Chapter 2 Carbohydrates

Glucose Fructose Galactose

Monosaccharides (Simple sugars) include (3) ___

disaccharides monosaccharides

Most sugars found in nature are ______ and must be broken down into ______ to be used by the body

insoluble fibers laxative

_______can be found in the peels of fruit, such as apples, blueberries, and grapes. It acts as a natural _____ that speeds the passage of foods through the stomach. It also gives stool its bulk and helps it move quickly through the gastrointestinal tract.

stringy paste

amylopectin: forms ___ ___ when heated

lactase bacteria, cramping and diarrhea calcium citrate, calcium

Absent: ___(digestive enzyme) that allows Lactose to be digested or absorbed Belly/Booty pain: ____ in the colon feed on the undigested lactose and cause ___ & ___ Calcium intake: is a concern Supplements: ___ ___ fortified orange juice, ___ supplements African-Americans, Asians, Native-Americans,& any aging human are more prone to lactose intolerance

soluble fibers

Black, kidney, & navy beans, flaxseed, apricots, grapefruit, mangos, turnips & sweet potatoes, oatmeal & oat bran these are examples of _____

pasta grains, breads, cereal, legumes vegetables

Examples of Complex carbohydrates include ____ (6)

Stimulates peristalsis (prevents disease, keeps colon muscle exercised and strong) Prevents hemorrhoids and colon cancer Decreases constipation, and incidence of appendicitis

functions of insoluble fibers (do not dissolve in water) (3)____

•Found in plant-based foods •Reduces heart disease risk •Lowers risk of obesity •May help prevent or control type 2 diabetes •Feeds healthy bacteria in the colon

Fiber where is it found? what does it do for the heart? prevents or controls what disease? function in colon?

Adds chewy or crunchy texture to foods Makes you feel full longer(satiety) Stabilizes blood sugar (slow release of glucose) Helps lower cholesterol by "clearing it out" in waste

Functions of soluble fibers (dissolves in water) (4)____

dextrose, blood sugar main fuel for the brain best used by the body (supplies energy in body) small & pass through cell membranes stored a glycogen, muscle and liver converted to fat (future energy supply)

Glucose also called ____ or _____ -is the ____ -is _____ -is ____ -can be ______ in ____ -can be _____

glucagon, liver bloodstream fuel

If TOO LITTLE glucose is circulating (Hypoglycemic) -When the body needs energy, ____ releases stored glucose from the ____ -Glucose is returned to the _____ -The body uses glucose for ___

Insulin liver, muscle, glycogen, glucagon fat

If TOO MUCH glucose is circulating (Hyperglycemic) -____ from the pancreas removes excess glucose from the blood stream -Stores excess glucose in the ___ and ___ where its converted to ____in liver by the hormone ___ -When stores are full, glucose is routed to ____ depots

look at chart

List examples of monosaccharides disacharides and polysacharrides

80-100 over 100 under 80 hormones insulin glucagon

Maintaining Blood Glucose Levels Normal blood glucose - ____ mg/dL blood Hyperglycemia- ____ mg/dL Hypoglycemia- ____ mg/dL _____ regulate blood glucose level -trigger release of _____ if glucose level is high -trigger release of ____ if glucose level is low

amylose

thousands glucose molecules

Glycogen

we can only store a small amount of this

preparation, ripeness, and other foods eaten at the same time lower, higher up gastroparesis

-Glycemic Index Can Change That number is a starting point on paper. It could be different on your plate, depending on several things. Such as ____ Preparation. Fat, fiber, and acid (such as lemon juice or vinegar) _____ the glycemic index. The longer you cook starches like pasta, the ____ their glycemic index will be. Ripeness. The glycemic index of fruits like bananas goes ____ as they ripen. Other foods eaten at the same time. Bring down the overall glycemic index of a meal by combining a high-glycemic index food with foods that have lower ones. Your age, how active you are, and how fast you digest food also affect how your body reacts to carbs. If you have a diabetes complication called ___, which delays your stomach from emptying, your body will absorb food much more slowly. TO SIMPLIFY For a diet with a lower glycemic load, eat: More whole grains, nuts, legumes, fruits, vegetables without starch, and other foods with a low glycemic index Fewer foods with a high glycemic index, like potatoes, white rice, and white bread Less of sugary foods, including candy, cookies, cakes, and sweet drinks You can still eat foods with a high glycemic index. Just enjoy them in smaller portions, and offset them with nutritious, low-glycemic index foods when you do.

insulin, blood sugar smaller 55 56-69 70 or higher

-The higher the GI- the more demand for ____ and less control of blood sugar- thus diabetics will do better with low GI foods. The ____ the number, the less impact the food has on your blood sugar. ____ or less = Low (good) 56- 69 = Medium ____ or higher = High (bad) Look for the glycemic index on the labels of packaged foods. You can also find glycemic index lists for common foods on the Internet.

milk allergy

A ____ occurs when the immune system doesn't recognize one or more of the proteins in milk as being harmless, and reacts against them. The two main proteins in milk that are known to cause reactions are casein and whey. Casein and whey are also found in many processed foods. Infants are at a higher risk of suffering from a milk allergy, with around 2-3% of the world's population being affected. Although symptoms can be serious, the good news is that most children outgrow a milk allergy by age two or three.

immune digestive, lactase

A milk allergy is often confused with lactose intolerance because some symptoms are similar. But the two conditions are very different. A milk allergy is a reaction by the ___ system, but lactose intolerance affects the digestive system when there's an inadequate supply of the ____ enzyme to break down lactose.

glucose energy

Although they're actually made from hundreds—or even thousands—of simple sugars linked together, they react quite differently inside your body. After you ingest a complex carbohydrate (or starch), several enzymes break it down into its simplest form, called ____. Glucose is the simple sugar that your body recognizes and absorbs. All types of carbohydrate (simple and complex) must be broken down and converted into glucose before your body can absorb and use it for ____

protein amino acids glucogenesis

Carbohydrates are ___ Sparing When the liver stores are depleted of glucose and carbohydrate consumption is restricted, the body will build glucose from __ __ (also known as ____)

monosacharide disaccharide oligosaccharide polysaccharide simple and complex carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are classified as either chemical or nutritive. Chemical classification helps understand the molecules of carbohydrates linked together, while the nutritional classification determines their value in our diet.. Ex of chemical classifications (4)___ Ex of nutritional classification (2) ___

The major source of energy for humans Inexpensive Widely available Easily distributed Stored for a long period of time (some food sources)

Carbohydrates are... (5)

water carbon dioxide, air sun chlorophyll, H2O, sun, carbon dioxide monosaccharides, glucose

Carbohydrates in the ECOSYSTEM 1. Plant roots absorb___ 2. Foliage (plant leaves) absorbs ___ from the ___ 3. plants absorb rays from the ____. 4. ___ from the plant take all 3 ___ and through photosynthesis makes ____ 5. Animals eat the plant and reduce monosaccharides to ____

plant based foods whole foods soluble, insoluble digestive system bowel movements

Dietary fiber, found in all _____, plays an essential role in human health. -Most ____contain a combination of the two types of fiber, _____ and ____. Both types of fiber help maintain the health of your ____ ____ and promote regular ___ ___.

Enzymes mouth amylase stomach acids small intestinal villi, blood stream liver, energy

Digestion of Carbohydrates ____ reduce disaccharides and polysaccharides to monosaccharides Begins in the ____ with salivary ____ ___ ___continue the work Monosaccharides pass through __ ___ __ and enter ___ Travel to the ___ for nutrient processing, then sent out to all parts of the body for ___

sucrose maltose lactose

Disaccharides (Simple sugars) includes ____(3)

delay constipation lignin cellulose pectin gum psyllium glyburide metformin heart function pysillium

In general, fiber supplements may reduce or ___ your body's absorption of certain medications. Try to take medications at least 1 hour before or 2 to 4 hours after taking a fiber supplement. You should always drink an 8 oz. glass of water with fiber supplements. It is also important to drink at least 6 to 8 full glasses of water throughout the day to avoid ___. -They come in many forms, from capsules to powders to chewable tablets. They contain what's called "functional fiber," which may be extracted from natural sources or made in a lab. Extracted natural fibers include ____ (a compound found in plant cells), ____ (a sugar found in plant cells), ____ (a sugar found in fruits and berries), ____ (a sugar found in seeds), and ____ ( from the husk of Plantago plants, its the only supplemental fiber shown to help lower LDL "bad" cholesterol). Common manufactured fibers include polydextrose and polyols, and maltodextrins. Diabetes medications: Fiber supplements may help regulate blood sugar levels. But they can also reduce the absorption of some medications, such as ____ (Diabetes) and ____ (Glucophage). Talk to your doctor before taking fiber supplements if you have diabetes. DO NOT take fiber supplements at the same time as your medications. Wait a few hours in between. Cholesterol-lowering medications: Combining _____ or other soluble fibers with cholesterol-lowering medications (known as bile acid sequestrants) may help lower cholesterol levels. If you take these medications, talk to your doctor to see whether psyllium is safe and right for you. These drugs include: Cholestyramine (Questran) Colestipol (Colestid) One study found that when people taking simvastatin (Zocor) added psyllium supplements to their regimen, they lowered cholesterol levels as much as if they had been taking a double dose of simvastatin. Digoxin: Fiber supplements may reduce the body's ability to absorb digoxin (Lanoxin), a medication used to _____. DO NOT take fiber supplements at the same time as digoxin. Lithium: Clinical reports suggest that ___ or other soluble fibers may lower lithium levels in the blood, making lithium less effective. Lithium levels should be monitored very closely by a doctor, especially if there is a big change in fiber intake. Natural sources of fiber usually will not cause the type of distress that Dawson is experiencing here by the creek. It looks like he had too much fiber and not enough water. If you eat a variety of the whole foods (fiber sources) you will also be getting some water within those foods.

legumes (beans) stomach undigested, intestines bacteria gaseous

Oligosaccharides are (special carbs) -are found in ____ -have an unusual digestion process: they pass through the ___ ___ into the ____ -> ____ feed on the carb -> ____ end product -> Funny song

glycogen liver muscle

_______ -when carbohydrates are consumed in excess, this is the human storage form of carbs: in the ___ (maintains blood glucose levels) & ____ (provides quick energy for muscles)

no official 20-35 g 8g 50 fat-chain fatty Butyrate

Recommendations for fiber intake Infants & Kids up to 18- _____ recommended daily intake Adults _____ per day The average American adult eats ____ per day It is estimated that our ancestors ate nearly 100g per day! It's possible to get too much fiber in your diet. Studies suggest that adding ____ or more grams per day may affect how your body absorbs nutrients. *Pg. 32- when the bacteria in the stomach is processing fiber, they produce a byproduct that is known to "turn on " the anti-cancer gene! It is a ____ acid and the product is called ____

•Supply Energy •Maintain blood glucose levels •Continue brain & nervous system function (even while sleeping) •Metabolize Fat (burn fat for fuel) •Spare Protein •Gives bulk in the diet (fiber) •Provides a feeling of fullness (satiety)

Roles of Carbohydrates (7)

preservative processed water, cells, disables bacteria

Sugar is used as a____ in ____ foods like cereal, canned food, candy, and baked goods it pulls ___ from ___ and ____ ___

glycemic index

The _____ gives you a way to tell slower-acting "good carbs" from the faster "bad carbs." You can use it to fine-tune your carb-counting and help keep your blood sugar more steady. -Glycemic index is a number. It gives you an idea about how fast your body converts the carbs in a food into glucose. Two foods with the same amount of carbohydrates can have different glycemic index numbers.

Monosaccharides C6H12O6

The building blocks for carbohydrates (CHOs) are called ____ which are abbreviated ____

monosaccharide glucose 1 2-10 10

The main unit of carbohydrate is a ___ which is a __ molecule and consists of ___ molecule of sugar disaccharide - 2 molecules of sugar oligosaccharide- ___ molecules of sugar polysaccharide- more than __ molecules of sugar

hydrated water CHO carbon hydrogen oxygen

The word carbohydrate is Latin for ___ carbohydrates are often abbreviated ___ which identifies 3 comprising elements ___ (3)

grains fruits vegetables

What are the most prolific sources of energy for the body ? (3)

fructose complex carbohydrates fiber

What's up with fruit?- -fruits and fruit juices contain ____ (a natural simple sugar) and provide several vitamins and minerals. -Eating fresh fruit or drinking 100 percent fruit juice is far from pumping "empty calories" into your system. When you can, choose whole fruit over fruit juice: you get the same nutrients, as well as more ___ ___ and ___.

Lactose intolerance

___ ___ is the inability to digest a sugar called lactose that's found mainly in milk and dairy products. Normally, the small intestine produces an enzyme called lactase, which breaks down lactose into two simple sugars, glucose and galactose, which can be absorbed into the bloodstream. People whose bodies don't make enough lactase can't fully digest lactose, causing mild to uncomfortable side effects. WHAT options do these people have? Lactaid (enzyme)- take prior to consuming dairy Lactaid milk, ice cream ,etc.. It is REAL cow's milk but they have added in the enzyme and broken down the lactose ahead of time Almond milk, rice milk, soy milk, etc.. Pros and cons with each of these

fiber

___ is the ingredient in food known as roughage (bulk) and is not used in the body for energy

Insoluble fiber

____ ____ is found primarily in fruits and vegetables, whole grain products, and wheat and corn bran.

fructose sweetest fruits, honey

____ also know as (fruit sugar) -is the ____ of all sugars -is found in ____ & ____

galactose glucose

____ also known as (milk sugar) -is converted by the body to ____

sucrose glucose, fructose sweet cooking, baking

____ also known as (table sugar) is made of ____ + ____ -is ____ -is used in ____ & ____

polysaccharides oligosaccharides starch glycogen fiber

____ are referred to as complex carbohydrates. These include ____ (4).

simple sugars monosaccharides disaccharides lactose, glucose

____ are usually those that are sweet to the taste (cakes candy, etc) Ex (2) ___ __ and ___ are also in this category but are not sweet in taste.

legumes meat, beans

____ are vegetables in the bean and pea family that are rich in complex carbohydrates, protein, and fiber Because these provide both complex carbs and protein, they fit in the ___ and ___ group and the vegetable group. Legumes include black beans, pinto beans, kidney beans, lima beans, navy beans, soybeans, black-eyed peas, chickpeas (garbanzos), split peas, lentils, and nuts and seeds, which are higher in fat.

soluble

____ fiber pulls in water to form a gel in the digestive tract. This slows digestion, so your stomach and intestine do not absorb as much of some nutrients, like starch and sugar. As a result, cholesterol levels go down over time, which may help prevent heart disease and stroke. Consuming soluble fiber may also improve glucose tolerance in people with diabetes.

Starch grains, legumes, roots, fruits, tubers thickener, corn starch fullness amylopectin amylose

____ is known as (plant energy) -is found in ___, ____, ___, some ___, ___ -is used as a ____ in cooking (ex. ___ ___) -provides a sense of ____ -types: ____ (2)

Lactose (milk sugar)

____ is the only carbohydrate of animal origin.

maltose 2 glucose molecules sweetest of all sugars larger carb molecule is broken down during digestion

_____ is flavoring and is the result of the breakdown product of starch and is made of ___ ___ -is the ______ -is created when a _______

lactose glucose galactose

_____ is found in milk and made of ____ and ____

glucose

_____ is the main agent for the body's fuel source that supplies energy to the body

-thousands of glucose units together -found exclusively in plants (helps to give plants structure) -humans cannot break down & digest -adds bulk -not used for energy

characteristics of fiber (5)

•Grains •Fruits •Vegetables •Dairy products

food sources that are carbohydrates include __ (4)