Which of the following is a likely result of meiosis? View Available Hint(s) four sperm, each with 46 chromosomes two eggs, each with 23 chromosomes four sperm, each with 23 chromosomes two eggs, each with 46 chromosomes
four sperm, each with 23 chromosomes
What is the rounded region of the uterus that is superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes? cervix fundus body infundibulum
fundus
Where are androgens, such as testosterone, produced? interstitial cells of the testis prostate epididymis bulbourethral glands seminiferous tubules of the testis
interstitial cells of the testis
The biggest risk factor for developing breast cancer is __________. human papillomavirus alcoholism gene mutations lifelong estrogen exposure
lifelong estrogen exposure
What is the general function of the gonads? engage in sexual intercourse produce gametes and secrete sex hormones secrete alkaline fluids protect the developing fetus
produce gametes and secrete sex hormones
What is the function of the interstitial cells in the testes? produce FSH and LH produce gametes produce testosterone nurture developing gametes
produce testosterone
Which hormone is necessary for the growth of endometrial glands which are important for the sustenance of a growing embryo until its implantation? luteinizing hormone (LH) testosterone progesterone follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) inhibin
progesterone
Which hormone is produced by the corpus luteum that helps maintain pregnancy? estrogen progesterone relaxin testosterone
progesterone
Chromosomes can exchange genetic information during a process called "crossing over." This occurs when homologous chromosomes are lined up in pairs. When does this happen? View Available Hint(s) anaphase II prophase I anaphase I metaphase II
prophase I
The ovarian cycle describes the monthly events of a post-pubescent ovary that causes a small number of primary follicles to grow, mature, and ovulate each month. What is the order of the events in one ovarian cycle? Drag and drop the events below in the proper sequence.
Day 1 to day 28: Stimulation by FSH Primary oocyte resumes meiosis Maturation into vesicular follicle Ovulation Corpus luteum forms
The uterine cycle describes the cyclic changes of thickening and degeneration that the endometrium goes through in a month. What is the order of events in one uterine cycle? Drag and drop the events below in the proper sequence.
Day 1 to day 28: The superficial layer of the endometrium is shed Basal layer of endometrium grows, forms glands and blood vessels Enriched endometrial blood supply Endometrial glands secrete nutrients into uterus
Relative levels of anterior pituitary gonadotropins correlate with hormonal and follicular changes of the ovary and with the uterine cycle. Match each term to the appropriate sentence.
FSH causes oocytes to mature. Progesterone increases the existing blood supply in the endometrium. Estrogen induces proliferation of blood vessels in the endometrium. LH surge stimulates ovulation.
What effect does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) have on males? FSH stimulates estrogen production in males. FSH causes the testes to enlarge in size. FSH stimulates sperm production in males. Male testes are not influenced by FSH. FSH functions solely in females.
FSH stimulates sperm production in males.
After DNA replication, each individual chromosome becomes a homologous pair. View Available Hint(s) True False
False
Viable sperm cannot be produced at temperatures below body temperature. True False
False
What hormone stimulates cells in the testes to produce testosterone? progesterone FSH GnRH LH
LH
The ovary is indicated by ________. Label J Label H Label I Label A Label B
Label B
The uterine (fallopian) tube is indicated by ________. Label B Label D Label H Label E Label J
Label E
Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System How does age affect the reproductive system? Drag and drop the [terms/phrases] into the appropriate bins.
Men: Able to generate gametes late in life, steady decline in sex hormone production throughout later life. Women: production of gametes ceases with menopause, gonadal release of sex hormones wanes, then ceases, around age 50, mood changes, and vasodilation of skin blood vessels results from loss of sex hormones
The events in the ovarian and uterine cycles are largely controlled by the pituitary gonadotropins and ovarian hormones. Before ovulation are the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle and the menstrual and proliferative phases of the uterine cycle. After ovulation are the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle and the secretory phase of the uterine cycle. How do hormone levels change with the phases and ovulation? Drag each item to the appropriate bin.
Pre-ovulation: Lowest estrogen, Lowest progesterone, and Lowest LHFSH plateau. Ovulation: LH peak, FSH peak, and Estrogen peak. Post-ovulation: Lowest FSH, Progesterone peak Estrogen falls, rises, and falls again.
Vocabulary termsPart complete Match these vocabulary terms to their meanings.
Reproductive organs that produce eggs and sperm are called gonads. The production of milk is called lactation. A procedure that removes the foreskin from around the tip of the penis is called circumcision. Hypertrophy is when an organ develops a size beyond what is normal. The structure formed when an egg and sperm join together is a(n) zygote. Inflammation of the testes is a condition called orchitis.
The cyclic production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries is, in turn, regulated by the anterior pituitary gonadotropic hormones, FSH and LH. Select all true statements about female hormone interactions. View Available Hint(s) The corpus luteum produces progesterone while LH is present. Progesterone stimulates LH and FSH release. The corpus luteum produces LH. The corpus luteum produces estrogen while LH is present. Estrogen stimulates LH and FSH release.
The corpus luteum produces progesterone while LH is present. The corpus luteum produces estrogen while LH is present. Estrogen stimulates LH and FSH release.
Prefixes, Roots and SuffixesPart complete Match these prefixes, suffixes and roots to their meanings.
The root word zyg- means "joined together." The root word orchi- means "testes." The root word -trophy means "development." The root word circum- means "around." The root word lact- means "milk." The root word gon- means "reproductive."
Ovulation occurs in response to a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) near the end of the proliferative phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle. True False
True
Spermatids have only half as much genetic material as other body cells. True False
True
A mature ovarian follicle that is ready to be ejected from an ovary is called a ________. vesicular (Graafian) follicle primary oocyte ovum corpus luteum
What term refers to the lining of the uterus? perimetrium myometrium endometrium endothelium
Which of the following is NOT produced by meiosis? View Available Hint(s) a liver cell an egg, or ovum a sperm cell All of the given choices are produced by meiosis.
a liver cell
Which substance can cross the placental barrier and may cause a life-threatening birth defect? prenatal vitamins prostaglandins oxygen alcohol
alcohol
From fertilization to week 8 of pregnancy, the conceptus is called ________. an embryo a morula a baby a fetus a zygote
an embryo
An embryo is called a(n) ________ when it reaches around 100 cells, and appears to be a hollow, ball-like structure. endoderm zygote blastocyst inner cell mass trophoblast
blastocyst
What part of the uterus projects into the vagina? cervix body fundus endometrium
cervix
On which day of the female's uterine (menstrual) cycle does ovulation typically occur? day 24 day 21 day 28 day 7 day 14
day 14
When does the total number of chromosomes get reduced from 46 pairs to 23 individual chromosomes? View Available Hint(s) during interphase during metaphase II during mitosis during meiosis I
during meiosis I
Where would sperm travel next after moving through the ductus deferens? prostate gland urethra seminal vesicle ejaculatory duct
ejaculatory duct
In what specific part of the male reproductive system do maturing sperm gain increased motility and their ability to swim? ejaculatory duct urethra ductus deferens epididymis seminiferous tubules
epididymis
Which layer of the uterus is constructed of smooth muscle? endometrium epimetrium perimetrium myometrium
myometrium
What organ produces the female gametes? uterus vagina ovary vulva
ovary
The process by which a mature egg is ejected from the ovary is called ________. ovulation parturition fertilization emission menses
ovulation
What event occurs following the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge during the female monthly cycle? menstrual flow ovulation estrogen secretion decline in progesterone secretion
ovulation
Which hormone stimulates more frequent and more powerful contractions of the uterus as birth nears? gonadotropin estrogen oxytocin progesterone relaxin
oxytocin
What organ delivers nutrients to the developing embryo and produces estrogen and progesterone? corpus luteum uterus amnion placenta
placenta
Which of the following cells undergoes meiosis to produce four sperm? spermatogonium spermatids primary spermatocyte ovum zygote
primary spermatocyte
Why is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) important early in pregnancy? promotes cleavage of the zygote guides the embryo to the appropriate site for implantation promotes menstruation prevent other sperm from fertilization the oocyte prods the corpus luteum to continue producing hormones
prods the corpus luteum to continue producing hormones
What is the function of the sperm cell's acrosome? release enzymes to help penetrate the follicle cells surrounding the oocyte release energy to power the sperm tail stimulate maturation of sperm cells move sperm into the epididymis
release enzymes to help penetrate the follicle cells surrounding the oocyte
What semen-producing glands are found on the posterior surface of the urinary bladder? seminal vesicles epididymis prostate glands bulbourethral glands
seminal vesicles
Which gland produces 60 percent of seminal fluid volume, including fructose and prostaglandins? epididymis prostate bulbourethral glands seminal vesicles
seminal vesicles
What change occurs in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy? slight decrease in blood pressure (BP) slight decrease in heart rate (HR) urine output increases significant increase in blood volume
significant increase in blood volume
What is the name of the series of events that forms sperm from spermatogonia? spermatocytes spermiogenesis meiosis spermatogenesis
spermatogenesis
What cells are the stem cells for spermatogenesis? interstitial cells primary spermatocytes spermatids spermatogonia
spermatogonia
Which process streamlines spermatids into sperm? spermiogenesis mitosis oogenesis spermatogenesis
spermiogenesis
What part of the male reproductive system conducts both semen and urine? epididymis urethra ductus deferens ejaculatory duct
urethra
In what part of the female reproductive tract does fertilization typically occur? uterine (Fallopian) tube vagina uterus ovary
uterine (Fallopian) tube
Where does fertilization usually occur? vagina uterus ovary uterine (fallopian) tubes vesicular (Graafian) follicle
uterine (fallopian) tubes
Ultimately, pelvic inflammatory disease in women is made possible because of the less-than-complete connection between the __________ and the __________. uterine tubes; ovary uterine tubes; uterus myometrium; perimetrium vagina; uterus
uterine tubes; ovary