Chapter 19: blood and Chapter 20: the heart Homework

The contraction of the four heart chambers is coordinated by the ______.

cardiac conduction system

The cardiac conduction system is made up of specialized ______.

cardiocytes

The field that embraces the study of the heart, clinical evaluation and treatment of disease is ______.

cardiology

Lifting the margins of the atria exposes the ______ which marks the boundary between the atria from the ventricles.

coronary sulcus

The atrioventricular valves consist of fibrous flaps covered with endocardium and are called ______.

cusps

Neutrophils produce disinfectant chemicals including ______. Select all that apply.

hypochlorite hydrogen peroxide superoxide

Within the leukocytes, the chemicals and enzymes used to fight pathogens are found:

in the granules Reason: (Keep in mind that all leukocytes, including agranulocytes, contain cytoplasmic granules. The difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes is whether the granules are VISIBLE under a light microscope.)

Cardiocytes are joined by connections that appear as dark lines in stained slides. These lines are called ______.

intercalated discs

The groove that extends downward from the coronary sulcus on the front of the heart is the anterior ______ sulcus.

interventricular

Blood cells that afford protection against microorganisms, infections, and other pathogens are called _____.

leukocytes

Lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils and monocytes are all examples of ______.

leukocytes

the least abundant of the formed elements are the _______.

leukocytes

The left and right regions of the heart pump at the same time. The right side of the heart pumps to the ______ and the left site of the heart pumps to the ______.

lungs, body

Which of the leukocytes are agranulocytes?

lymphocytes and monocytes

A giant precursor cell with a multilobed nucleus which fragments to form platelets is called a _______.

megakaryocyte

Which is the most common leukocyte?

neutrophil

Leukocytes that phagocytize bacteria and produce toxic chemicals are called ______.

neutrophils

Sixty to seventy percent of the leukocytes are ______.

neutrophils

The internal ridges of myocardium found in the right atrium and both auricles are referred to as ______.

pectinate muscles

The outer wall of the pericardium, the double-walled sac that encloses the heart, is called the ______.

pericardial sac

"A light yellow fluid in which suspends the formed elements and clotting precursors" describes the ______.

plasma

The matrix of the blood is the ______.

plasma

Which is not a formed element of the blood?

plasmin

Blood is carried to the lungs for gas exchange and returned to the heart by way of the ______ circuit.

pulmonary

The blood vessel indicated by the letter A in the given figure is the ______.

pulmonary trunk

The auricle extends beyond each atria and serves to ______.

slightly increase the volume

Blood is distributed to the body and returned to the heart via the ______ circuit.

systemic

The base of the heart can be described as ______.

the broad superior region point of attachment of great vessels

The myocardium receives oxygen and nutrients from ______.

the coronary circulation

The heart, by way of the coronary circulation, receives about 5% of the circulating blood. In relation to the heart's size this means that ______.

the heart is receiving about 10 times the amount of blood as predicted by its size

Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils are called granulocytes because ______.

they contain specific secretory granules

The atria can be described as _____.

thin walled receiving chambers

The right atrioventricular (AV) valve is also called the ______ valve.

tricuspid

True or false: Erythrocytes circulate for about 120 days before they die.

true

True or false: Red blood cells are biconcave, anucleate and approximately 7.5 microns in diameter.

true

Granulocytes and agranulocytes are ______.

types of leukocytes

One way flow of blood through the heart is maintained by pressure changes resulting from muscular contractions and ______.

valves

The chambers that pump blood into arteries are called the ______.

ventricles

The thick inferior chambers of the heart that pump blood into the arteries are called

ventricles

Cardiocytes are similar to skeletal muscle in that they have ______.

a striated appearance

The blood vessel that carries blood away from the left ventricle is the ______.

aorta

The blunt tapered inferior portion of the heart is the ____ of the heart.

apex

ABO blood groups lead to blood types A, B, AB, and O. These groups _____.

are determined by genes

The receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart from the systemic and pulmonary circulation are called ______.

atria

Destruction of red blood cells leads to the breakdown of hemoglobin molecules. Breaking down hemoglobin releases ______.

four globin chains and four heme groups

A distinctive feature of intercalated discs is the presence of electrical junctions called ______.

gap junctions

Leukocytes can be divided into ______.

granulocytes and agranulocytes

List in order the events of blood flow through the heart, starting from the blood entering the atria from the vena cava.

1. blood enters the R atrium from vena cava 2. blood flows to R ventricle 3. R ventricle contracts forcing blood into pulmonary vessels 4. blood returns from lungs to L atrium via pulmonary veins 5. blood flows to the L ventricle 6. oxygenated blood leaves L ventricle via ascending aorta

Place in order the three layers of the heart wall, listing the deepest layer first to superficial.

1. endocardium 2.myocardium 3.epicardium

Within a healthy individual, the most abundant leukocyte is the _____ and the least abundant leukocyte is the _________ .

1. neutrophils 2. basophils

Place the specific leukocytes in order from most abundant to least abundant in a healthy individual.

1. neutrophils 2.lymphocytes 3.monocytes 4.eosinophils 5.basophils

An erythrocyte usually lasts in the circulation for about ______ days.

120 days

Most adults have ______ liters of blood.

4-6 liters

Genetically determined blood groups include ______. Select all that apply.

A, B, AB, and O Rh positive

The passage of blood from the atria to the ventricles is regulated by which valves?

Atrioventricular

Eosinophils (function)

Attacks parasites and phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes, allergens and inflammatory agents.

What is the earlike extension of each atrium called?

Auricle

Which is not a leukocyte?

Basocyte

Which best describes a red blood cell?

Biconcave, anucleate cell approximately 7.5 microns in diameter

What are the short, thick, branched contractile cells of the heart called?

Cardiomyocytes

Which groove encircles the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles?

Coronary sulcus

True or false: All leukocytes are roughly the same size and shape and carry out the same functions. True false question. True

False Reason: Leukocytes are distinguished from one another by their relative size and abundance, the size and shape of their nuclei, the presence/absence/color of cytoplasmic granules, and, most importantly, their function.

Describe megakaryocytes.

Gigantic bone marrow cells that produce platelets.

Name the function of the granules found in the cytoplasm of the WBCs.

Granules contain enzymes and chemicals to fight pathogens.

The cardiovascular system is comprised of ______. Select all that apply.

Heart blood vessels

Basophils (structural feature)

Irregular shaped nucleus frequently obscured from view due to course, abundant dark violet specific granules.

List the white blood cells that are classified as granulocytes?

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

An adult patient is brought into the emergency room of a local hospital. The EMTs report the patient lost about 300 cc (cubic centimeters or milliliters) of blood. Is this life-threatening?

No, most adults have 4-6 liters of blood so a loss of 300 cc would not be life threatening.

Lymphocytes (structural feature)

Nucleus that typically fills most of the cytoplasm that is round or ovoid.

Neutrophils (structural feature)

Nucleus with 2-5 lobes and appearance of reddish to violet specific granules.

Eosinophils (structural feature)

Nucleus with two large lobes and appearance of large orange-pink specific granules.

Monocytes (structural feature)

Ovoid or kidney shaped nucleus with sparse, fine non-specific granules.

Neutrophils (function)

Phagocytizes bacteria and secretes antimicrobial agents.

Monocytes (function)

Phagocytizes pathogens and cellular debris.

Which of the following lists all of the formed element(s) of the blood?

Platelets, red and white blood cells

Leukocytes are similar and yet they vary in many ways. Identify the characteristic shared by all leukocytes.

Presence of a nucleus

Lymphocytes (function)

Secretes antibodies, destroys cancer cells and promotes immune memory.

Basophils (function)

Secretes histamine and heparin.

Monocytes and lymphocytes ______.

agranulocytes

The broad superior part of the heart is the _______ of the heart.

base

The superior aspect of the heart is the point of attachment of the great vessels and is called the ______.

base

The left atrioventricular (AV) valve is also called the _____ valve.

bicuspid

The left atrioventricular valve is called the _____ valve. Select all that will apply.

bicuspid mitral

The inner most layer of the wall of the heart is called the ______.

endocardium

The leukocyte that typically has a bilobed nucleus connected by a thin strand and orange-pink granules in the cytoplasm is the ______.

eosinophil

Elements of blood

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

The heart valves are located between each atrium and the corresponding ventricle and at the ______. Select all that apply.

exit of the left ventricle into the aorta exit of the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk

True or false: Each hemoglobin molecule consists of 6 protein (globin) chains and 6 heme groups

false