Chapter 2: Traditional and Contemporary Management Perspectives
Which term refers to employees deliberately working at a pace slower than their capabilities?
Soldiering
Which of the following is the perspective that the organization receives inputs, transforms them to make outputs, and uses feedback to improve?
Systems perspective
Aviva has mathematical models that she relies on at the start of each new project to determine how to allocate the resources within her department. Aviva is making use of _____.
management science
Which of the following refers to a normal process leading to system decline?
Entropy
What was Henri Fayol's contribution to the field of management?
He was the first to identify the specific managerial functions of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.
Which approach in management acknowledges that human behavior is much more complex than the human relationists realized?
Organizational behavior
What is a potential limitation of the quantitative management perspective?
Other important skills may not be considered.
An organization that interacts with its environment is __________.
an open system
A colleague suggests that you give a presentation on economic changes. The segment of the economy that has become the largest contributor to US gross domestic product is the __________ sector; this shift has significantly reduced the number of job openings in some areas but has also created new jobs.
service
Geert runs a mid-sized agricultural company and is facing conditions of rapid growth and labor supply shortages. If Geert adopts the principles of behavioral management theory, he is most likely to address his immediate concerns using _____.
industrial psychology
In an experiment on piecework, what did Mayo and his associates conclude?
Workers would rather be accepted by the group than make more money.
The theory that focuses on managing the whole organization is known as __________.
administrative management
Using the elements of the systems perspective, synergy can be thought of as a(n) __________.
output
Whose works should you study if you want to understand the origins of the recognition of the importance of human resources and the personal welfare of workers?
Robert Owen
What was the final conclusion of the Hawthorne studies?
The human element is very important in the workplace.
Anke believes that a manager's concern for workers would lead to increased satisfaction. This, in turn, would increase performance. Who's theories would support this view?
Douglas McGregor
What is true regarding quality as a contemporary management challenge?
Enhancing quality lowers costs
Which scientist was primarily associated with the development of scientific management?
Frederick Taylor
Who was one of the earliest advocates of scientific management?
Frederick Taylor
What is the premise of an integrated framework to approaches to management?
The units within an organization are interdependent.
Paramita believes that people naturally do not like work, and as a manager, she must control, direct, coerce, and even threaten her employees to get them to work toward the organization's goals. Paramita's management style is informed by which view within the behavioral management perspective?
Theory X
Theory X or Theory Y? People are often underutilized at work.
Theory Y
Theory X or Theory Y? People seek responsibility when conditions are favorable.
Theory Y
What is generally true about management theories that are used to build organizations and guide them to their goals?
They are grounded in reality.
Why is it important for managers to study theory?
To discover different ways to improve their company's performance and worker satisfaction
Imagine that you are the manager of a restaurant that sells sandwiches. Match each item in the table below with the corresponding element of the systems perspective of management. Input, Transformative Process, Output, or Feedback? Training
Transformative Process
One of the most critical challenges facing managers today is _____.
an unpredictable economy that limits growth
The most important reason for today's managers to study the history of management is so they can __________.
avoid the mistakes of the past
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth developed several important strategies to _____.
eliminate inefficiency
Many brick-and-mortar stores are facing challenges from online sales companies. According to systems theory, a primary objective of management at these traditional companies would be to keep pace with these changes in the marketplace in order to avoid _____.
entropy
The Hawthorne Studies utilized __________ to assess the factors that could influence productivity.
experiments
The availability of natural resources and the variation in government regulation are just two of the challenges posed by _____.
globalization
A book written about the companies which succeeded and failed during the Great Recession is a book about __________.
history
A book which analyzes how labor shortages in the early 1900s led to the development of ways to improve workers' performance is a book about __________ .
history and theory
Robert Owen, a British industrialist and reformer, recognized the importance of an organization's _____.
human resources
The purchasing department at a printing business begins buying higher quality and more expensive paper. This leads to higher costs and cash flow problems identified by the finance department. Marketing notes that prices must be increased slightly, but that customer satisfaction improves, leading to more sales. According to the systems perspective, this scenario is an illustration of a subsystem with _____.
interdependence
Because operations management is less mathematical and statistically less sophisticated than management science, _____.
it can be applied more directly to managerial situations
Management science uses __________ to aid in decision making and measuring results.
mathematical models
A book designed to help employees work more efficiently is a book about management __________.
theory
Synergy refers to _____.
two or more subsystems working together to be more successful than working alone
Which of the following are examples of the limitations of behavioral management? Check all that apply. - It does not show how group norms created by workers affect productivity. - It is viewed skeptically by researchers. - It does not predict individual behavior. - It has not met with universal acceptance among managers.
- It does not predict individual behavior. - It has not met with universal acceptance among managers.
What might occur to an organization when it does not monitor feedback from its environment and make adjustments as needed?
Entropy
Which step is the below in Frederick Taylor's system of scientific method? Supervise employees to make sure they follow the prescribed methods for performing their jobs.
Step 3
Which step is the below in Frederick Taylor's system of scientific method? Continue to plan the work, but use workers to get the work done.
Step 4
Which is a pessimistic and negative view of workers consistent with the views of scientific management, that claims people do not like work and try to avoid it?
Theory X
Imagine that you are the manager of a restaurant that sells sandwiches. Match each item in the table below with the corresponding element of the systems perspective of management. Input, Transformative Process, Output, or Feedback? Baking
Transformative Process
Imagine that you are the manager of a restaurant that sells sandwiches. Match each item in the table below with the corresponding element of the systems perspective of management. Input, Transformative Process, Output, or Feedback? Vegetable Prep
Transformative Process
United Airlines and Continental Airlines decided to merge, in part because the companies had little overlap in their domestic routes and hubs. This is an example of __________.
synergy
Which of the following is a reason why quality is an important management challenge today?
Enhancing quality lowers costs.
Theory X or Theory Y? People are naturally lazy.
Theory X
If you decide to give a presentation on ethics and social responsibility, which topics might you include? Check all that apply. - Establishing controls so that the organization is not embarrassed by scandals - Training employees in cultural sensitivity so they can work well with people in other countries - Making contributions to community groups - Reducing the organization's carbon footprint to reduce climate change
- Establishing controls so that the organization is not embarrassed by scandals - Making contributions to community groups - Reducing the organization's carbon footprint to reduce climate change
Which of the following statements is true? - Management science is not the same as scientific management. - Management science is categorized with the behavioral management perspective. - Frederick Taylor is the father of management science.
- Management science is not the same as scientific management.
The need to provide structure and direction to enable a growing group of middle managers to plan, organize, lead, and control calls for which management perspective within the new top management team?
Administrative
Which area of classical management should you study to learn more about managing the total organization?
Administrative
Who or what could a manager study to see an early example of staff organization used to coordinate activities during military campaigns?
Alexander the Great
Who among the following were the earliest to use management?
Ancient Egyptians and Sumerians
How can managers use knowledge of theory and history in contemporary organizations?
As the basis for new, personal theories
Which of the following is a potential drawback to the quantitative management perspective? - Assumptions may not be realistic. - It does not increase overall understanding of the organizational process. - It cannot be used for planning and controlling. - There is an overabundance of decision-making tools.
Assumptions may not be realistic.
In some countries, it is expected that people shake hands when they are introduced. In other cultures, the appropriate action is to bow slightly or to exchange business cards. These are examples of which type of process that vary in a global economy?
Behavioral
Which management perspective helps contemporary managers recognize the importance of employees as valuable resources instead of mere tools?
Behavioral
Which management perspective is most closely aligned to industrial psychology?
Behavioral management perspective
Which pioneer in management focused his attention on efficiencies of production?
Charles Babbage
Who is considered to be the originator of modern management theory and practice?
Charles Babbage
Classical Management Theory, Humanistic Management Theory, Management Science, or Contingency Theory? You design a new sweater folding pad that cuts sweater folding time in half and train all your employees how to use it. This gives them more time to help customers, which leads to better sales.
Classical Management Theory
Which perspective consists of two distinct branches, scientific management and administrative management?
Classical management perspective
Avec runs an organization that is in a rapidly changing environment. Which management perspective should Avec take when planning how to respond to changes in the environment?
Contingency
Which perspective suggests that universal theories cannot be applied to organizations because each organization is unique?
Contingency
Which of the following was implemented by Owen? - Division of labor - Increased working hours - Structured communication and control - Higher minimum working age
Higher minimum working age
Which of the following can be used to provide managers a sense of heritage and avoid the mistakes of others?
Historical context of management
Who is considered to be the key pioneer of industrial psychology because of his application of psychological concepts to industrial settings?
Hugo Münsterberg
Which approach to management suggested that workers respond primarily to the social context of the workplace?
Human relations movement
_____ wrote the books The Tipping Point, Blink, and Outliers.
Malcolm Gladwell
What is a simplified representation of a system, process, or relationship?
Mathematical model
Who was one of the first to describe job specialization practices?
Plato
Management science and operations management are the two branches of which management theory?
Quantitative
Which of the following are research findings that led to the rise of the human relations movement? Check all that apply. - Workers compete with each other to produce more and earn higher wages. - Workers become more productive if they receive special attention and sympathetic supervision from managers. - Workers become more productive if there is better lighting in the workplace. - Workers create group norms that dictate acceptable workplace behavior, including acceptable levels of productivity.
- Workers become more productive if they receive special attention and sympathetic supervision from managers. - Workers create group norms that dictate acceptable workplace behavior, including acceptable levels of productivity.
According to most management researchers, the modern study of management originated in which century?
19th Century
What is a theory?
A conceptual framework for organizing knowledge and providing a blueprint for action
Which is an assumption of Theory Y?
A person's potential is often underutilized.
Classical Management Theory, Humanistic Management Theory, Management Science, or Contingency Theory? You realize that customers who wear suits when they come into the store usually want to buy retro jeans, while customers who are wearing jeans tend to buy suits and evening attire. As a result, you instruct your employees to direct suit-wearers to jeans and to direct jeans wearers to evening wear.
Contingency Theory
What is often at the center of debates on ethics and social responsibility?
Corporate governance
Which of the following influences patterns of work-related behavior and attitudes towards work? - Norms - Quality - Social responsibility - Organizational configuration
Norms
Classical Management Theory, Humanistic Management Theory, Management Science, or Contingency Theory? You make sure that when you hire new people, you get input from each of the existing team members. If they are happy with the new hire, they are more likely to make that person part of the team, and the team will sell more.
Humanistic Management Theory
Imagine that you are the manager of a restaurant that sells sandwiches. Match each item in the table below with the corresponding element of the systems perspective of management. Input, Transformative Process, Output, or Feedback? Bread
Input
In what way is the contingency perspective different from universal perspectives?
It does not attempt to identify one best way.
Which type of system interacts with its environment?
Open
Teresita is using break-even analysis to help the organization produce products most efficiently. What is Teresita using in this process?
Operations Management
Imagine that you are the manager of a restaurant that sells sandwiches. Match each item in the table below with the corresponding element of the systems perspective of management. Input, Transformative Process, Output, or Feedback? Garbage
Output
Imagine that you are the manager of a restaurant that sells sandwiches. Match each item in the table below with the corresponding element of the systems perspective of management. Input, Transformative Process, Output, or Feedback? Sandwiches
Output
What is a Theory X assumption?
People prefer to be directed and to avoid responsibility.
Supply chain management and enterprise resource planning are both management concepts that evolved from which management perspective and use of models to solve problems?
Quantitative
Which type of management deals with improving the performance of individual employees?
Scientific
Which result would have been expected in the Hawthorne Studies had it been based on the principles of scientific management?
Scientific management would have predicted that employees would seek to maximize their wages.
Which of the following is one of the key contributions of the classical management perspective? - Applied scientific inquiry to dynamic and complex organizations - The attention on management as a valid subject of scientific inquiry - The idea that employees are resources, not tools - Use of universal procedures that are appropriate in all settings
The attention on management as a valid subject of scientific inquiry
Anke assumed that, like her, all of her students would want to earn the highest grades possible and that would motivate them to do their best work. She was surprised to discover that many students were happy to just "get by" with an average grade. However, when Anke demonstrated how extra effort on certain coursework could translate into experience that could lead to a better job after graduation, a number of "average" students began to work harder. Anke's experience is consistent with which view of management?
The contingency perspective
The Hawthorne studies were the first to show that workers __________.
create group norms that influence how productive they are
Though __________ is less statistically sophisticated than management science, it is still categorized with the quantitative management perspective.
operations management
The contemporary field that focuses on behavioral perspectives on management is known as _____.
organizational behavior
Jinhua discovered that many of his employees were deliberately working at a pace lower than their capabilities in order to get more hours. Learning from the work of Frederick W. Taylor, Jinhua implemented a piecework pay system based on output in order to eliminate _____.
soldiering
According to the systems perspective, the marketing, production, or finance functions of a company would all be considered _____.
subsystems
DynaView produced a cartoon program that became extremely popular. DynaView went on to create toys and games based on the characters in the program, launch a breakfast cereal featuring the program's characters, and start a line of children's clothing. All of these separate divisions within DynaView benefit from the success of the others. In this situation, according to the systems perspective, DynaView is benefiting from _____.
synergy
Why is it important for managers to study history?
The historical context can help managers avoid the mistakes of others.
Universal perspectives _____.
attempt to identify the one best way to do something
Managers at Ruth & Fishers Corp. recognize the value of history. The company maintains an extensive archival library of its old documents and records and has also employed a full-time corporate historian. This helps the managers _____.
avoid the mistakes of others
Which of the following are examples of improvements developed by scientific management researchers? Check all that apply. - Identifying the importance of how an organization is structured - Job design, specialization, and training - Identifying the essential functions of managers - Production quotas
- Job design, specialization, and training - Production quotas
Which of the following are examples of new challenges managers face today? Check all that apply. - Making business decisions based on experts' best guesses about whether a pandemic will affect a certain market - Designing an incentive pay system that takes into account workers' group norms about acceptable production levels - Giving employees more flexibility with when to take paid holidays, based on their religion - Developing mathematical models to maximize the efficient allocation of company resources
- Making business decisions based on experts' best guesses about whether a pandemic will affect a certain market - Giving employees more flexibility with when to take paid holidays, based on their religion
Classical management remains relevant to contemporary managers. In which of the following current situations is the relevance of classical management apparent? - Some organizations, such as storage and shipping companies, can staff tasks flexibly with either robots or people. - Organizations like Apple, which promote innovation and out-of-the-box thinking, rely on highly specialized job descriptions. - Some organizations operate in complex and rapidly changing environments. - Industrial jobs are designed to ensure speed and efficiency.
Industrial jobs are designed to ensure speed and efficiency.
Which of the following best defines subsystems?
They are systems within another system.
Why is it important for managers to study history?
To learn how and why managers and organizations have succeeded, failed, or changed what they did over time
What is the term that describes differences among people?
diversity
Which of the following is a downside of the widespread use of the quantitative management perspective? - Managers may perceive numbers as objective facts, but the results of quantitative analysis are only as good as the underlying assumptions. - Its theories about human behavior may lead managers to oversimplify their expectations of people. - Managers who apply mathematical models in the workplace tend to treat workers as if they are machines.
- Managers may perceive numbers as objective facts, but the results of quantitative analysis are only as good as the underlying assumptions.
If you decide to give a presentation on quality, which topics might you include? Check all that apply. - The risk that a negative customer experience will go viral - The tendency for quality improvements to lower costs - The positive relationship between quality and productivity - The competitive advantage offered by quality products and services
- The tendency for quality improvements to lower costs - The positive relationship between quality and productivity - The competitive advantage offered by quality products and services
Your friend who is a human resources manager suggests that you give a presentation on changing employment practices. Some organizations examine job applicants' social media accounts before hiring them, and many have a policy that management can access all communications that flow across the organization's technology infrastructure. As a result, employees are increasingly concerned about .
workplace privacy
Which of the following is a feature of scientific management? - It emphasizes individual attitudes and behaviors and group processes. - It is concerned with improving the performance of individual workers. - It focuses on decision making, mathematical models, and the use of computers. - It focuses on managing the total organization.
It is concerned with improving the performance of individual workers.
What distinguishes the behavioral management perspective from earlier management theories?
It placed more emphasis on individual attitudes, behaviors, and group processes.
Farida, a manager at Pepper Edison Bank, uses mathematical models to figure out how many cashiers need to be on duty at each location at various times throughout the day. Which of the following approaches is used by Farida?
Management science
Lupita is using computer simulations to determine what will happen to parts produced by her company during extreme temperature changes. What will help Lupita in understanding potential changes?
Management science
Logan Chemicals has a long history of dumping waste in a local stream. Recently, it has made major efforts to reduce pollution in order to help clean up the environment. Logan Chemicals is responding to what contemporary management challenge?
Social responsibility
Which of the following includes inputs, transformation processes, outputs, and feedback in a way that allows them to function as an interrelated set of elements? - Feedback - System - Inputs - Outputs
System
Imagine that you are the manager of a restaurant that sells sandwiches. Match each item in the table below with the corresponding element of the systems perspective of management. Input, Transformative Process, Output, or Feedback? Yelp Reviews
Feedback
Which of the following is a contribution of the quantitative management perspective? - Elimination of unrealistic or unfounded assumptions - Improved awareness and understanding of complex processes and situations - Less need for planning and controlling processes - Ability to predict the behavior of workers
Improved awareness and understanding of complex processes and situations
What is the relationship between quality and productivity?
Improving quality tends to increase productivity because making higher-quality products generally results in less waste and rework.
Which of the following is a feature of the quantitative management perspective? - It focuses on managing the total organization. - It focuses on decision making, mathematical models, and the use of computers. - It emphasizes individual attitudes and behaviors and group processes. - It is concerned with improving the performance of individual workers.
It focuses on decision making, mathematical models, and the use of computers.
Classical Management Theory, Humanistic Management Theory, Management Science, or Contingency Theory? You measure sales over time and realize that the months of July, August, and September are particularly slow. As a result, you ask two of your sales clerks if they would be willing to work part-time during those months.
Management Science
Who among the following were the earliest people to study management?
Nineteenth-century industrialists and mathematicians
Whenever Jena's Juice introduces a new flavor, the company donates five cents for each unit sold to fund breast cancer research. Jena's Juice is responding to what contemporary management challenge?
Social responsibility
Which step is the below in Frederick Taylor's system of scientific method? Develop a science for each element of the job to replace old rule-of-thumb methods.
Step 1
Which step is the below in Frederick Taylor's system of scientific method? Which step is the below in Frederick Taylor's system of scientific method?
Step 2
If multiple subsystems work better because they are designed to work together, what is happening?
Synergy
Which of the following is an interrelated set of elements functioning as a whole? - Integrated framework - System - Synergy - Entropy
System
Raphael believes that a single set of rules should be applied to all employees in all situations, with no variation. Juan, on the other hand, feels that employees and situations are unique. Rules should either be written with options to apply to different situations, or, ideally, they should be flexible. Juan's position is best aligned with which view of management?
The contingency perspective
Zereth recently made a lateral move in the company and now oversees a new department. She mentioned to a friend that the management style she used in her former department is falling flat with her new staff. They do not seem to respond to the same sorts of incentives, and she is looking for new ways to motivate and encourage them. Zereth's experience is consistent with which view of management?
The contingency perspective
Which term refers to the idea that people in an organization will be productive only if managers control and coerce them?
Theory X
Hua believes that people view work as a natural part of their lives. As a manager, he feels that he can get the best out of his staff by creating an environment in which they will seek and accept responsibility and where they will receive personal rewards when they reach certain goals. Hua's management style is informed by which view within the behavioral management perspective?
Theory Y
Scientific management began as managers faced labor shortages in a time of business expansion. Consequently, the focus of scientific management is how to use labor __________.
efficiently
As environmental forces change—including consumer shopping patterns and the power of competitors—companies like JCPenney and Best Buy seek to remain relevant. They seek to avoid __________.
entropy
Blackberry was once a dominant brand in the mobile phone market, but now holds little market share compared to Samsung and Apple. Blackberry appears to be experiencing __________.
entropy