Chapter 17
Humanism was an intellectual movement focused on human culture, in such fields as philosophy, philology, and literature, and based on the corpus of ___________ texts. a. Arabic and Latin. b. Greek and Roman. c. Catholic and Orthodox. d. Byzantine and Ottoman.
B
Spain refused to recognize the "United Provinces of the ____________ Republic" until 1648. a. Belgian. b. English. c. Catalan. d. Dutch.
D
The "Newtonian synthesis" was: a. A fusion of the fields of mathematics, astronomy, physics, and theology. b. A reconciliation of Biblical references and scientific observation. c. An amalgamation of Descartes's system of coordinates and Leibniz's calculus. d. A unification of the fields of physics and astronomy.
D
The Danish mariner Peter von Sivers rose to the position of admiral in the _________ fleet. a. Swedish. b. French. c. British. d. Russian.
D
The Jewish community of ___________ excommunicated Baruch Spinoza for heresy, since he seemed to make God immanent in the world. a. Lisbon. b. London. c. Frankfurt. d. Amsterdam.
D
The innovations of Desiderius Erasmus helped lay the foundations for modern: a. Mechanical physics. b. Political theory. c. Optical theory. d. Critical textual research.
D
The lasting achievement of the Marquise de Châtelet was: a. Her composition of Voltaire's "philosophical tale" Candide. b. Her sponsorship of the scientific work of Evangelista Torricelli. c. Her design for the gardens at the Palace of Versailles. d. Her translation of Newton's Mathematical Principles from Latin into French.
D
All of the following is true of the technology used in developing scientific instruments EXCEPT: a. It produced improvements in such instruments as telescopes, microscopes, thermometers and barometers, all of which had practical applications. b. It established a hierarchy of production, with engineers at the top and theoretical scientists a bit below. c. It inspired an exchange of knowledge between engineers and scientists. d. It inspired craftsmanship and experimentation that ultimately led to such innovations as the steam engine.
B
Despite his appearance in the city in 1536, it was well into the 1550s before John Calvin's form of Protestantism prevailed in __________. a. Vassy. b. Geneva. c. Paris. d. Edinburgh.
B
Despite the appearance of his beaming benevolence at Versailles, the "absolutist" rule of ____________ was a complex mixture of centralized and decentralized forces. a. Peter I "the Great." b. Louis XIV. c. Henry IV. d. Ferdinand II.
B
"Intendants" were: a. Judges sent by the French crown to assure that provincial courts were operating in the best interest of the peasants. b. Representatives of the French crown who kept an eye on provincial office holders. c. Members of the French nobility who attended the King and his Queen at Court. d. Judiciary members who served as provincial judges.
B
All of the following are true of Galileo Galilei, EXCEPT: a. He was able to bring geometry, algebra, and Archimedean physics together. b. Using mathematics, he was able to prove that Archimedes was wrong in his theory of falling bodies. c. A first-rate astronomer, he was one of the first to use a telescope. d. He was condemned to house arrest and (at least publicly) repudiated heliocentrism.
B
All of the following is true of the period called "The Renaissance," EXCEPT: a. There was wide dissemination of translations of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman intellectuals whose work had not been previously known in Western Europe. b. Byzantine, or Eastern Orthodox, Christianity became more influential in Western Europe, weakening the Roman papacy and leaving it vulnerable to Protestant incursions. c. The European intellectuals and artists of the period saw themselves as having broken away from the scholasticism of the Middle Ages. d. Renaissance artists were strongly influenced by Greek and Hellenistic-Roman culture.
B
In a flurry of pamphlets between 1648 and 1650, Gerrard Winstanley argued that the Diggers were: a. Determined to "dig up" King Charles In a flurry of pamphlets between 1648 and 1650, Gerrard Winstanley argued that the Diggers were: a. Determined to "dig up" King Charles I and seek to murder his executioners. b. Merely cultivating public land, which was "the treasure of all people." c. Providing a "digest" of English common law that could be applicable in the Commonwealth. d. Going to the roots of their Catholic identity by eradicating all elements of Protestantism.
B
Louis XIV sent salaried, itinerant intendants around the provinces to: a. Measure the rebellious "intentions" of his restive nobles. b. Ensure that governmental activities functioned properly. c. Spy on priests who seemed dangerously attracted to Protestantism. d. "Intensify" loyalty and devotion to the son and heir of the "Sun King."
B
Luther and Calvin disagreed on all of the following theological matters except: a. Whether moral codes should be enforced, as proof of a believer's "predestination." b. Whether violence should be used against those who rebel against Biblical authority. c. Whether money should be loaned at interest. d. Whether religion should be organized under official state churches or as independent congregations.
B
The following sequence of events is correct: a. 1) Thirty Years' War; 2) Beginning of Luther's Reformation; 3) "Glorious Revolution" in England; 4) French War of Religion. b. 1) Beginning of Luther's Reformation; 2) French War of Religion; 3) Thirty Years' War; 4) "Glorious Revolution" in England. c. 1) Beginning of Luther's Reformation; 2) Thirty Years' War; 3) French War of Religion; 4) "Glorious Revolution" in England. d. 1) "Glorious Revolution" in England; 2) French War of Religion; 3) Thirty Years' War; 4) Beginning of Luther's Reformation.
B
The following statement is true of John Calvin: a. He believed that all moneylending should be banned, as it was contrary to the Bible. b. He believed that all humans were predestined for heaven or hell before their birth. c. He believed that a person's behavior was between himself and God alone, and that civic authorities should not intervene unless other people were being harmed or led into sin. d. Although he was Swiss by birth, his primary goal was to proselytize in France and Germany.
B
When the Catholic Reformation drove the New Sciences to northwestern Europe, the Italian-style academies gave way to chartered royal societies, the first of which was founded in ______ in 1660. a. France. b. Britain. c. Sweden. d. Prussia.
B
A mathematician and assistant of Galileo, Evangelista Torricelli experimented with mercury-filled tubes to lay the groundwork for the first ___________. a. Thermometer. b. Steam engine. c. Barometer. d. Telescope.
C
All of the following are true of Calvinism in France EXCEPT: a. There were about 1200 congregations by the mid sixteenth century. b. Most Calvinist congregations were located in the western French cities. c. Peasants, overtaxed and oppressed, made up the largest segment of French Protestants. d. Calvinism was particularly attractive to literate merchants and craftsmen.
C
All of the following are true of Maria Cunitz, one of the most remarkable scientific thinkers of the seventeenth century, EXCEPT: a. She spoke six languages. b. She was a Protestant whose family was given refuge in a Catholic monastery. c. She was a nun who lived and studied among the Cistercian monks. d. Two of her major influences were her father, a physician, and Johannes Kepler.
C
Among most of the countries of Europe, the Netherlands was exceptional in its finances in that: a. Its citizens emigrated to neighboring countries rather than pay its oppressive tax rates. b. Its leaders raised revenue by borrowing from merchants and selling positions. c. Its urban residents were willing to pay higher taxes on manufactures and farming. d. Its nobles actively resisted the absolutist king's demand for new sources of funding.
C
By 1750, the armies in larger European countries were characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a. They had begun wearing uniforms. b. Most forward troops were equipped with bayonet-equipped flintlock muskets. c. The pikemen were still the most effective protection for musketeers. d. The size of the armies was growing rapidly in states where they could be supported.
C
Coffeehouses allowed the literate urban public to meet, read __________, and exchange ideas. a. Their fortunes in overturned coffee grounds. b. Royal proclamations encouraging their proliferation. c. Daily newspapers. d. Humanist Biblical translations.
C
Due to its treatment of minorities, the Netherlands became: a. A Puritanical state that assembled a "New Model Army" and executed its "stadhouder." b. A victim of partition, as its various ethnicities were incorporated into other countries. c. A model of religious tolerance, for Jewish, Protestant, and Catholic groups. d. One of the final countries in Europe to try and execute witches.
C
Experiments in the _______ with movable metal typeface resulted in the innovation of the printing press. a. 1510s. b. 1480s. c. 1430s. d. 1390s.
C
In 1649, a group of 70 mostly landless farmers and day laborers occupied "common" land about 25 miles south of ________ and set up a communal farm there. a. Birmingham. b. St. Petersburg. c. London. d. Berlin.
C
On St. _______'s Day in August 1572, the Catholic king and aristocracy of France perpetrated a wholesale slaughter of thousands of Huguenots. a. Crispin. b. Valentine. c. Bartholomew. d. Louis.
C
The New Sciences were allowed to flourish in northern Europe, especially in the Netherlands and England, mainly because of: a. The Habsburg monarchs' ban on the collection of botanical samples in the New World. b. A great sympathy for the New Sciences on the part of religious authorities. c. A certain liberty of investigation that other areas lacked. d. The birth of all of the era's important scientists in Protestant lands.
C
The main goal of Gustavus II Adolphus's intervention in the Thirty Years' War was the creation of a Swedish-_________ centralized state around the Baltic Sea. a. Calvinist. b. Anglican. c. Lutheran. d. Catholic.
C
The work of the German ________ Martin Waldseemüller probably had an effect on the scientific theories of Nicolaus Copernicus. a. Physicist. b. Emperor. c. Cartographer. d. Philosopher.
C
All of the following statements are true of Martin Luther EXCEPT: a. He was an Augustinian monk, an ordained priest, and a professor of the New Testament in northeastern Germany. b. He had a strong sense of sin, confessing daily and performing extensive penance. c. He wrote a letter to his archbishop itemizing practices he considered contrary to scripture. d. His written communications to Church officials were usually in vernacular German.
D
As a proponent of Copernican heliocentrism, Galileo seemed to contradict the passage in the Hebrew Bible's Book of ___________, in which God stops the sun in the sky for a day. a. Genesis. b. Jonah. c. Ezekiel. d. Joshua.
D
As part of his reforms, Tsar Peter I "the Great" ______________ the remaining free farmers outside the estate system of the aristocracy. a. Emancipated and ennobled. b. Collectivized and educated. c. Recruited all of his naval officers from. d. Classified and taxed as serfs.
D
England differed from other states of Europe (such as Prussia, France, Spain, and Austria, for instance) in all of the following EXCEPT: a. After 1688, the English Parliament controlled state finances. b. The interests of the nobility and the urban merchants converged. c. The ruling classes of the cities and the landed aristocracy were not generally perceived as being in conflict. d. Parliament had no interest in creating or maintaining a centralized bank, believing that it would exert too powerful an influence on laissez faire economics.
D
The central objective of the "Glorious Revolution" in Britain was the: a. Implementation of Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan as official governmental policy. b. Execution of the Catholic King James II. c. Prevention of a female monarch, given the negative example of Elizabeth I. d. The offering of a joint monarchy to the Protestant William III and Mary II.
D
The following sequence of events is correct: a. 1) First formulation of the heliocentric system; 2) Newton's unification of physics and astronomy; 3) Discovery of the elliptical paths of planets; 4) First steam engine. b. 1) Discovery of the elliptical paths of planets; 2) First formulation of the heliocentric system; 3) Newton's unification of physics and astronomy; 4) First steam engine. c. 1) Newton's unification of physics and astronomy; 2) First formulation of the heliocentric system; 3) Discovery of the elliptical paths of planets; 4) First steam engine. d. 1) First formulation of the heliocentric system; 2) Discovery of the elliptical paths of planets; 3) Newton's unification of physics and astronomy; 4) First steam engine.
D
Under difficult conditions during the Thirty Years' War, Maria Cunitz wrote a treatise on ___________ that corrected the calculations of previous scholars but, given its controversial nature, had to be published privately. a. Astronomy. b. The vacuum. c. Biology. d. The Latin New Testament.
A
All of the following persons and/or institutions determinedly worked to popularize science EXCEPT: a. The Royal Society of London and the Paris Academy of Sciences. b. Protestant churches and Sunday schools. c. Textbook authors and itinerant lecturers. d. Coffeehouses and salons.
B
Isaac Newton's ___________Principles of Natural Philosophy, published in 1687, was the towering achievement of the New Sciences. a. Cartesian. b. Mathematical. c. Unassailable. d. Selected.
B
The Baroque artistic aesthetic could best be described as: a. Restrained and balanced. b. Voluptuous and dramatic. c. Calvinist and austere. d. Imitative and classical.
B
The portolan (nautical chart) drawn by Pedro Reinel is the earliest known map to include _____________. a. The Americas. b. Lines of latitude. c. Wind directions. d. Compass lines.
B
Acquiring wealth with the help of money and thereby perhaps gaining a glimpse of one's fate became one of the hallmarks of ____________. a. Lutheranism. b. Catholicism. c. Zwinglianism. d. Calvinism.
D
All of the following are true of the development of "New Science" and the Enlightenment EXCEPT: a. They involved England, France, the Netherlands, and parts of Germany. b. During the period 1500-1750, the impact was limited to a small percentage of the population of each involved society. c. The acceptance of the ideas was complicated by the impact of the religious Reformation. d. From 1450 until after 1750, the ideas of the Enlightenment and New Science were the major force shaping policies of the rulers of Western Europe.
D
All of the following is true of Peter the Great of Russia EXCEPT: a. He was interested in importing skills from Western Europe. b. He decreed that soldiers should shave their traditional beards and wear European uniforms. c. He was determined to building Russia's fleet in the Baltic Sea. d. He often rewarded western technical experts by giving them estates and serfs in the Balkans.
D
In the opinion of most scientists, the transition between hominins and modern humans: a. England and France. b. Poland and Russia. c. Spain and Italy. d. France and Russia.
D
In the presence of the German emperor Ferdinand III in 1672, Otto von Guericke demonstrated that: a. Blood circulates from the heart through pulmonary capillaries and back again. b. The heliocentric theory was valid beyond any reasonable doubt. c. The political theory of absolute rule would produce the best state. d. A vacuum could be created by pumping the air out of two sealed spheres.
D
Martin Luther protested the sale of indulgences in ________ with 95 theses addressed to his archbishop. a. 1525. b. 1546. c. 1501. d. 1517.
D
The ruler with the longest reign in France was: a. Henry IV. b. Louis XIII. c. Louis XIV. d. Charles IX.
C
All of the problems below began disturbing Roman Catholic laypeople and some clergy from the later 15th century onward, EXCEPT: a. The Church's high taxation of peasants. b. The entanglement of upper clergy and the papacy with the centralizing rulers. c. The ambitious and opulent artistic programs undertaken by popes and cardinals. d. The use of the sale of indulgences to raise money.
A
A member of the _________ family of rulers, Frederick II "the Great" of Prussia enlarged his army and pursued an aggressive foreign policy. a. Hohenzollern. b. Habsburg. c. Stuart. d. Bourbon.
A
A standoff between the Parliament and King _________ of England (and Scotland) led to civil war and the king's execution in 1649. a. Charles I. b. James II. c. Henry VIII. d. Charles II.
A
All of the following were the result of the Peace of Westphalia EXCEPT: a. The Protestants gained considerable territory in northern Germany. b. The southern side of the Baltic Sea was ceded to Sweden. c. Territory in Alsace was ceded to France. d. It failed to end the war between France and Spain.
A
Because _________ universities and scientific academies refused to admit women, in contrast to their counterparts in other countries, the salon became a bastion of well-placed and respected female scholars. a. French. b. German. c. Italian. d. Spanish.
A
By declaring that "Paris is well worth a Mass", Henry IV meant that: a. He would convert to Catholicism in order to hold France together. b. The multitude of dead bodies from the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre would have to be avenged before the Wars of Religion could end. c. The entirety of Paris was worth only an hour of his time. d. He would amass a fortune by building a palace at Versailles and charging admission.
A
Copernicus began his studies at the University of __________, the only eastern European school to offer courses in astronomy. a. Kraków. b. Warsaw. c. Wittenberg. d. Prague.
A
Descartes concluded that a person, including himself, was composed of two radically different substances, a material substance that can be understood with the senses and another that consisted of: a. The thinking mind. b. The eternal soul. c. The social contract between mind and body. d. The biological instincts of animal nature.
A
In the formulation of his "law of falling bodies", Galileo systematically combined imagination with empirical research and ___________. a. Experimentation. b. Biblical authority. c. Newspaper articles. d. Royal Society funding.
A
The English Civil War (1642-1651) resulted in: a. The separation of church and state in England. b. A short-lived theocracy. c. The restoration of the Plantagenet dynasty. d. Permanent fiscal power vested in Parliament.
B
"Renaissance" thinkers and artists considered their period a time of "rebirth" (the literal meaning of the word in the _______ language). a. Italian. b. Portuguese. c. French. d. Greek.
C