Chapter 19: Central Asia
Soviet Union
All the countries except Afghanistan were once part of what?
A
Armenia still has economic ties to Russia and depends on that country for A.natural gas. B.hydroelectric power. C.gold. D.uranium.
concentrated
As water levels decreased in the Aral Sea, levels of salt became more _______.
farming, herding
Because the people of Central Asia traditionally supported themselves by ____ and _______the region has few urban areas.
Georgia, Armenia
Both _________ and _____ formed kingdoms more than 2,000 years ago and were Christianized under Roman rule in the A.D. 400s.
dry
Central Asia is in the middle of the continent and far from any oceans do the climates are generally ________.
black sea, china
Central Asia stretches from the ______ to ______
natural
Central Asian economies rely more on ___resources than industry,
D
Desert regions across eastern Kazakhstan are bordered by A.the Amu Darya and Syr Darya. B.the Caucasus Mountains. C.several small, shallow rivers. D.wide, grassy plains called steppes.
literacy
Except of Afghanistan, most of the countries have 98% ______ rate, in Afghanistan the rate is 30%
radioactive material
What is material contaminated by residue from the generation of nuclear energy or the testing of nuclear weapons called?
policies
What is the environmental legacy of the Soviet era? Answer: The Soviet era left a legacy of environmental issues resulting from Soviet economic _____. The subregion's major bodies of water face severe environmental challenges. Pollution in the Caspian Sea is severe. Pollution and overfishing threaten fish, like sturgeon, which provide important exports as well as serve important roles in maintaining the ecology of the sea. Scientists from the area say that the Apsheron Peninsula of Azerbaijan is the most environmentally damaged place on Earth. The damage is the result of air, water, and soil pollution from the oil and gas industries and from the overuse of pesticides and other harmful chemicals for agriculture.
Areal Sea
What is the inland sea that has nearly dried up since the 1960s?
Georgia
What is the only country in the subregion that is not landlocked?
stan
What is the suffix, ancient Persian word meaning "land of" or "place of"?
A
Which of the following countries remains severely impacted from the Soviet testing of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons during the Cold War? A.Kazakhstan B.Armenia C.Azerbaijan D.Tajikistan
A
Which of the following landforms is NOT part of Central Asia's eastern mountain ranges? A.Mount Elbrus B.the Tian Shan mountains C.the Altay mountains D.the Pamirs and the Hindu Kush ranges
D
Which of the following places do scientists say is one of the most environmentally damaged places on Earth? A.Nagorno-Karabakh B.Kazakhstan C.Caspian Sea D.Apsheron Peninsula
fuel,overgrazing
Why are deforestation and desertification problems in Afghanistan? Answer:Deforestation and desertification are problems in Afghanistan. People needing __ sources have been cutting down trees to burn the wood. The loss of trees along with ____ by livestock are contributing to desertification.
connect
Why are pipelines needed in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan? Answer: Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan all have substantial oil or natural gas reserves, or both. Though these countries are landlocked, pipelines ___ them to other parts of the world. One carries oil from Azerbaijan to the Black Sea coast of Georgia. Turkmenistan recently opened a pipeline to transport its natural gas to China, an important market because of its growing economy and increasing demand for energy.
Afghanistan
With more that 33 million people. ______ ha the largest population in Central Asia.
A
In 2011 the first democratic transfer of power took place in which of the "stans"? A.Kyrgyzstan B.Tajikistan C.Afghanistan D.Kazakhstan
expose
Landmines remaining in Afghanistan __ people to injury and possible death
D
One of the most ethnically diverse countries in Central Asia is A.Uzbekistan. B.Armenia. C.Turkmenistan. D.Afghanistan.
nomads
Peoples in countries whose names and with "stan" lived as _____ in ancient times.
C
Problems that hurt the Aral Sea are similar to those that have hurt A.the Karakum Canal. B.the Amu Darya. C.Lake Balkhash. D.the Syr Darya.
Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan
Russia, Iran, and Central Asian countries border the Caspian Sea. What are those three Central Asia Countries?
false
T or F? Afghanistan was once home to Soviet nuclear bases
true
T or F? poaching is the illegal harvesting of wild animals
Afghanistan, Taliban
The Soviet invasion of ____ in 1979 led to the growth of the _______ there, whitch later sheltered the al-Qaeda terrorist group,
mujahideen
What are Islamic guerrilla fighters called?
Uzbekistan
What country has the world's 4th largest gold reserves?
C
1.The western section of Central Asia, called the Caucasus, lies between A.the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf. B.the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. C.the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. D.the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea.
C
An example of an environmental challenge from the Soviet era faced by the people of Central Asia is the A.limited sale of natural gas to Tajikistan. B.policy of community-based demining. C.severe pollution of the Caspian Sea. D.reduced water flow on the Amu Dary
Fergana Valley
The eastern Uzbekistan ______ has the sub region's highest rural population density.
basins and platueas
The eastern section has mountains separated by _______ and ______some of which have water and fertile soil.
C
The major resources in Central Asia are oil and A.lumber. B.silver. C.natural gas. D.uranium.
Caspian sea
The major resources in the region are the oil and natural gas found under the __________
tectonic activity
The many earthquakes in the region show that there is much _________.
diverse
The region is ethically _____ which had led to conflict, such as in the rebellious provinces of Georgia where non-Georgians have declared their independence.
resources
What are 2 reasons governments seek outside help in solving the environmental issues? Answer: Governments in the subregion, which often do not have enough _____, have sought outside help in developing and implementing solutions.
oases
What are areas where underground water naturally comes to the surface?
steppe
What are the a wide, grassy plains of Eurasia (also, similar semi-arid grassy areas elsewhere) called?
manufacturing
Though _____ plays only a small role in Central Asia, countries do produce some goods, such as automobiles, tractors, and agricultural equipment.
C
Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan produce and export A.aluminum. B.oil. C.natural gas. D.agricultural equipment.
restrain
When the Soviets had control of Central Asia, they tried to ______ the native cultures.
B
Which of the following bodies of water east of the Caspian Sea is slowly disappearing? A.the Red Sea B.the Aral Sea C.the Sea of Azov D.the Black Sea
B
Which of the following countries hopes to expand its hydroelectric power by building a dam on a tributary of the Amu Darya? A.Turkmenistan B.Tajikistan C.Uzbekistan D.Kazakhstan
market economy
while most countries of Central Asia have moved from the Soviet era command economy, many still struggle to move entirely to a ____
goal
How are the countries of the eastern subregion managing water resources? Answer:A group formed by several universities in Europe and most of the governments of the eastern subregion is dedicated to managing water resources. One of the early steps in this program has been to found water-management centers in each of the countries involved. The program's ___ is to train local people in water-management techniques. The group also hopes to build cooperation among the countries involved.
gold
How do gold and other metals affect human activity? Answer: Kazakhstan has the most abundant resources of the Central Asian countries. In addition to oil and gas, it has uranium, copper, zinc, iron ore, and other metals. Oil and oil products generate three-fifths of Kazakhstan's export earnings. Metals account for nearly another fifth. According to one estimate, Turkmenistan has the fourth-largest natural gas reserves in the world. While all those reserves have not yet been tapped, natural gas is a major export. In addition, Uzbekistan has the world's fourth-largest gold reserves; _____ and natural gas are major exports.
farming
How do oases affect human activity? Answer: Some _______ is carried out on oases. Oases are areas where underground water naturally comes to the surface.
Earth
How do scientists describe the Apheron Peninsula of Azerbaijan and why? Answer: Scientists from the area say that the Apsheron Peninsula of Azerbaijan is the most environmentally damaged place on ___. The damage is the result of air, water, and soil pollution from the oil and gas industries and from the overuse of pesticides and other harmful chemicals for agriculture.
cereals
How does fertile soil affect human activity? Answer: Because the soil is fertile, some parts of the steppe have been turned over to growing crops. Much of this farmed area is watered by irrigation. The major crops are ______.
oil, natural gas
How does oil and natural gas affect human activity? Answer: The major resources in the subregion are ___ and ______ ____. The largest deposits are found under the Caspian Sea, benefiting Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Azerbaijan. Pipelines carry the oil to other parts of the world, allowing these landlocked nations to export these valuable resources.
earthquakes
How does the collision of tectonic plates lead to potential danger today? Answer: Tectonic activity built the mountains of this subregion. As is typical along plate boundaries, ________ frequently strike here.
pastoralism
How does the dry dessert climate affect human activity? Answer: While vegetation in the Kara-Kum and Kyzyl Kum deserts is sparse, these deserts are not completely desolate. Scrub grasses can grow in some areas. For centuries, the people of the region have lived there by practicing ________, or the raising of livestock. The people drive herds of sheep, horses, camels, and cattle to graze on brush.
small
How has the Areal Sea changed from 1959 to 2010? Answer:Perhaps nowhere has the environmental damage of the Soviet era been more profound than in the area around the Aral Sea. This body of water, once the fourth-largest inland sea in the world, is now a fraction of its former size—in fact, it is no longer one sea but several very ___bodies of water. The Soviets took water from the Syr Dar'ya and Amu Dar'ya—the two rivers that feed the Aral Sea—to irrigate fields in their push to boost cotton production. The result was a sharp reduction in the supply of water reaching the sea. Evaporation during the hot summers increased the loss of water from the sea. Over decades, the sea's levels decreased dramatically, and water quality also fell as levels of salt and of harmful chemicals in the water became more concentrated, or stronger.
cereals
How have people of Central Asia adapted to the climate and properties of the region's steppes? Answer: Because the soil is fertile, some parts of the steppe have been turned over to growing crops. Much of this farmed area is watered by irrigation. The major crops are ________—grains like barley, oats, or wheat grown for food. Inhabitants also grow a great deal of cotton on the irrigated land of the steppes.
NGOs
How is Afghanistan addressing a serious problem resulting from earlier military conflicts? Answer: Afghanistan has joined with other countries and ____ to try to solve the landmine problem. Many of the NGOs use an approach called "community-based demining." Experienced workers recruit and train local people in the skills needed to identify and to disable mines so they cannot explode. The NGOs work closely with local communities to find people to do this dangerous work and to support their activities. One possible future benefit of this approach is that trained Afghanis will be available to help other countries with the same problem.
Herding
How is hilly land used if it is not suitable for farming? Answer: ___ can take place in hilly areas that are not suitable for farming, but some livestock herds graze on flatter grasslands.
tectonic plates
How were the mountainous regions in Central Asia formed? Answer: They were formed and continue to rise because of the collision of _______ ______.
D
In the A.D. 1200s, Central Asia was conquered by A.the Romans B.the Arabs. C.the Russians. D.Mongol forces.
C
In the seventh through the ninth centuries, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan were conquered by A.Soviets. B.Mongols. C.Arabs. D.Armenia.
oral litature
In the six countries of the eastern subregion, a rich ___ documents the adventures of cultural heroes through epic poems
true
T or F? Apsheron Peninsula is most environmentally damaged area
true
T or F? Armenia generates 40% of electricity from nuclear power
false
T or F? Landlocked countries use pipelines to import oil or gas
true
T or F? inefficient irrigation has decreased farm productivity.
false
T or F? less than 10% of landmine victims are childern
true
T or F? moving goods by boat in the Aral Sea is impossible
yurts
The Aimak people of Afghanistan live in ___, a traditional form of housing made of fabric and skins stretched over wooden poles
B
The Aimak people of Afghanistan live in a traditional form of housing called A.enclaves. B.yurts. C.mujahideens. D.exclaves.
reverse
The Caspian sea loses water in seasons with less precipitation and in rainy seasons, the _ is true
highland
The Caucasus Mountains and the mountains of the eastern subregion have ________ climates.
D
The Kara-Kum, or black-sand desert, covers most of A.Kyrgyzstan. B.Kazakhstan. C.Tajikistan. D.Turkmenistan.
A
The Karakum Canal connects the Amu Darya to the A.Caspian Sea. B.Gulf of Oman. C.Black Sea. D.Mediterranean Sea.
Caspian Sea
The ___ is the world's largest inland sea.
silk road
The ____ was established for trade between Europe and China.
Mongol EMpire
The _____, led by Genghis Khan, conquered Central Asia in the 13th century A.D.
Aral Sea
The _______ has mostly dried up since 1960, when water from its main feeder was diverted to irrigate fields.
C
The country in Central Asia with the highest percentage of people living in cities is A.Kazakhstan. B.Uzbekistan. C.Azerbaijan. D.Georgia.
B
The country in Central Asia with the largest population is A.Uzbekistan. B.Afghanistan. C.Turkmenistan. D.Kazakhstan.
highlands, deserts
The landforms are mainly _______ and _______.
landlocked
All the countries of the region are __________ meaning they have no access to the sea.
D
Among the Caucasus countries, which of the following has the largest oil and gas resources? A.Kyrgyzstan B.Georgia C.Tajikistan D.Azerbaijan
mujahideen
Describe the shift from Soviet to Taliban control in the 1980s. Answer: In 1979 the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. That prompted Afghan freedom fighters known as the _______ to fight the Soviets. More than a million Afghans died before the Soviets left in 1989. Then the Islamic fundamentalist Taliban gained control of most of the country. The Taliban imposed an extremely strict interpretation of Islam on the people of Afghanistan.
D
Desertification in Afghanistan is caused by the loss of trees as well as by A.pollution. B.low levels of rainfall. C.erosion. D.overgrazing by livestock.
A
Despite the presence of only small amounts of arable land, what is an important economic activity in all Central Asian countries? A.farming B.the lumber industry C.oil exports D.tourism
exclave, enclave
Explain the difference between an exclave and an enclave. Answer: An _____, a territory that belongs to a political unit but is separated from it and surrounded by another political unit. (a territory that belongs to a particular political unit but is separated from it and surrounded by another political unit). An ____ is a territory surrounded by another political unit that it does not belong to. (a distinct territorial or cultural area that is within a foreign territory)
Soviet
For several decades, Central Asia was under ___ control, whitch improved the standard of living but held down the native cultures.
roman, arabs, mongols, russian, soviet
Give three examples of powers that have taken control of Central Asia. Answer: One of these was the ____ Empire, which conquered and Christianized Georgia and Armenia. ____ also conquered many areas and brought islam to the region. Later, the ___ established control there. The ____ Empire, too, expanded into Central Asia. The region was under strict ______ control recently.
Steppes
Parts of the ___ that border deserts across Eastern Kazakhstan are fertile and are used for agriculture.
Landforms, climates
Settlement patterns are strongly affected by _ and ________.
virtually
The Soviet Union came to its end at __ the same time as the Soviet republics in Central gained independence.
C
The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has joined with the affected countries to work to protect A.Afghanistan's landmine workers. B.tributaries of the Amu Darya. C.the river basin of the Syr Darya. D.the Caspian Sea.
B
The first two countries in the world to declare Christianity as the national religion were A.Azerbaijan and Pakistan. B.Georgia and Armenia. C.Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. D.Kazakhstan and Afghanistan.
Caucasus
The western section is called the _______, named for the mountain ranges there.
Georgia, Kazakstan
Urban and economically, advanced countries such as _________ and _______ tend to have the best access to the internet and other technology.
limits
What are the effects of agriculture on the environment of Central Asia? Answer: The strong role of agriculture in all the economies places demands on soil and water, while the fairly dry climate of the eastern subregion puts ___on the growth of agricultural output.
landforms, climates
What are the greatest factors influencing settlement patterns in this region? Answer: Settlement patterns are strongly affected by the __________ and _______ of the region.
Taliban
What comes from Arabic for "seeker" or "student" and is name of a fundamentalist Sunni Muslim group, active in Afghanistan, which controlled the Afghan government from 1996 to 200?
Soviet Union
What do all of the countries of Central Asia (other than Afghanistan) have in common? Answer: They were part of the _______ _______, gaining their independence in the 1990s.
nuclear power
What is Arnebia doing that is causing it to be criticized by environmental activists, and why does Areamia feel this is important to do? Answer: Armenia has been strongly criticized by environmental activists for continuing to run a ____ ___ plant in an area prone to earthquakes. Activists worry that a quake could lead to a serious nuclear accident. The country, however, relies on that plant to generate 40 percent of its electricity, and the government has chosen to build a new plant rather than to abandon nuclear power completely. Armenia has also been criticized for deforestation of the Teghut Forest in northern Armenia as a result of mining activity there.
enclave
What is a distinct territorial or cultural area that is within a foreign territory?
exclave
What is a territory that belongs to a particular political unit but is separated from it and surrounded by another political unit?
B
What is an example of the downside of relying on the export of just one or two resources? A.Armenia's economy suffers when natural gas prices rise. B.Economies of Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan suffered when oil prices fell. C.Uzbekistan shut down rail service to Tajikistan. D.Azerbaijan wants to create jobs by increasing investment in tourism.
caviar
What is another name for sturgeon's eggs; an expensive delicacy?
cereal
What is any grain like barley, oats, or wheat that is grown for food called?
protection
What is being done to help the Caspian Sea? Answer:In 2006 the countries around the Caspian Sea agreed to the legally binding Convention for the _____ of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea. The agreement commits them to reducing agricultural and industrial pollution into that troubled sea. It also commits the countries to conserve fish and other marine life. In addition, another international agreement called the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species has placed all sturgeon species from the Caspian Sea on its list of threatened animals. Strict quotas have been set for sturgeon fishing. Sturgeon eggs, or caviar, are very profitable, however, which has led to poaching. Poaching is the illegal harvesting of wild animals.
unique
What is means distinctive?
Turkmenistan
What is the country that a black-sand desert of Kara-Kum covers?
Caspian Sea
What is the world's largest inland sea?
virtually
What means almost; nearly?
concentrated
What means less dilute, stronger?
reverse
What means the opposite?
restrain
What means to hold down or back; to limit?
expose
What means to make vulnerable?
Caucasus
What mountains were found between the Black and Caspian Seas?
B
What solution is NOT a part of efforts to protect the Caspian Sea? A.reducing agricultural and industrial pollution B.poaching of sturgeon eggs, or caviar C.conserving fish and other marine life D.imposing strict quotas for sturgeon fishing
B
What type of climate zone do areas have on the shores of the southern part of the Caspian Sea? A.semiarid B.Mediterranean C.highland D.arid
Silk road
Why have the countries in Central Asia been so frequently taken over by outside groups? Answer: The area has been subject to conquest because the ____ ______is an important trade route surrounded by powerful neighbors.
Sturgeon, oil, natural gas, hotels
Why is the Caspian Sea such a major asset to the central Asian region? Answer: Three countries from the subregion, plus Russia and Iran, border the Caspian Sea. _______ fishing has long been an important industry. In recent years, ____ and ____ _______ found under the Caspian Sea have become very important. Along some coastal areas of the sea are beaches and resort _____.
C
With very little of their own oil and gas, which of the following countries rely on hydroelectric power? A.Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan B.Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan C.Georgia and Kyrgyzstan D.Afghanistan and Tajikistan
Britain
__ prevented Russia from seizing Afghanistan and advancing into South Asia
women
___ had rights to education and equality under Soviet rule that in some cases, have been lost under Islamic rule.
uzbekistan, kazakhstan
_____ produce cotton and silk, and _____ is among the world's top ten producers of wheat.
Lake Balkhash
________ in Eastern Kazakhstan has also lost a lot of water after its feeder river was dammed
cities
__________ in Central Asia are fairly small small; Tashkent, Uzbekistan is the largest in the region
