Natural history of Vertebrates Test 1

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What are the two sister groups to chordates?

Hemichordates and echinoderms

In what group of animals is the notochord the primary support structure?

Jawless fishes

what class of tunicates retain larval traits and are swimming filter feeders

Appendicularia

what is the function of the ampullae of lorenzini

they detect electrical stimuli of muscle contractions

why are neural crest cells unique to verts?

they migrate to new locations and are pluripotent

lampreys use ___ ventilation

tidal

T/F: cephalochordata is the group that is most closely related to verts

true

t/f: lamprey adults die after reproducing

true

t/f: placoderms are a dead end

true

t/f: tissues in vertebrates form the endoskeleton

true

in mammals, the pharyngeal slit/pouches become what?

tubes, tonsils, and glands

what 3 subphyla are in the chordate phyla

tunicata, cephalochordata, and vertebrata

What are the 3 subphyla of the Chordata phylum?

tunicata, cephalochordate, and vertebrata

what is convergent evolution?

two taxa independently evolve similar features not due to a common ancestor

External egg development is called ___

Oviparity

Internal egg development that results in live birth and young receive NO nourishment from mother is __

Ovoviviparity

what protects enzymes from high urea concentrations

TMAO

lampreys are ___ meaning they move into smaller streams when breeding

anadromous

Vertebrates (are/are not) a monphyletic group

are

Holocephali have ____ jaws

autostylistic

In mammals, the pharyngeal slit/arches become what?

bone, ligaments, and cartilage

The nerve chord becomes what in humans?

brain and spinal cord

what vertebrate characters did conodonts have

calcium phosphate crystals, calcified cartilage, enamel, and dentine

What is the endostyle initially used for?

capturing/transporting food

what are the distinctive characteristics among chondrichthyes

cartilaginous skeleton, placoid scales, lipid liver, high urea concentrations, and ketone bodies

what class are lampreys in

cephalaspidomorphi

lampreys have a ___ circulatory system and a __ chambered hert

closed 2

where are the earliest teeth found

conodonts

what is a "species"

distinct populations, evolutionary cohesive and independent, and exists in nature

when was the first chondrichthyes diversification event

during the carboniferous, 359-299 mya

when was the second chondrichthyes diversification event

during the jurassic, 201-145 mya

when did the holocephalans and elasmobranchs diverge

during the silurian

The nerve chord forms from what?

ectoderm

the epidermis is derived from the ___ and the dermis is derived from ___

ectoderm mesoderm

hagfish have assumed ____

external fertilzation

True/False: "invertebrates" form a monophyletic group

false

t/f: elasmobranchi have gill covering

false

t/f: hagfish have a well developed eye that has a lens

false

t/f: lamprey teeth are supported by jays

false

t/f: lamprey teeth have dentine and enamel

false

t/f: the Ostracoderms are a clade

false

t/f:holocephali have spiracles in the adult

false

Jaws derived from what

first pair of visceral arches

what are the 2 extant taxa of the chondrichthyes

holocephali and elasmobranchii

elasmobranchii have pectoral fins that serve as ____ which provide lift when moving through water

hydrofoils

what type of jaws do elasmobranchi have

hyostylic

elasmobranchi body fluids are slightly ____ to the environment

hypertonic

phylogenetic trees are ___

hypotheses

why do chondrichthyes have placcoid scales

improves swimming and prevents bacterial growth

what is a paraphyletic group

includes MRCA but not all descendants

what is a polyphyletic group

includes all descendants but not mcra

holocephali have ___ fertilization

internal

what kind of fertilization do chondrichthyes have

internal

there are remnants of the notochord where in humans?

intervertebral disks

hagfish body fluids are ___ with the sea water

isosmotic

why do chondrichthyes have a lipid liver and high urea conc.

it helps with buoyancy control and osmoregulation

why do elasmobranchii have a spiral valve

it increases surface area for digestion and absorption

what are the major gnathostome diagnostic characters

jaws, calcified teeth, 3 semicircular canals, stomach spleen and pancreas, and paired fins with pectoral and pelvic girdles

Tunicates have all 5 chordate characteristics, but only in ___

larvae

when did placoderms go extinct

late devonian

what percent of animals are vertebrates?

less than 5

What is the primary function of the post anal tail?

locomotion

what is evolutionary reversal

loss of a feature

placoderms where primarily ___

marine

hagfish are ___ and ___ (habitat)

marine benthic burrowing

the muscular system is derived from the ___

mesoderm

rectal galnds help excrete __

nacl

what characters do lampreys share with gnathostomes

neural arches, lateral line system, 2 semicircular canals, pineal organ, mineralization of tissues, and support rays in fins

do hagfish have scales or paired fins?

no

do hagfish have vertebrae?

no

what type of feeding do hagfish do

scavenge and worm eaters

most adult tunicates are ___

sessile and filter feeders

what is a homologus trait

similar in structure due to shared ancestry; may differ in size and function

what is the phylogenetic species concept

smallest diagnosable group of individuals forming a clade

the only taxa that exists in nature is ___ all others are historical entities

species

what is the morphological species concept

species are ID by their physical features

since chondrichthyes don't have bone marrow, where are the RBCs

spleen

Vertebrata is a (class, phylum, subphylum)

subphylum

on phylogenetic trees, branches represent ___

taxa

why do some elasmobranchii have inter-uterine cannibalism

the babies that survive are strong and have high survival rates

Vertebrate diversity is dominated by which group of animals?

ray finned fishes

when did the ostracoderms live

550-250 mya (paleozoic)

how many species of extant sharks are there

556

hagfish have ___ barbels which are ___ and ___ receptors

6 chemo and touch

how many species of skates and rays are there

638

how many species of vertebrates are there?

65,000

how many species of echinoderms are there

7 thousand

how many species of hagfish are there

75

how many orders of placoderms were there

8

SC Holocephalii are the ___

ratfish

the jawless fish form SC __

Agnatha

How many species of hemiderms are there

130

how long does it take for the lamprey eggs to hatch

2-3 weeks

what percent of the brain in elsmaobranchii is dedicated to vision and chemoreception

20%

how many species of tunicates are there

2150

how many species of freshwater chondrichthyes are there

28

how many filter feeder chondrichthyes are there

3

how many harts do hagfish have

3

how long is the lamprey larval period

3-17 years

when did the Acanthodii go extinct

300 mya

how many species of lancelets are there

32

how many gill openings do holocephali have

4

how many species of lamprey are there

40

when did Chimaeriforms diverge from elasmobranchs

400 mya

when are the first definite chondrichthyes fossils dated

419-359 mya

how many pairs of gills do elasmobranchii have

5-7

how many species of chimaeriforme(ratfish) are there

50

when did myxini (hagfish) diverge from other verts

530 mya

when did the conodonts live

540-230 mya

what COULD have been the first super predator?

Dunkleosteus

what is a monophyletic group?

MRCA and all descendants united by one or more synapomorphy

what lamprey species entered the great lakes and caused collapse of lake trout industry

Peteromyzon marinus

chordata is a (class, phylum, subphylum)

Phylum

What are the 5 shared derived characteristics of chordates?

notochord, pharyngeal slits, dorsal hollow nerve chord, endostyle/thyroid, and post anal tail

hagfish have a ____ circulatory system, and ___ BP

open low

what type of birth do holocephali have (ovaparious, vivaparious)

ovaparious

when did the sharks skates and rays diverge

permian

what are the 2 extinct gnathostome classes

placoderms and acanthodians

The BSC says a species is a ___

population with the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable offspring and are reproductively isolated

most placoderms where ____ or ____ (diet)

predators or scavengers

The notochord is (ventral or dorsal) to the nerve chord

ventral

"live birth" from gestation in "uterus" (body cavity) that receives nourishment from yolk sac is___

viviparity

do lampreys have a brain like other vertebrates (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain)

yes


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