Chapter 17 MC, Chapter 22, Chapter 24, Chapter 22 HIS 102, AP Euro Ch. 22-24, Ch 23 Idealogies & Upheavals, HY 102 Chapter 22, Industrial Revolution 2, AP EURO CHAPTER 21 PRIMER, Chapter 22, Euro Ch 21, AP Euro Chapter 20, AP Euro Final Chapter 22, W...
Japan opened its shores to western trade
in response to US military pressure.
cottage-industry
included putting-out system more family based and operated
war/ army did what to the population?
lowered it
In the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships,
men were made responsible for managing families' finances.
Which of the following correctly characterizes early 19th century British cities?
Nearly all land was used for buildings, leaving no parks or open spaces
How did Isaac Newton's law of gravity bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?
Newton synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.
copernicus's theory of the universe
postulated a sun-centered view of the universe
At the center of Adam smith's arguments in the "wealth of nations" was the belief that?
The pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve living conditions of citizens
At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in the wealth of nations was the belief that:
The pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens
In the late nineteenth century, masturbation was
Viewed with horror
The key demand of the Chartist movement was that
all men be given the right to vote.
According to the text, realist writers fit within the late 19th century glorification of science because they
attempted to observe and record life in an objective matter
The decline in illegitimacy rates after 1850 was probably the result of
the higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers.
Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments
Was opposed by both nobles and peasants
The doctrine of laissez faire holds that there should be...
as little government intervention in the economy as possible.
textile industry=
cottage industry=family
Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established
through electoral victories and control of legislatures.
Guilds
trade org C received monopoly over trade and right to hire workers
Central to improvements in sanitation was the discovery that?
Excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost
Which of the following best describes the open-field system of the Middle-Ages?
The land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges.
Which of the following best describes the open-field system of the Middle Ages?
The land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not inclosed by fences or hedges
Which of the following bets characterizes the economic gains of the new imperialism?
The gains were limited because the new colonies were too poor to buy European goods and offered few immediately profitable investments.
All of the following were true of the French clergy on the Eve of the French Revolution except*...
They were under the complete control of the papacy
Which of the following best describes the role of women in guilds in the 18th century?
This one is B guys B) Both legal and illegal work in guilds became more accesssible to women
What was the primary goal of Galileo's experimental method?
To discover what did occur in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur.
What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?
To use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within
How did the hungarian revolutionaries envision a future Hungry?
as a unified, centralized Hungarian nation.
According to the text, the Directory continued French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments
because big, victorious armies kept men employed and could draw sustenance from the conquered areas.
pop rise because/ not because of
because of no BD, improved sanitation, and increased food supply not because of improved medicine
The National Assembly that ruled France from 1789 to 1791 passed laws that
broadened women's rights to seek divorce and inherit property.
Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as
empiricism.
Crop rotation
forced enclosure movement, land reviving crops, nitrogen storing crops
According to Olympe de Gouges
men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law
According to Olympe de Gouges,
men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law
A striking feature of salons was that
philisophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled
the accomplishments of frederick II included all of the following except
restructuring the prussian social system
In the summer of 1789, the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by
revolutionary actions of French peasants and the common people of Paris
Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments
was opposed by both nobles and peasants.
At the congress of Vienna, the victorious allies
were guided by the principle of the balance of power
The strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflected
Its importance in community life.
the Mountain
Led by Robespierre, the French National Convention's radical faction, which seized legislative power in 1793
How did Louis XV damage the sense of his sacred authority
Louis allowed his common-born mistresses to exercise tremendous influence culturally and politically, which led to scandalous depictions of the king and the court in pamphlets.
How did Louis XV damage the sense of his sacred authority?
Louis allowed his common-born mistresses to exercise tremendous influence culturally and politically, which led to scandalous depictions of the king and the court in pamphlets
_________'s Persain Letters satirized french society
Montesquieu
Which of the following best characterizes the condition of the peasant in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?
Peasants were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on their children.
Which of the following correctly describes late-nineteenth-century prostitution?
Prostitution was a stage of life for many poor young women, which they moved beyond as they established their own homes and families.
Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late 18th century?
Prussia Russia Austria
The Dreyfus affair
Revived republican distrust of Catholicism
According to the text, in the summer of 1789 the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by...
Revolutionary actions of French peasants and the common people of Paris
In the summer of 1789, the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by
Revolutionary actions of French peasants and the common people of paris
According to the text, one danger that threatened young girls who were living away from in domestic service was
Risk sexual attack by males in the households they served
The englishman jethro tull?
Sought to critically analyze farming methods and develop better methods about farming through empirical research
The life-and-death political struggle between the Girondists and the Mountain resulted mainly from...
The Girondists' more moderate policies
Theodore Herzel was
The founder of the Zionist Jewish national movement
The rural putting-out system had all of the following competitive advantages except?
The workers had to purchase the raw material themselves, saving the merchant capital expenses
The rural putting-out system had the foll,owing competitive advantages except:
The workers had to purchase the raw material themselves, saving the merchant capital expenses
According to the text, one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French Utopian socialists was that
Their appeals to the wealthy to help the poor were naive
As the Jacobins gained power, what was their reaction to women's political activity?
They banned all womens political clubs and societies
Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on the Ninth of Thermidor?
They believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed
Why did the members of the convention turn against Robespierre on 9 Thermidor?
They believed that Robespierre might soon have them arrested and executed
What did the early French socialists thinkers find disturbing about the emerging industrial society.
They believed that industrial societyformented selfish indivualism and split the community into isolated fragments
How did the philosophes evade the work of censors?
They filled their writings with satire and double meanings
How did the philosophes evade the work of censors?
They filled their writings with satire and double meanings.
Middle-class families spend considerable portions of their income on food because?
They gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity.
Why were the Luddites prepared to risk their lives?
They have no food and they have no money. They saw this as the only way to regain their way of life. They were trying to stop it and make a point.
How did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working-class youths?
They supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment.
Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children?
They were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible
What was the purpose of the raucous public rituals in which young men in a village would publicly humiliate a couple that had experienced adultery or abuse?
To regulate personal behavior and maintain community standards
The diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and
Vegetables
Shore Method
Euro ships pulled up to shore and traders w/ Africans would show up and load them right there onto the boat. Efficient
Why was France unable to manage its debt, even though that debt was much smaller, relative to its population, than the debt of either Great Britain or Holland?
France lacked a central bank, a paper currency, and a means of creating credit to effectively borrow money.
1700 who was the leader of slave trade?
GB
the primary purpose of fontelles Conversations on the Plurality of worlds was to
popularize the findings of the scientific revolution
Bismarck's social reforms were motivated primarily by
His fear and distrust of socialism
What country experimented with their crops?
Holland/ Dutch
After the Franco-Prussian war, Prussia
Imposed a harsh peace on France
What type of goods could a wife at home produce that could not be purchased in the market?
Improved health better eating habitats and better behavior
What types of goods could wife at home produce that could not be purchased in the market?
Improved health, better eating habits, and better behavior
Which of the following correctly characterize 18th century colonial trade in europe?
In england, the mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as british trade with its colonies grew substantially
Loomer of the family was
the Man, took away Woman's importance
empiricism emphasized
the actual observation of phenomena
How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France
the catholic church gained the right to practice religion freely , while the french state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers and church activities
Comte believed that application of the positivist method would result in
the discovery of the eternal laws of human relations
According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to
"Change the general way of thinking"
According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to
"change the general way of thinking."
Socialist parties became more moderate by the late 1800s for of the following except
-as socialist parties grew in size, they looked more towards gradual change -as workers gained the right to vote,they focus attention on revolution rather than revolution -workers were influenced by patriotic education and indoctrination during military service *socialist leader saw revolution as a threatened to their new respectable position in society* EXCEPT
Effect of the Navigation Acts
3 conflicts 1 Dutch-Anglo/ 7 Years War 2 Fr Indian/ Spanish succession 3 War of Austrian Succession
In almost every advanced country around 190, the wealthiest 20% of households received ____ of all national income.
50-60%
The new discourse about children that emerged in the 1760s included all of the following except
A closing of foundling hospitals
Edwin Chadwick gained fame as?
An advocate of improved public sanitation
The war of the Austrian succession could best be described as?
An inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare
The events that directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of serfs, was the
Defeat in the Crimean war of 1853-1856
How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?
Enlightenment thinkers believed that thought had progressed far beyond that of antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress
The National Assembly granted religious freedom to
French Protestants and Jews.
The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported English ships, and they also:
Gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies
According to Olympe de Gouges...
Men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law
During the Hundred Days,...
Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly
How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France?
The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the naming of church officers and church activities
What was the political effect of the attack on the Bastille?
The king's plan to reassert his authority was forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work.
How did the expansion of the industrial revolution affect the middle class's work life?
The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education.
How did the scientific revolution affect the economy in the seventeenth century?
The new science had few practical economic applications.
In the eighteenth century, what was the focal point of community cohesion?
The parish church
What was the goal of the Prussian parliament in in the 1850s and 1860s?
To establish that the Parliament held financial political authority and that the army was responsible to Parliament
Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through
a military coup.
The Boxer Rebellion wqs
a rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all westerners from china.
The typical European immigrant was
a small farmer or rural craftsperson.
In Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that
all knowledge can be questioned and doubted.
In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that He believed that all knowledge came from experiences.
human development is determined by education and society.
Slave trade economy
integrated economic system
in the 1780s, over 50 percent of france's annual budget was expended on
interest payments on the debt
In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on
interest payments on the debt.
Open farming
land cut out into strips for peasants
cottage industry competitive advantages
low wages
The most important factor influencing the peaceful mid-century reforms in Great Britain was...
political competition between the aristocracy and the middle class.
The idea of the industrious revolution is best understood as a result of:
poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to be used to but consumer goods.
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
rococo.
Creole were
spanish decent americans
As the nineteenth century progressed, the upper middle class
tended to merge with the old aristocracy
Eugene Delacroix work velebrated all the following except
the transforming power of industrialization
The Abbe sieges considered the third estate
the true strength of the French nation
Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?
Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire.
Dechristianization
Campaign to eliminate Christian faith and practice on France undertaken by the revolutionary government
How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment?
Cities could expand as even people of modest means could access new, improved, & less congested housing.
What idea did Heinrich von Treitschke promote in relationship to colonies?
Colonies were essential to great nations, who would weaken without coloniallands.
In 1848 in France, what would the government not consider that created a sense of class injustice?
Electoral reform
Second Revolution
From 1792 to 1795, the second phase of the French Revolution, during which the fall of the French monarchy introduced a rapid radicalization of politics
The discipline of natural philosophy focused on
Fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe
In the seventeenth and eighteenth century, foundling homes
Had horribly high death rates
Upon his election as president, why did Louis Napoleon sign conservative legislation increasing the power of the Catholic Church and depriving poor men of the right to vote?
He signed the legislation in order to get the National Assembly to pay his personal debts and change the constitution so that he could run for a second term.
Why did the conservative Bismarck pioneer the creation of an expansive system of social welfare?
He sought to blunt the attraction of socialism to the working classes and give them a small stake in the existing political system.
Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?
The Dutch East India Company failed to diverify its trade to meet changng consumption patterns in Europe
How did the French armies offer a mixed message to the people whom they conquered?
The armies presented themselves as liberators to the peasants and middle class, but also lived off of the land, requisitioning food and supplies and plundering local treasure.
How did the French armies offer a mixed message to the people whom they conquered?
The armies presented themselves as liberators to the peasants and middle class, but also lived off of the land, requisitioning food and supplies and plundering local treasure
Between 1650 and 1760, what crucial component of the global economy was established when nations developed?
The atlantic economy
Roseau's concept of the general will asserts that
The authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a far-seeing minority
Grand Empire
The empire over which Napoleon and his allies rued, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia
What two fundamental principles of the Revolution were codified into the Napoleonic Code?
The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property
Great Fear
The feat of noble reprisals against peasants uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt
How did the urban working class change in the latter half of the nineteenth century?
The sharp distinction between highly skilled artisans and unskilled manual workers broke down as semiskilled groups of workers became more prevalent
The romantic William Wordsworth conceived of poetry as
The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelingrecollected in tranquility
The most influential aspect of Rene Descartes theories of nature was that
The universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion
Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about?
Their inability to directly supervise and direct the work of rural laborers
As the Jacobins gained power, what was their reaction to women's political activity?
They banned all women's political activity, which they believed to be disorderly and a distraction from women's proper domestic duties
How did the evangelicals within the Church of England respond to the rise of Methodism?
They copied Methodism's practices in order to appeal to more of the common people
As major railroad construction came to a close in Britain, what happened to the workers who built those lines?
They drifted to towns and cities in search of employment and became urban laborers.
Workers resisted moving from cottage work into factories for all of the following reasons except...?
They received substantially lower wages than cottage work.
Among the laboring classes, guild masters...
Were a small minority of the population who jealously regarded their membership
Among the laboring classes, guild masters?
Were a small minority of the population who jealously regarded their membership
To what extent did the Industrial Revolution improve conditions for women?
Women worked at home and part of the family. This helps unmarried and elederly women because the ycan be part of the family business. <--cottage industry. Even when the cottage industry ended, most women were better off because they did have some money, which helped them live happier and gave them some independence.
Why did the eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?
Wood had been over-harvested: it was the primary source of hear in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.
Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?
Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.
How was the life of nonagricultural workers transformed between 1760 and 1830?
Workers worked many more days per year
How was the life of nonagricultural workers transformed between 1760 and 1830?
Workers worked many more days per year.
The Parlement of Paris was
a high court
D'Holbach's System of Nature presented
a mechanistic, atheistic philosophy
Ismail transformed Egypt in all of the following ways except
he refused to borrow money from western banks.
In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that
human development is determined by education and society
In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that
human development is determined by education and society.
The Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the
industrial dominance of Britain.
In Great Britain, the Great Reform Bill of 1832 accomplished all of the following except...
it granted the vote to substantial farmers but not to the middle-class urban population.
The men elected to represent the Third Estate at the Estates General were primarily
lawyers and government officials
debt peonage
like serfdom for creoles-- way to dominate peasant pop.
A striking feature of the salons was that
philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.
In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that
the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."
Improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century led to
the expectation that married women would not work outside the home.
improved economic conditions in the nineteenth century led to?
the expectation that married women would not work outside the home.
Count Henri de Saint-Simon believed that
the key to progresswas proper social organization.
Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to
the rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773.
The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforst to compete with the British included all of the following except
the scarcity of human capital
How did enclosures hurt the poor smaller farmers?
poor smaller farmers had small strips of land that had to be sold to the landowner. the landowner then changed the land into large fields. the poor farmers lost their land. they had no place to graze their cows and sheep
British economist Thomas Malthus argued that
population always grew faster than the food supply.
The concept of the reading revolution refers to the
Shift from reading aloud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually
who supported the action of abolishing slavery?
women in 1775
How did the British have access to the opium that they smuggled into china?
Opium was grown legally in British-occupied India.
Unlike other political parties, the Marxian Socialists
Organize themselves into an international organization
In most European countries, how was out migration related to population growth in the late 19th century?
Out migration increased about 20 years after rapid population growth as land became scarce.
According to the text, the string of French military victories after the winter of 1793-1794 were largely due to...
Patriotism and the superior numbers supplied by the draft
What core concept of the Enlightenment was the most important and original?
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life
The long-established customs union among the German states was known as the
Zollverein
The enlightened policies of Frederick II of Prussia included all of the following except
freeing the Prussian serfs.
The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included
freeing the Prussian serfs.
The "enlightened" policies of Frederick II of Prussia included all of the following except
freeing the prussian serfs
The discipline of natural philosophy focused on
fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.
according to ______'s theory of inertia rest is not the natural state of objects
galileo
Railroad construction on the continent
generally followed the British pattern.
How did the British textile industry affect the Industrial Revolution?
the textile industry became a factory industry: many inventions were made: weaving tools-->mass production; Britain became rich and powerful-->acquires more colonies; British wool is in demand
Rudyard Kipling's "white man's burden" referred to
the white race's supposed duty to civilize inferior, nonwhite races
Which of the following best describes the role of women in guilds in the 18th century?
Both legal and illegal work in the guilds became more accessible to women
What was Britains decisive advantage of in its war with China?
Britain had control of the seas
After the death of Louis XIV the french parlements
effectively challenged royal absolutism
In his novels Tess of the D'Urbervilles and The Return of the Native, Thomas Hardy
depicted men and women frustrated and crushed by fate and bad luck.
Comte believed that application of the positivist method would result in
discovery of the eternal laws of human relations.
As an inspiritation for nationalism, Johann Gottfried von Herder argued that
each people had its own national genius and cultural unity
Early textile factories in Britain worked with A) cotton. B) flax. C) silk. D) hemp. E) wool.
A) cotton
By reducing the cost of overland freight, the railroad A) created national markets. B) reduced the volume of world trade. C) strengthened regional economies. D) strengthened rural cottage industry. E) drove the British merchant marine out of business.
A) created national markets.
Most early industrialists drew on ____________ for labor and capital. A) family and friends B) national banks C) government loans D) the investing public E) government investment
A) family and friends
Workers resisted moving from cottage work into factories for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: A. they had to follow the pace and work schedule of the machines. B. they had to be at work every day and follow a strict schedule. C. they were under the constant, demanding supervision of overseers. D. they received substantially lower wages than cottage work. E. they were consistently punished if they broke work rule
they had to follow the pace and work schedule of the machines.
why did romantics and early nationalists investigate folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs
they sought to find the uniquegreatness of every people in its folk culture.
According to the text, one of the social functions of the labor aristocracy's strict moral code was
to maintain their unstable social and economic position
According to the text, one of the social functions of the labor aristocracy's strict moral code was
to maintain their unstable social and economic position.
Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas:
took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples.
the key feature of newtons system was the law of
universal gravitation
slave prices went
up
The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was
usually a response to the wishes of the families.
The consumer revolution of the eighteenth century led to
A new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives
Jacobin Club
A political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans
Thermidorian Reaction
A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls
Giuseppe Garibaldi is best described as
A romantic nationalist
Which of the following doesn't correctly characterize the various socialist parties in Europe prior to 1914?
- Russian Austro-Hungarian Socialists tended to be the most radical - German Socialist party talked revolution but practiced reformisms - British soldiers were formally committed to gradual reform, except for the Marxian Labor Party - Marxian socialism was weakest in Spain and Italy * French Socialist party was the most modest due to the powerful labor unions that controlled the party * EXCEPT
Economic liberalism
A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor.
Continental System
A blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Great Britain, thereby weakening British economy and military
What new model for European expansion did Britain establish in Egypt?
A combination of military force, political domination, and an ideology of beneficial reform.
Constitutional Monarchy
A form of government in which the king retains his positions and head of state, while the authority to tax and make new laws resides with the representatives
Debt peonage
A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or a rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money.
Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, armies affected population growth in all of the following ways except?
A large number of individuals were killed on the battlefield
Estates General
A legislative body in pre-revolutionary France made up of representative from each of the three classes, or estates; it was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614
Scholarly debate about the origins of the sexual division of labor during the Industrial Revolution revolves around A) arguments ascribing the division to ingrained patriarchal traditions versus those ascribing it to economic and biological factors. B) arguments ascribing the division to traditional religious mores versus those ascribing it to owners' desire to hire adult males. C) arguments ascribing the division to the Factory Act of 1833 versus those ascribing it to the Combinations Act of 1799. D) arguments ascribing the division to the return of soldiers to Britain at the end of the Napoleonic wars versus those ascribing it to women's desire to be at home rearing their children. E) arguments ascribing the division to early socialist ideas versus arguments ascribing it to traditional religious mores.
A) arguments ascribing the division to ingrained patriarchal traditions versus those ascribing it to economic and biological factors.
The first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia was the
Abolition of serfdom
Railroad construction on the continent A) was much cheaper than it had been in Britain. B) featured varying degrees of government involvement. C) was generally the work of private entrepreneurs. D) generally followed the British pattern. E) was actually ahead of British railroad construction.
B) featured varying degrees of government involvement.
Louis XV damaged the sense of his sacred authority by
allowing his common-born mistress to exercise tremendous influence culturally and politically
The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to
an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues.
According to the text, the directory continued french wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments
because big, victorious armies kept men employed
Madame du Châtelet
believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education.
Madame du Chatelet
believed women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education
all of the following astronomers contributed to the destruction of the aristotleian view of the universe except
bernard de fontelle
The national assembly that ruled france from 1789-1791 passed laws that
broadened womens rights to seek divorce an inherit property
Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established
by violent revolution.
Putting out system included
capitalist and a rural worker
new economic industrialism
care more about $ than work and quality of goods produced
According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the encyclopedia was to
change the general way of thinking
How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment?
cities could expand as even people of modest means could access new, improved, and less congested housing
Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a
clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs.
How did the culture of sports change in the late 19th century?
cruel sports such as cock fighting declined while commercialized spectator sports became popular
As an inspiration for nationalism, Johann Gottfried von Herder argued that...
each people had its own national genius and cultural unity.
Adam Smith
economic liberalism, unregulated capitalism, The Wealth of Nations
Navigation Acts
economic warfare b/w GB and the Dutch bc it virtually gave GB a monopoly on shipping
The scientific revolution drew on all of the following for its origins except
efforts to prevent a recurrence of the Black Death.
galileo's greatest achievement was his
elaboration and consolidation of the experimental method
One of the most important scientific and technological development in the 19th century saw a form of commercial energy useful in communications and manufacturing developed from
electricity
One of the most important scientific and technological development in the nineteenth century saw a form of commercial energy useful in communications and manufacturing developed from
electricity
Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as
empiricism
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizens guaranteed
equality before the law
The key development that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature was the
establishment of limited liability investment.
Louis Napoleon's great success with the economy and included all of the following EXCEPT
- Government encourage new investment banks and railroad construction - improved urban environment with the rebuilding of Paris - public works program - wages of workers grow ahead of the pace of inflation * preventing formation of labor unions and labor strikes* WRONG
Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that
. the authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a far-seeing minority.
Girondists
A moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793
Navigation Acts
A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies.
Merchantilism
A system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state.
Which of the following events occurred first? A) Watt invented modern steam engine. B) Combination Acts passed. C) Mines Act passed. D) Great exposition held at Crystal Palace. E) Malthus published Essay on the Principle of Population.
A) Watt invented modern steam engine.
The Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the A) industrial dominance of Britain. B) half-century of labor reforms in Britain. C) creation of the German Zollverein. D) Battle of Waterloo. E) launching of the Great Eastern.
A) industrial dominance of Britain.
The trains of the 1830s traveled at about ________ miles per hour. A) sixteen B) twenty-two C) thirty-five D) fifty E) sixty
A) sixteen
The key demand of the Chartist movement was A) that all men have the right to vote. B) an eight hour workday and a minimum wage. C) a ban on women and children working in the factories. D) repeal of the Combination Acts. E) freedom of religion.
A) that all men have the right to vote.
The earliest steam engines were A) used to pump water out of coal mines. B) developed by James Watt. C) those used to propel locomotives. D) used as central power sources for the new factories. E) used to run mechanical spinning jennies.
A) used to pump water out of coal mines.
Which of the following best characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to America?
About 90% of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3% brought to North America
Which of the following best characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?
About ninety percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the carribean with only three percent brought to North america
Hapsburg Emperor Joseph II abolished serfdom in the Austrian Empire in 1781. What was the outcome of this reform?
After Joseph II's death in 1790 serfdom was more or less reinstated
why did great britian seek to raise taxes on its American Colonies in the 1760s
After doubling its national debt in the Seven Years war, Great Britian sought to tax the American colonies to fund the further defense of the colonies
In historical and critical dictionary, pierre bale demonstrated that
All knowledge can be questioned and doubted
In the eighteenth century, sugar and tea became commonly consumed products by all social classes for all the following reasons except
An effort to support colonial expansion by consumption of colonial products
What was Napoleon's Grand Empire?
An enlarged France, a number satellite kingdoms, and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia
The idea of the public sphere that emerged during the Enlightenment refers to
An idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues
Why did Klemens von Mettermich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to approse the spread of nationalism in Europe?
As a classical liberal, he feared that it would lead to intolerance and violence
How did the Hungarian revolutionaries envision a future Hungary?
As a unified, centralized Hungarian nation.
How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture?
As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar
James Watt solved the inefficiency problems of early steam engines by A) increasing the size of the engines. B) adding a separate condenser. C) using a better grade of coal for fuel. D) using accurate, precision parts. E) uniting the combustion chamber with the piston cylinder.
B) adding a separate condenser.
The key development that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature was the A) industrialization of the continent. B) establishment of limited liability investment. C) replacement of the old managers with young, aggressive investment bankers. D) recruitment of bank deposits from the landed aristocracy. E) influx of British investment.
B) establishment of limited liability investment.
All of the following facilitated the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain except A) the existence of extensive colonial markets for manufactured goods. B) extensive investment of foreign capital in Britain. C) the network of canals constructed from the 1770s. D) large deposits of iron and coal in England and Wales. E) a prosperous and efficient agriculture.
B) extensive investment of foreign capital in Britain.
Because working conditions were poor in early textile factories A) factory owners paid people well to work in them. B) factory owners turned to orphaned children as an important part of their workforce. C) factory owners turned to African slaves as an important part their workforce. D) factory owners turned to Irish immigrants as an important part their workforce. E) factory owners turned to peasant women as an important part their workforce.
B) factory owners turned to orphaned children as an important part of their workforce.
Scholarly statistical studies of the condition of members of the British working class indicate that A) their standard of living improved steadily from the beginning of industrialization. B) improvement did not come until the period after 1820. C) the standard of living for British workers deteriorated throughout the nineteenth century. D) only skilled workers enjoyed improvements in their standard of living. E) the Industrial Revolution made little difference in the living standards of the working class.
B) improvement did not come until the period after 1820
The Mines Act of 1842 A) prohibited underground work for women. B) prohibited underground work for women as well as boys under ten. C) prohibited underground work for boys under ten. D) prohibited underground work for boys under sixteen. E) established new safety rules for underground work.
B) prohibited underground work for women as well as boys under ten.
In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that A) the social problems in Britain were not a product of the Industrial Revolution. B) the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery." C) in general, the living conditions of the working class were slowly improving. D) the class consciousness of the working class would lead to social revolution. E) the working class was itself responsible for most of the problems its members faced.
B) the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."
The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was A) originally a government-sponsored response to urbanization. B) usually a response to the wishes of the families. C) replaced by the system of pauper apprenticeship. D) outlawed by the Combination Acts. E) highly inefficient.
B) usually a response to the wishes of the families.
All of the following correctly characterize industrial growth patterns in Europe EXCEPT: A. Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production. B. Following the Napoleonic Wars, France experienced a boom in factory production as the economy shifted from wartime to peacetime production. C. Germany began a spectacular rise in industrialization after 1860. D. The United States began a spectacular rise in industrialization after 1860. E. Eastern and Southern Europe were the slowest regions to industrialize, with the process occurring after 1880.
B. Following the Napoleonic Wars, France experienced a boom in factory production as the
_____________'s Historical and Critical Dictionary displayed his skepticism
Bayle
Why did Prussia and Austria attack Denmark in 1864?
Because Denmark was attempting to bring two provinces that belong to the German Confederation into a more civilized Danish state
According to the text, the Directory continued French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments...
Because big, victorious armies kept men employed and could draw sustenance from the conquered areas
Cottage Industry
Before large factories emerged, a lot of the manufacturing was done in people's homes. Usually a villager was given a fixed amount for every item she produced. Slow and inefficient.
Madame du Chatelet
Believed that women's limited contribution to science was the result of unequal education
On what's basis have revisionist historians rejected the traditional interpretation that the French Revolution has its origins in growing tension between the nobility and the bourgeoise?
Both the nobility and the bourgeoisie were riddled with internal rivalries that precluded identifying these two groups as unified blocs opposing each other
Who were the Luddites?
British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work
The National Assembly that ruled France from 1789 to 1791 passed laws that...
Broadened women's rights to seek divorce and inherit property
How did Louis Napoleon believe that people should be represented in government?
By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all of the people.
How was the flow of goods directed around the globe?
By new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port.
With the development of Spanish colonial society, by the 18th century :
C) The colonial elite came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics then those is Spain
William Cockerill was A) the inventor of the spinning jenny. B) the chief financial backer of the first commercial railway in England. C) an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium. D) the prime minister of Britain who opposed the Factory Act of 1833. E) the British general at Waterloo.
C) an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium.
The Factory Act of 1833 A) outlawed employment of children under thirteen. B) limited the workday for children between six and nine to four hours a day. C) limited the workday for children between nine and thirteen to eight hours a day. D) limited the workday for children under sixteen to eight hours a day. E) established lower pay scales for children under sixteen.
C) limited the workday for children between nine and thirteen to eight hours a day.
British economist Thomas Malthus argued that A) population pressure would always force wages down to subsistence levels. B) using young children in factories was immoral. C) population always grew faster than the food supply. D) the standard of living was a reflection of industrial capacity. E) Methodism was a key factor in keeping the working class from revolting.
C) population pressure would always force wages down to subsistence levels.
The men who built the European railroads were typically A) slaves imported from Africa. B) army soldiers. C) rural laborers and peasants. D) urban factory workers. E) Slavs hired from eastern Europe.
C) rural laborers and peasants.
The Amalgamated Society of Engineers represented A) all factory workers. B) railway operators. C) skilled machinists. D) construction specialists. E) factory owners.
C) skilled machinists.
The first modern factories arose in the A) furnituremaking industry. B) steel industry. C) textile industry. D) railroad industry. E) chemical industry.
C) textile industry.
In the eighteenth century, a shortage of __________ held British industry back. A) coal B) water C) wood D) iron E) steel
C) wood
To move from the laboratory into manufacturing, James Watt's steam engine needed all of the following EXCEPT: A. skilled workers. B. precision parts. C. a single, distinct industrial use. D. a large base of capital. E. skills of salesmanship.
C. a single, distinct industrial use.
The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforts to compete with the British included all of the following EXCEPT: A. the low prices of British mass-produced goods. B. the complexity and expense of the new technology. C. the resistance of landowning elites. D. the scarcity of human capital. E. the devastation left by the Napoleonic Wars.
C. the resistance of landowning elites.
Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Copernicus's hypothesis?
Calvin and Luther condemned Copernicus, while Catholic reaction was mild at first and only declared his hypothesis false in the seventeenth century.
Who was Charles "Turnip" Townshend?
Charles Townshend discovered a way to farm more efficiently then using the 3 field crop rotation system - the old traditional way of farming. No longer would you have to leave one field fallow.
In the eighteenth century what problems were faced by the Church of England?
Church and state officials used the church to provide high-paying jobs to favorites and ignored the spiritual needs of the people
How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment?
Cities could expand, for even people of modest means could access new, improved and less congested housing.
How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment?
Cities could expand, for even people of modest means could access new, improved, and less congested housing.
How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?
Class-consciousness formed because many individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.
The law that outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain was the
Combination Acts of 1799.
How did romanticism affect music?
Composers abandoned well-defined structures and used a wide range of forms to evoke powerful emotions.
`How did romanticism affect music
Composers abandoned well-defined structures and used a wide range of forms to evoke powerful emotions.
__________'s Progress of the Human Mind tracked nine stages of human development
Condorcet
Who prvided labor force fpr Britians's initail colonisation of Australia?
Connvicted prisoners
The greatest achievement of eighteenth century medical science was the
Conquest of smallpox
Who provided the labor force for britians initial colonization of Australia
Convicted prisoners
How did cotton transform the textile industry?
Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.
What were the most popular sports in the late nineteenth century?
Cricket and Fencing
How did the culture of sports change in the late 19th century?
Cruel sports such as cockfighting declined, whose commercialized spectator sports became popular.
The law which outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain was the A) Factory Act of 1833. B) Mines Act of 1842. C) Coercive Acts of 1766. D) Combination Acts of 1799. E) Reform Law of 1848.
D) COmbination Acts of 1799
The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was A) Thomas Newcomen's 1705 steam engine. B) The development of the internal combustion engine. C) The use of running water to power cotton-spinning machinery. D) James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760s and the 1780s. E) Sir Isaac Newton's discovery of the law of action and reaction.
D) James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760s and the 1780s.
According to the text, the world's first important railroad, completed in 1830, ran between A) Baltimore and Washington, D.C. B) London and Edinburgh. C) Moscow and St. Petersburg. D) Liverpool and Manchester. E) Paris and Bordeaux.
D) Liverpool and Manchester.
In the 1760s, Monday was popularly known as ___________ because so many workers took the day off. A) holi-day. B) Idle Monday C) Lazy Monday D) Saint Monday E) Rest Day
D) Saint Monday
The greatest change workers faced with the shift from cottage industry to factory work was A) lower wages. B) harder work. C) the destruction of family unit labor. D) a new tempo and discipline. E) repetitive work.
D) a new tempo and discipline
All of the following were consequences of revolutionary changes in the textile industry except A) cheaper cotton goods. B) a dramatic increase in weavers' wages. C) the movement of large numbers of agricultural workers into the industry. D) a reduction in child labor. E) easier access to yarn for handloom weavers.
D) a reduction in child labor.
Friedrich List was an early proponent of A) economic liberalism. B) working-class unions. C) factory regulation and reform. D) economic nationalism. E) state ownership of the economy.
D) economic nationalism.
The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforts to compete with the British included all of the following except the A) low prices of British mass-produced goods. B) complexity and expense of the new technology. C) resistance of landowning elites. D) scarcity of human capital. E) devastation left by the Napoleonic wars.
D) scarcity of human capital.
Richard Arkwright is best known for his invention of A) the flying shuttle. B) the first modern railroad engine. C) an improved steam engine. D) the water frame. E) the spinning jenny.
D) the water frame.
How was the attention of the National Assembly meeting in Frankfurt diverted from the task of writing a German federal constitution?
Delegates turned attention to Denmark's claims on the largely German-speaking provinces of Schleswig and Holstein.
How was the attentionof the National Assembly meeting in Frankfurt diverted from the task of writing a Germanfederal constitution?
Delegates turned attention to Denmarks claims on the largely German-speaking provinces of Schleswig and Holstein
In his novels Tess of the D'Ubervilles and The Return of the Native, Thomas Hardy?
Depicted men and women frustrated and crushed by fate and bad luck.
Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for
Discovering the cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox
______________ managed to raise per capita industrial levels in the nineteenth century. A) Only Britain B) Only Britain, France, and Germany C) Only Britain, Germany, and Belgium D) Only Britain and Germany E) All European states
E) All European states
According to the table "Per Capita Levels of Industrialization," which countries were closest behind Britain in industrialization in the first half of the nineteenth century? A) Germany and the United States. B) France and the United States. C) Germany and Russia. D) France and Germany. E) Belgium and the United States.
E) Belgium and the United States.
David Ricardo formulated the A) wage-price index. B) population-poverty index. C) theory of positive checks. D) principle of population. E) iron law of wages.
E) iron law of wages.
Who predicted in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) that reform like that occurring in France would lead only to chaos and tyranny?
Edmund Burke
The principe by which the European powers established their claim to an African territory after the Berlin conference was known as
Effective Occupation
The Scientific Revolution drew on all of the following for its origins except
Efforts to prevent a recurrence of the Black Death
One of the most important scientific and technological developments in the nineteenth century saw a form of commercial energy useful in communications and manufacturing developed from?
Electricity
Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as
Empiricism
How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?
Enlightenment thinkers believed that their era had surpassed antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.
How did Enlightenment thinkers differ from those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?
Enlightenment thinkers believed that thought had progressed far beyond that of antiquity, which demonstrated the possibility of human progress.
As literacy expanded, the common people read all of the following except
Enlightenment works on social and political issues
The largest share of European foreign investment went to
European states and North America.
How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?
European superiority increasingly was defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.
How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?
European superiority increasingly was defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior
How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?
European superiority increasingly was defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.
After 1860, why did foreign aggression diminish in China unto near the end of the century?
Europeans had obtained their primary goal of commercial and diplomatic relations.
The legal definition of the composition of the pre-Revolution Third Estate included...
Everyone who was not a noble or a member of the clergy
The Mexican War of 1848
Exacerbated tensions between the North and South, as debate interrupted over the extension of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico.
Migration out of Europe often followed what pattern?
Families and friends would coordinate their migrations so that they would settle together in a new land.
How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?
Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.
As a result of the gendered system created by the idea of separate spheres, married women who sought to work outside the home?
Found that they could not gain well paying jobs, and their wages were less than men's for the same work.
Fr. v. GB mercantilism
Fr- all money straight to the state GB- some to the state and some for personal
The enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all of the following reasons except
France had the highest literacy rates in Europe
The Enlightenment reached its highest development in France for all of the following reasons except
France had the highest literacy rates in Europe.
Why was France unable to manage its debt in the eighteenth century, even though that debt was much smaller, relative to its population, than the debt of either Greta Britain or Holland?
France lacked a central bank and paper currency
Why was France unable to manage its debt,even though that debt was much smaller, relative to its population, than the debt of either Great Britain or Holland?
France lacked a central bank, a paper currency, and a means of creating credit to effectively borrow money
The enlightened policies of Frederick II of Prussia included all of the following except
Freeing the Prussian serfs
What was the economic effect of Napoleon's Continental System?
French artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Great Britain
What was the economic effect of Napoleon's Continental System?
French artisans and the middle class suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Great Britain.
Napoleonic Code
French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property as well as restricting rights accorded to women previous revolutionary laws
Colinization of Australia
GB settlement, by Captain Cook, struggled at first then peace then hostility
The english navigation acts mandated that all english imports and exports be transported on english ships, and that also?
Gave british merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with british colonists
Where was the Industrial Revolution other than England?
Germany, USA, the non-western world
All of the following correctly characterize a young woman's period as a servant except
Girls were required to attend weekly religious lessons at the local church
Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?
Great Britain expected the American colonies to help pay for the expenses incurred during the Seven Years' War, which protected the colonies from the French.
Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?
Great Britain expected to American colonies to help pay for the expenses incurred during the Seven Years' War, which protected the colonies from the French
Why did Great Britain choose to seize land in Africa and Asia in the late 19th century ?
Great Britain feared that France and Germany would seal off their empires with high tariffs, and Great Britain would lose future economic opportunities.
In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of...
Great Britain, France, and Russia.
In their war of independance against Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of
Great britain, france and Russia
In the 1890s, how did Witte seek to transform Russia?
He believed that Russia's industrial backwardness was threatening its power and greatness and implemented industrial policies to catch up with the West.
In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for
In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government.
In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for.
All of the following correctly characterize the ideas of sigmund Freud except?
He believed that most psychological energy is caused by guilt imposed on children by their parents.
How did Muhammad Ali reorganize the Egyptian army?
He drafted illiterate peasants and hired french and Italian any officers to train the recruits and their Turkish officers.
How did Muhammad Ali finance his modernization of Egyptian society?
He forced farmers to become tenants of large, private landowners who adopted commercial agriculture.
Which of the following incorrectly* identifies Napoleon's background?
He gained training as a lawyer before joining the military
Which of the following incorrectly identifies Napoleon's background?
He gained training as a lawyer before joining the military.
How did Charles X of France seek to rally political support for himself?
He invaded Algeria and establish it as a French territory.
How did Charles X of france seek to rallypolitical support for himself?
He invaded Algeria and established it as a French territory
John Wesley's Methodism was particularly appealing because
He refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it.
How did Sardinia and it's Monarch, Victor Emmanuel, gain the reputation of a liberal progressive state?
He retained the liberal constitution forced upon his father in 1848 which included substantial civil liberties
Why did Bismarck enact high tariffs on grain from the United States, Canada, and Russia in 1878?
He sought to win support from both the Catholic Center and Protestants, Junkers, who had large land holdings.
Which of the following correctly identifies Napoleon Bonaparte's background?
He won brilliant victories in Italy in 1796 and 1797
All of the following correctly characterize a young man's period of apprenticeship except
He would automatically become a master after seven years of training
Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by
High infant mortality rates
Bismarck's Kulturkampf refers to
His attack on the Catholic Church in the German Empire
In his essay concerning Human Understanding, John Locke claimed that
Human development is determined by education and society
What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?
Increased interactions with Christians occurred as rabbinic controls diminished
What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?
Increased interactions with Christians occurred as rabbinic controls diminished.
How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?
Industrialists increasingly emerged from the migrant communities, who carried new technologies across borders.
How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the Revolution change over the Revolution's first two years?
Initially pleased by the Revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message.
How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the Revolution change over the Revolution's first two years?
Initially pleased by the Revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message
How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the Revolution change over the Revolution's first two years?
Initially pleased by the Revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its message.
The Russian "zemstvo" was the
Institution for local government established by the Great Reforms
In thee 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on...
Interest payment on the debt
Who was Jethro Tull?
Inventor of the Seed Drill: Other innovations and inventions during this time included Jethro Tull's seed drill. Tull also discovered that cultivating the land and using manure helped crops grow larger. Tull invented the seed drill in 1701 to make seed planting more efficient and productive.
What was the Irish Potato Famine and effects?
Irish Potato Famine-->in 1845, the Irish potato suffered a terrible blight--a disease that rotted the potatoes in the fields. Because the Irish's basic food was gone, many suffered from hunger and many moved away.
How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?
It became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.
How did the French provisional government respond to the worsening depression and rising unemployment in 1848?
It established national workshops to provide public works.
How did the union of South Africa function differently than any other territory in Africa ?
It functioned as a largely self governing colony
In Great Britain, the Great Reform Bill of 1832 accomplished all of the following except
It granted the voteto substantial farmers but not to the middle-class urban population
Which of the following best characterizes the new imperialism?
It resembled the old European colonial empires of the 17th century.
Which of the following best describes France's Constitutional Charter?
It secured most of the gains made by the middle class and the peasantry during the Revolution and permitted intellectual and artistic freedom.
How did Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?
It synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.
The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was
James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760's and the 1780's.
By 1890, how had Japan met the challenge of western expansion ?
Japan completely adopted western forms and traditions, imposing them on the poor and uneducated.
What was the status of jews in european colonies in the 18th century?
Jews faces numerous political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white europeans and thus couldnt be enslaved
What act, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, did Napoleon consider seditious?
L'Ouverture had the colonial assembly in Saint-Domingue draft a constitution that reaffirmed the abolition of slavery and made L'Ouverture governorship for life
In the 18th century, the advocates for agricultural innovation argued that..?
Land holding and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently.
How did the landlord leasing patterns in Ireland encourage population growth?
Land leases were for short periods of time, which inhibited from improvong their land and encouraged them to have many children as their only source of support in old age.
How did the landlord leasing patterns in Ireland encourage population growth?
Land leases were for short periods of time, which inhibited people from improving their land and encourage them to have many children as their only source o/d support in old age.
In the 18th century, the advocates for agricultural innovation argued that?
Landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently
Industrial Revolution in the non-western world
Latin america did not experience any stubstantial industrial growth until World War I and World War II. Japan started industrializing in the late 1800s while India remained primarily agricultural until 1939. Countries within Africa and the Middle East did not attempt to industrialize until recently.
The men elected to represent the Third Estate at the Estates General were primarily...
Lawyers and government officials
How did Louis XV damage the sense of his sacred authority?
Louis allowed his common-born mistresses to exercise tremendous influence, which led to scandalous depictions of the king and the court in pamphlets.
Who were the Luddites? What was their method of protest?
Luddites were workers, who were upset by wage reductions and the use of unapprenticed workmen, began to break into factories at night to destroy the new machines that the employers were using.
How did railroads affect the nature of production?
Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.
How did the nature of marriage change by the late 19th century?
Marriage couples increasingly developed stronger emotional ties and based marriage decisions on sentiment and sexual attractions
How did the nature of marriage change by the late 19th century?
Married couples increasingly developed stronger emotional ties and based marriage decisions on sentiment and sexual attraction.
How did the nature of marriage change by the late nineteenth century?
Married couples increasingly developed stronger emotional ties and based marriage decisions on sentiment and sexual attraction.
Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), the latter a founding text of the feminist movement?
Mary Wollstonecraft
How did the new fashion practices demonstrate changes in gender distinctions?
Men increasingly moved away from ostentatious fashions and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes
Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek revolution for all of the following reasons except
Merchants sought access to Greek markets for trade.
How did the goals of middle class feminists differ from those of socialist women?
Middle class women fought for the right to vote, while socialist women argued that women's liberation could only occur as part of a working class revolution.
How did the goals of middle-class feminists differ from those of socialist women?
Middle class women fought for the right to vote, while socialist women argued that womens liberation could only occur as part of a working-class revolution
How did the goals of middle-class feminists differ from those of socialist women?
Middle-class women fought for the right to vote, while socialist women argued that women's liberation could only occur as part of a working class revolution.
How did the goals of middle-class feminists differ from those of socialist women?
Middle-class women fought for the right to vote, while socialist women argued that women's liberation could only occur as part of a working-class revolution.
All of the following correctly characterizes middle class morality except?
Morality was based on natural law rather than on Christianity
In africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in?
More wars and likely fewer people
How did the expansion in cotton clothing affect Western dress?
Most people began to wear underwear.
Which one of the following best characterizes the British economy between 1780 and 1851?
Much of the growth of the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.
Which of the following best describes the political system of Napoleon?
Napoleon frequently violated civil liberties by censoring newspapers, creating a spy system, and arbitrarily arresting people suspected of subversive activities
Which of the following best describes the political system of Napoleon
Napoleon frequently violated civil liberties by censoring newspapers, creating a spy system, and holding political suspects in state prisons
During the hundred days
Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly
What occurred during the Hundred Days in France?
Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly
During the hundred days,
Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly.
How did the process of Italian unification survived the French betrayal of Sardinia and it's effort to unify Italy?
Nationalist leaders in central Italy overthrew their local princes and merged with Sardinia despite the displeasure of the Great Powers
Which of the following correctly characterizes early 19th century British cities?
Nearly all land was used for buildings, leaving no parks or open areas.
The pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe resulted primarily from the
Necessary precondition of economic independence
In the 19th century, the 3000 mile archipelago that is today Indonesia came under the domination oc
Netherlands
How did Isaac Newton's law of gravity bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?
Newton synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system
How did Isaac Newton's law of gravity bring the Scientific Revolution to maturity?
Newton synthesized mathematics with physics and astronomy to demonstrate that the entire universe was unified into one coherent system.
Was Britains Poor Law successful?
No. The law was in place since the 16th century and was reformed in 1834 but it didn't help. It was supposed to help the needy.
Population growth in Europe in the 18th century?
Occurred in all regions
Until at least 1750 the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because
Of community pressure on a couple to marry when a woman became pregnant
which of the following was published first
On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres
Which of the following best characterizes the condition of the peasant in western Europe in the 18th century
Peasants were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children
A striking feature of the salons was that
Philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled
What was the religious sensibility of Pietism?
Pietism called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience
How did the expanding right to vote effect national politics across Europe?
Politicians and parties became more responsive to the people they represented.
The idea of the industrious revolution is best understood as a result of?
Poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to be used to buy consumer goods
The primary purpose of Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) was to
Popularize the findings of the scientific revolution
Copernicus's theory of the universe
Postulated a sun-centered view of the universe
The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 is a striking indication of the
Power of the state of the church
Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets
Produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies
Pros and cons of: Roads
Pros: better than the old, muddy roads; uniform; easier to travel; increased travel and trade//Cons: cost more; harder to create; more movement; could lead to traffic, immigrants, and disease
Pros and cons of: Railways
Pros: fast; easy//Cons: high maintenance costs; pollution; cost (to go on)
Pros and cons of: Canals
Pros: faster to travel with heavy goods; increased trade//Cons:can't easily cross them; difficult and costly to make; destruction to environment
Which of the following correctly describes late nineteenth century prostitution?
Prostitution was a stage of life for many poor young women which they moved beyond as they established their own homes and families
Which of the Following correctly describes late-nineteenth-century prostitution?
Prostitution was a stage of life for many poor young women, which they moved beyond as they established their own homes and families.
Which of the following correctly describes late 19th century prostitution?
Prostitution was a stage of life for many poor young women, which they moved beyond as they established their own homes and families.
Why did scientists find that Protestant countries were more conducive to their work, especially after 1640?
Protestant countries generally lacked a strong religious authority capable of censoring or suppressing scientific work that challenged religious doctrine
Why did scientists find that Protestant countries were more conducive to their work, especially after 1640?
Protestant countries generally lacked a strong religious authority capable of censoring or suppressing scientific work that challenged religious doctrine.
Why did scientists find that Protestant countries were more conducive to their work, especially after 1640?
Protestant countries generally lacked a strong religious authority capable of censoring or suppressing scientific work that challenged religious doctrine.
Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis?
Protestants rejected Copernicus's idea that the earth moved, while the Catholic Church largely overlook his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century.
Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late eighteenth century?
Prussia, Russia, and Austria
How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa facilitate western economic interests as opposed to regional economic interests?
Railroad lines connected cities to seaports to facilitate western trade but did not link inland cities to each other.
Which of the following best characterizes the changes in wages in the late 19th century?
Real wages rose for the mass of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease.
Which of the following best characterizes the changes in wages in the late nineteenth century?
Real wages rose for the mass of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease.
Which of the following best characterizes the changes in wages in the late 19th century?
Real wages rose for the the mass of the population, but the gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease
Georges Hausmann is remembered for?
Rebuilding paris
The National Assembly instituted all of the following reforms except*...
Recognizing women as holding full civil rights
To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa
Reduced nobles' power over their serfs
The greatest impediment to nation building in the United States was
Regional differences exacerbated by slavery
According to recent scholarship, during the 18th century guild system?
Remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules
____________ reduced all substances to "matter" and "mind"
Rene Descartes
The spinning of thread for the loom?
Required the work of several spinners for each loom,which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at low terrible wages
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
Rococo
Which of the following best characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era?
Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls
Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?
Several thousand Parisian women
Why did the western world fashion the global economic system?
So that the largest share of gains from trade, technology, and migration would flow to the west and its propertied classes.
Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Copernicus's hypothesis?
Some protestant clerics condemned Copernicus, while Catholic reaction was mild at first and only declared his hypothesis false in the 17th century
The Englishman Jethro Tull?
Sought to critically analyze farming methods and develop better methods about farming through empirical research
The Englishman Jethro Tull:
Sought to criticically analyze farming methods and develop better methods about farming through empirical research.
How did the governments respond to the new science?
States established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.
How did the governments respond to the new science?
States established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research
How did the governments respond to the new science?
States established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.
Ottoman reformers launched a series of radical reforms in the 19 century known as the
Tanzimat
Industrial Revolution in Germany:
Textile and steel industries grew rapidly after 1850. After Germany became a united nation in 1871, industrialization occurred quickly. By 1910 Germany was rivalling Britain in production.
The breakthrough implication of Louis Pasteur's work?
That Diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled.
In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that...?
The British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."
What was the goal of the British Corn Laws
The Corn Law forbade the importation of foreign grain unless prices in Britain reached very high levels, selfishly benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain.
As Hungary gained it's independent status in the Austro-Hungarian empire, how did it organize it's domestic politics?
The Maygar nobility dominated both of the peasantry and minority populations through parliament
Industrial Revolution in USA
The USA industrialized after 1850 because: it had many natural resources (e.g. coal, iron); immigrants provided a labour force; some americans were able to apply science to industry (e.g. Charles Goodyear); some americans were exceptional businessmen (e.g. John D. Rockefeller); methods of mass production were perfected (e.g. Henry Ford)
How did the French armies offer a mixed message to the people whom they conquered?
The armies presented themselves as liberators to the peasants and middle class, but also lived off of the land, requisitioning food and supplies and plundering local treasure.
In the 18th century, the biggest increase in british foreign trade was with?
The british colonial empire
By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition?
The central government harnessed the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism into a total war effect
By july 1974, how had the central government in paris manage to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the first coalition
The central government harnessed the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism into total war effort
During the revolutions of 1848 in Central Europe, an alliance of reforms included all of the following except
The clergy
With the development of Spanish colonial society, by the 18th century...
The colonial elite came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in spain
With the development of spanish colonial society, by the 18th century?
The colonial elite came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in spain
Why were extensive social welfare programs slow to form in Great Britain?
The conservative, aristocratic House of Lords resisted the formation of such programs until the king threatened to appoint new nobles who would support the programs
How did the problem of food shortages change in the 18th century?
The considerable road and canal building of the 18 century permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine
How did the problem of food shortages change in the 18th century?
The considerable road and canal building of the 18th century permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local family crop failure
How did the problem of food shortages change in the 18th cebtury?
The considerable road and canal building of the eighteenth contury permitted food to be more eassily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine.
Which of the following best describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century?
The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will
In the late 19th century, what was the central tension in how non-scientists came to understand the triumph of science and technology?
The discovery of natural processes that followed rigid laws, leaving little room for human will, also demonstrated the progress of humanity.
In the late nineteenth century, what was the central tension in how non-scientists came to understand the triumph of science and technology?
The discovery of natural processes that followed rigid laws, leaving little room for human will, also demonstrated the progress of humanity.
In the late 19th century what was the central tension in how non scientists came to understand the triumph of science and technology
The discovery of natural processes that followed rigid laws, leaving little room for human will,also demonstrated the progress of humanity
Comte believed that application of the positivist method would result in?
The discovery of the eternal laws of human relations
The british won the American component of the seven years war because ?
The diverted men and money from Europe to the american theater
Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?
The dutch east india company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe
Why did the dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?
The dutch east india company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe
Putting-out-system
The eighteenth-century of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant.
Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish Countryside in the enclosure era?
The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners.
Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of english and Scottish country side in the enclosure era?
The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landowning wage earners
How did Bismark structure the North German Confederation in order to secure the authority of the Prussian Emperor?
The emperor controlled the army and foreign affairs and universal male suffrage permitted the emperor to go directly to the people if the middle-class liberals resisted his bills in legislature
What two fundamental principles if the Revolution were codified into the Napoleonic Code?
The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property
What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into Napoleonic Code?
The equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property
National Assembly
The first French revolutionary legislature, made up of primarily representatives of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy, in session from 1789 to 1791
Atlantic Slave Trade
The forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for salve labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the eighteenth century and ultimately involved almost involved almost twelve million Africans.
According to the text, the underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 750-1850 was
The growth of cottage industry and peasant migration to the cities.
The growth in eighteenth century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by what two factors?
The growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining production costs based on female labor.
What was the political effect of the attack on the Bastille?
The king's plan to reassert his authority was forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work
What was the political effect of the attack on the Bastille?
The king's plans to reassert his authority was forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work.
The attack on Bastille had what political effect?
The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the national assembly to continue its work.
Sans-Culottes
The laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of knee breaches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city
Which of the following best describes the open-field system of the middle ages?
The land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges
My Secret Life explored?
The life of a sexual adventurer from the servant-keeping class.
What core concept of the Enlightenment was the most important and original?
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.
What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?
The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life.
How did the expansion of the Industrial Revolution affect the middle class's work life?
The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education
How did the expansion of the Industrial Revolution affect the middle class's work life?
The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education.
How did the expansion of the industrial Revolution affect the middle class's work life?
The middle class established a range of new professions, which required specialized knowledge and advanced education.
All of the following characterizes middle-class morality EXCEPT
The middle class person was expected to know right from wrong and to choose to act morally
How did the mill owners and the government respond to the Luddites?
The mill owners responded to the Luddites by having additional guards around the factories to protect them. The government responded by having the France Breaking Act, where if one was found guilty of destroying machinery, they would be killed.
Why did the conflict between the monarchy and the Parliament reemerge after the Seven Years' War?
The monarchy sought to retain emergency taxes after the war ended
Why did the conflict between the monarchy and the Parlement re-emerge after the Seven Years' War?
The monarchy sought to retain emergency taxes after the war ended.
Enclosure
The movement to force fence in fields in order to farm more effectively at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture.
The leadership of the dutch people in farming methodology can be attributed primarily to?
The necessity to provide for a densely populated country
How did the scientific revolution affect the economy in the 17th century?
The new science had few practical economic applications
In Persian Letters, what did the Baron de Montesquieu use to symbolize Eastern political tyranny?
The oppression of women in a Persian harem
Guild System
The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers.
Reign of Terror
The period from 1793 to 1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed
From 1701-17-63, what was at stake in the warfare between great Britain and France?
The position as european leading maritime power with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion
From 1701-17-63,what was at stake in the warfare between great Britain and france?
The position as european leading maritime power with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion
Which of the following best explains David Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages?
The pressure of population growth would always sink wages to subsistence levels.
How did the Ottoman Empire's efforts at reform in the latter half of the 19th century undermine the empire's stability?
The reforms created equality before the law for all citizens, which increased religious disputes and split Muslims into secularist and traditional camps
How did urban working class change in the latter half of the 19th century?
The sharp distinction between highly skilled artisans and unskilled manual workers broke down as semiskilled groups of workers became more prevalent
How did the urban working class change in the latter half of the 19th century?
The sharp distinction between highly skilled artisans and unskilled manual workers broke down as semiskilled groups of workers became more prevalent.
How did the urban working class change in the latter half of the nineteenth century?
The sharp distinction between highly skilled artisans and unskilled manual workers broke down as semiskilled groups of workers became more prevalent.
Why did European slave traders in frica adopt the "shore methos" of trading in the 18th century?
The shore method permitted Europeans of to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas.
Why did european salve traders in africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the 18th century?
The shore method permitted europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas
How did the Scottish 'highland clearances' effect the tenant farmers?
The tenant farmers ("crofters") were gotten rid of so the landlords could use the land for raising sheep. Thousands of the tenant farmers then had to find new homes and work.
Estates
The three legal categories, or orders, of France's inhabitants: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else
How did the diet of townspeople compare to that of the peasantry?
The townspeople ate more varied diets, since markets provided choices of meat, vegetables, and fruits
Prioritization
The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.
Treaty of Paris
The treaty that ended the Seven Year's War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts.
Abbé Sieyès's answer to the question "What is the Third Estate?" was that is was...
The true strength of the French nation
In her great novel Middlemarch, George Eliot examined?
The ways in which people are shaped by their social environment as well as their inner striving and moral choices.
During the Prussian revolutionin 1848, why did the alliance between middle class liberals and workers dissolve
The workers demanded a series of democratic and vaguely socialist reforms
How was the Textile Industry changing in 1812?
There were new inventions that made weaving and creating textiles much faster. In the factories they had cheap labour with minimum wages creating things such as cloth (which was cheap).
In the wake of the Great Fear, how did the National Assembly restore order?
They abolished all of the old noble and church privileges
In the wake of the Great Fear, how did the National Assembly restore order?
They abolished all of the old noble and church privileges.
Which of the following best characterizes the Carlsbad decrees
They required members of the German Confederation to root our subversive ideas and to spy on liberal and radical organizations
Which of the following best characterizes the Carlsbad Decrees?
They required members of the German Confederation to root our subversive ideas and to spy on liberal and radical organizations.
Why did social scientists develop statistical methods to taste their theories
They sought to analyze the massive sets of numerical data that governments had collected
Why did social scientists develop statistical methods to test their theories?
They sought to analyze the massive sets of numerical data that governments had collected.
What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns?
They were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor
Why did the French commissioners in Saint-Domingue abolish slavery?
They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and English forces on the island.
Why did the French commissioners in Saint-Domingue abolish slavery?
They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the span and English forces on the island
How did the delegates to the Legislative Assembly that convened in October 1791 differ from the delegates to the Estates General/National Assembly?
They were younger and less cautious; many of them joined political clubs
How did the delegates to the Legislative Assembly that convened in October 1791 differ from the delegates to the Estates General/National Assembly?
They were younger and less cautious; many of them joined political clubs.
In the 18th century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with:
This one is B too B) the British colonial empire
What was the staus of the Jews on European colonies in the 18th century?
This one is E E) Jews faces numerous political and economic forms of descrimination but werte considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaves
The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was
Thomas Newcomen's 1705 steam engine.
Which best characterizes the political goal of the creation of free, compulsory, elementary education in France?
To act as a nation - building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican views
What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?
To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur.
What was the primary goal of Galileo's experimental method?
To discover what did occur in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur
According to the text, one of the social functions of the labor aristocracy' strict moral code?
To maintain their unstable social and economic position
What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?
To us dictatorial powers to respond to threats to the French from without and within
What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?
To use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to the French from without and within
According to the text, German social Democrats recovered their losses of the 1907 elections and became the largest party in the Reichstag in 1912, in part because they
Took on a more patriotic tone and broaden their base
Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas?
Took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made christianity more comprehensive to indigenous peoples
In addition to supervising labor and birth midwives generally
Treated female medical difficulties such as irregular menstrual cycles, venereal diseases, and breast-feeding problems
How did early labor unions in Germany change in the early 1900s?
Unions increasingly focused on bread-and-butter issues rather than dissemination of socialist doctrine
All of the following correctly characterize wet-nursing practices except
Upper-middle-class women nursed their own children to prove their motherly devotion
Within the family, the operation of the loom?
Was considered a man's job reserved for the male head of the household
How were the same-sex relations among women regarded in comparison to same-sex relations among men
While considered unnatural, same-sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those among men
Rosseau believed that
Women were best suited to a passive role in relations
All of the following correctly characterize the role of women in the new science except
Women were forbidden from publishing learned treatises
The romantic movement was characterized by all of the following except
a commitment to romantic love as the highest virtue
The romantic movement was characterized by all of the following except...
a commitment to romantic love as the highest virtue.
Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, armies affected population growth in all of the following ways except
a large number of individuals were killed on the battlefield.
Catherine the Great of Russia came to power in 1762 through
a military coup
To move from the laboratory into manufacturing, James Watt's steam engine needed all of the following except
a single, distinct industrial use.
William Cockerill was...?
an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium
William Cockerill was
an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium.
Edwin Chadwick gained fame as
an advocate of improved oublic sanitation
Edwin Chadwick gained fame as
an advocate of improved public sanitation
before the scientific revolution europeans' view of the universe was based on the ideas of
aristotle
Friedrich List believed that industrial development should be pursued
as a part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state
The doctrine of laissez faire holds that there should be
as little government interventionin the economy as possible
Friedrich List believed that industrial development should be pursued
as part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state.
The flaw in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution was his
assertion that characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could be passed on to their offspring by heredity
The flaw in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution was his
assertion that characteristics parents acquired in the course of their lives could be passed on to their offspring by heredity.
According to the text, realist writers fit within the late 19th century glorifications of science because they
attempted to observe and record life in an objective manner
Rousseau's concept of the "general will" asserts that
authentic' long term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a farseeing minority
The allied powers of the Congress of Vienna were determined to
avoid the creation of hostility and resentment in France
The allied powers at the Congress of Vienna were determined to...
avoid the creation of hostility and resentment in France.
The reformer Robert Owens sought to
create a single large national union for British workers.
The National Assembly that ruled France from 1789 to 1791 passed laws that
declared all men and women to be equal
Comte believed that application of the positivist method would result in
discovery of the eternal laws of human relations
The key development that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature was the
establishment of limited liability investment
The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included
everyone who was not a noble or a member of the clergy
the legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included
everyone who was not a noble or a member of the clergy
The legal definition of the composition of the pre-Revolutionary Third Estate included
everyone who was not a noble or a member of the clergy.
Central to improvements to in sanitation was the discovery that
excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at a low cost
Central to improvements in sanitation was the discovery that
excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost
Central to improvements in sanitation was the discovery that
excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost.
Jethro Tull
expirimental agriculture, animal husbandry, animal breeding
enclosure
fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, hurt peasants
What was the goal of the British corn laws
forbade the importation of foreign grainunless prices in Britain reached very high levels, selfishly benefiting the aristocratic land owners in Britain.
As a result of the gendered system created by the idea of separate spheres, middle class married women who sought to work outside the home
found that they could not gain well playing jobs and their wages were less than men's for the same work.
The idea of separate spheres, middle-class married women who sought to work outside the home
found that they could not gain well-paying jobs and their wages were less than men's fog the same work
Immanuel Kant argued for
freedom of the press
the enlightenment reached its highest development in france for all of the following reasons except
french scientists and universities were the msot preeminent on the scientific revolution
The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports exports be transported on English ships, and they also
gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.
why did great Britain seek to raise taxes on its american colonies in the 1760s
great britain expected the american colonies to help pay for the expenses incurred during the seven years war
one of the few attempts to link theoretical science with applied science took a place at
gresham college
All of the following correctly characterize Charles Darwin and his work EXCEPT
he asserted that genetics provided the mechanism by which favorable characteristics
All of the following correctly characterize Charles Darwin and his work except
he asserted that genetics provided the mechanism by which favorable characteristics are passed on to future generations.
All of the following correctly characterize the ideas of Sigmund Freud except
he believed that most psychological energy is caused by guilt imposed on children by their parents
All of the following correctly characterize the ideas of Sigmund Freud except
he believed that most psychological energy is caused by guilt imposed on children by their parents.
Which of the following incorrectly identifies Napoleon's background
he gained training as a lawyer before joining the military
In 1748 following the War of Austrian Succession Louis xv's finance minister created an outcry among french nobles clergy and wealthy town dwellers by
imposing a 5 percent tax on all Frenchmen
The crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the...?
industrial dominance of Britain.
How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?
it formed because many individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling
According to Marx, the driving force in history was the...
it increased the number of voters by about fifty percent.
Which of the following best describes Frances Constitutional Charter
it secured most of the gains made by the middle class and the peasantry during the Revolution and permitted intellectual and artistic freedom.
Jew status in 18th century
jews< christians but not enslaved. Participated in economy with trade outlets along routes
The Factory Act of 1833
limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories.
The all important goal of the architects of the Meiji Restoration was to
meet the threat posed by outside powers.
Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution for all of the following reason except...
merchants sought access to Greek markets for trade.
All of the following correctly characterizes middle class morality except
morality was based on natural law rather than on Christianity
Which of the following correctly characterizes early-nineteenth-century British cities?
nearly all land was used for buildings
Population growth in Europe in the 18th century:
occured in all regions
Population growth in Europe in the 18th century
occurred largely in Eastern Europe where the stability of the feudal system aided population growth
All of the following correctly characterize industrial growth patterns in Europe except...?
ollowing the Napoleonic wars, France experienced a boom in factory production as the economy shifted from wartime to peacetime production
According to the text, the french military victories after the winter of 1793-1794 were largely due to
patriotism and superior numbers supplied by the draft
In 1848 in France, the Second Republic instituted all of the following reform except...
permitting both men and women to file for divorce.
In 1848 in France, the Second Republic institutionalized all of the following reforms except
persuading both men and women to file for divorce
The most important factor influencing the peaceful mid-century reforms in Great Britain was
political competition between the aristocracy and the middle class
The primary purpose of Fontenelle's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686) was to.
popularize the findings of the scientific revolution.
British economist Thomas Malthus argued that...?
population always grew faster than the food supply.
Copernicus's theory of the universe
postulated a sun-centered view of the universe.
Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets
produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies.
According to Joseph Proudhon, property was
profit stolen from workers
According to Joseph Proudhon property was...
profit stolen from workers.
which powers participated in the partitioning of poland in the late 18th c
prussia austria and russia
What were the most popular sports in the late nineteenth century?
racing and soccer
Mendelssohn argued that
reason could complement and strengthen religion
George Haussmann is remembered for
rebuilding Paris
Georges Haussmann is remembered for
rebuilding Paris
The National Assembly instituted all of the following reforms except
recognizing women as holding full civil rights.
To improve the rural economy and lives of the peasants, empress Maria Theresa
reduced nobles' power over their serfs
To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa
reduced nobles' power over their serfs.
To improve the rural economy and the lives of peasants, Empress Maria Theresa
regulated the church more closely
all of the following were important trends of enlightenment except
religion could be analyzed using enlightenment theories and eventually religious truth could be known
the two men generally given credit for creating the modern scientific method were francis bacon and
rene descartes
According to the text, in the summer of 1789 the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by
revolutionary actions of French peasants and the common people of Paris.
according to the text, in the summer of 1789 the national assembly was driven toward more radical action by
revolutionary actions of french peasants and the common people of paris
Name three types of transportation:
roads, canals, railways
Soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits are all characteristics of the style known as
rococo.
The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885
set up te terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial,powers.
The concept of the reading revolution refers to the
shift from reading aloud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually.
The concept of the reading revolution refers to the
shift from reading aloud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually.
The concept of the reading revolution refers to the
shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually.
The Englishman Jethro Tull
sought to critically analyze farming methods and develop better methods about farming through empirical research.
In Germany, Fritz Harkort
sought to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.
In Germany, Fritz Harkort...?
sought to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.
the illegal book trade in france featured all of the following types of literature except
technical journals on agriculture and industry
As the 19th century progressed, the upper middle class
tended to merge with older aristocracy
As the 19th century progressed, the upper middle class
tended to merge with the old aristocracy
The breakthrough implication of Louis Pasteur's work was
that diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled
all of the following are causes of the scientific revolution except
the active support of the papacy
Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that
the authentic, long-term needs of the people can be correctly interpreted by a far-seeing minority.
Improved economic conditions in the 19th century led to
the expectation that married women would not work outside the home
Improved economic conditions in the 19th century led to
the expectation that married women would not work outside the house
The revolutionary reduction in the size of European families was caused in large part by
the family's desire to improve items economics and social position
The revolutionary reduction in the size of European families was caused in large part by
the family's desire to improve its economic and social position
The revolutionary reduction in the size of European families was caused in large part by
the family's desire to improve its economic and social position.
Rousseau's concept of the general will asserts that
the general will is not necessarily the will of the majority.
The decline of illegitimacy rates after 1850 was probably result of
the higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers
Count Henri de Saint-Simon believed that...
the key to progress was proper social organization.
My Secret Life explored
the life of a sexual adventurer from the servant-keeping class.
The leadership of the Dutch people in farming methodology can be attributed primarly to
the necessity to provide for a densely populated country
The leadership of the Dutch poeple in farming ethodology can be attributed primarily to:
the necssity to provide for a densely opulated country
The primary factor that influenced whether European immigrants returned to their native lands was
the possibility of buying land in the home country
In his Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued for
the separation of governmental powers
The concept of the "reading revilution" refers to
the shift from reading out loud texts perceived as authoritative to reading many different texts rapidly, silently, and individually
Scholarly statistical studies of the condition of members of the British working class indicate that
the standard of living for British workers deteriorated throughout the nineteenth century.
Abbé Sieyès's answer to the question, "What is the Third Estate?" was that it was
the true strength of the French nation.
Abbé Sieyès's answer to the question, What is the third estate? was that it was
the true strength of the French nation.
The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that
the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion.
In her great novel Middlemarch, George Elliot examined
the ways in which people are shaped by their social environment as well as their inner striving and moral choices
According to the text, one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian society was that...
their appeals to the wealthy to help the poor were naive.
before 1500 science was primarily a branch of
theology
all of the following played a role in the erosion of french absolutism except the
theories of charles motesquieu
Middle class families spent considerable portions of their income on food because
they gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity
Middle-class families spent considerable portions of their income on food because
they gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity
In the late 19th century masturbation was
viewed with horror
Jews made up one of the immigrant groups least likely to return to their native land, primarily because of
violent anti-antisemitism in Eastern Europe
Vincent Oge'
was a free man of color in Saint-Domingue who led a failed revolt
Within the family, the oiperation of the loom:
was considered a man's job, reserved for the male head of household
Joseph II's conversion of labor obligations to cash payments
was opposed by both nobles and peasants
At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies...
were guided by the principle of the balance of power.
All of the following marked changes in child-rearing practices except
women increasingly hired wet-nurses to free them to care for other children
All of the following marked changes in child-rearing practices except
women increasingly hired wet-nurses to free them to care for other children.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that
women were best suited to a passive role in social relations.
Rousseau believed that
women were best suited to a passive role in social relations.
All of the following correctly characterize the role of women in the new science except
women were forbidden from publishing learned treatises.
