PSYCH 201 Exam 3

According to Sandra Murray's work on close relationships, which type of partner would lead to a more satisfying relationship?

a partner who sees your faults as endearing positive features

Deindividuation?

a reduced sense of individual identity accompanied by diminished self-regulation that can come over people when they are in a large group

Exchange Relationship?

a relationship in which individuals feel little responsibility toward one another; giving and receiving are governed by concerns about equity and reciprocity; such relationships are usually short term

Communal Relationship?

a relationship in which the individuals feel special responsibility for one another and give and receive according to the principle of need; such relationships are often long term

Artifact?

a spurious research result arising from a faculty method of investigation

Believing that women with blond hair are dumb is an example of (blank), while refusing to hire a women with blond hair is an example of (blank)

a stereotype, discrimination

Implicit Association Test (IAT)?

a technique for revealing non conscious attitudes toward different stimuli, particularly groups of people

Which of the following is a criterion listed bu Baumeister and Leary (1995) to judge whether the need to belong is a true innate need?

belonging to social groups must serve some sort of evolutionary purpose

Claude Steele and his colleagues conducted a study in which both black students and white students took a test that was described as being diagnostic of intelligence. Half of these students indicated their race on a demographic form immediately before the test and the other half did not. According to the logic of stereotyping threat theory, what is the most likely consequence of this subtle manipulation?

black students did not do as well on the test as white students, especially when race was primed

Tests like the IAT are preferred to self-report measures of prejudice. Which of the following is NOT an accurate explanation for this preference?

blatant prejudice is more important to examine than modern prejudice

Diener and his colleagues conducted a study in 1976 on trick-or-treating on Halloween night. They found that...

children who were in a group and not identified took more candy than they were allowed, compared with children who were alone and identified

Social facilitation?

initially a term for enhanced performance in the presence of others; now a broader term for the effect, positive or negative, of the presence of others on performance

The "bogus stranger" paradigm studies generally suggest that...

participants give higher likability ratings to people they are told are similar to them

Bodenhausen (1990) found that "morning people" were more likely to engage in stereotyping at night and "night people" were more likely to engage in stereotyping in the morning. Which of the following is the best explanation?

people rely on stereotyping when they have insufficient cognitive resources to fully process a stimulus

In general, people like to have their beliefs validated by others. This suggests that...

people will exhibit more liking for those who hold similar beliefs

Evaluation apprehension?

people's concern about how they might appear to others or be evaluated by them

Spotlight effect?

people's conviction that other people are paying attention to them (to their appearance and behavior) more than they actually are

Authority?

power that derives from institutionalized roles or arrangements

Modern Racism?

prejudice directed at racial groups that exist alongside the rejection of explicitly racist beliefs

According to Devine's work on automatic versus controlled processes, the primary difference between someone who is "high" in prejudice and someone who is "low" in prejudice is...

the extent to which automatically activated stereotypes are consciously controlled

Stereotype Threat?

the fear confirming the stereotypes others have about one's group

Compared to those with other attachment styles, those with secure attachment styles are likely to self report...

the greatest level of relationship satisfaction

Social Identity Theory?

the idea that a person's self-concept and self-esteem derive not only from personal identity and accomplishments, but also from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person belongs

Attachment Theory?

the idea that early attachments with parents and other caregivers can shape relationships for a person's whole life

Equity Theory?

the idea that people are motivated to pursue fairness, or equity, in their relationships; a relationship is considered equitable when the benefits are proportionate to the effort both people put into it

Mere Exposure Effect?

the idea that repeated exposure to a stimulus, such as an object or a person, leads to greater liking of the stimulus

Functional Distance?

the influence of an architectural layout to encourage or inhibit certain activities, including contact between people

In Western Europe cultures, college student tend to restrict their meaningful interactions to, on average, about six friends. One implication of this finding is that...

the need to belong is satiable

Benevolent sexism refers to...

the offer of protection for those women who conform to traditional gender roles

Julie believes that all students at a rival college are conservative Republicans. At her own college, however, Julie knows that there is a mix of both liberals and conservatives, Democrats and Republicans. Julie may be experiencing...

the out-group homogeneity effect

Status?

the outcome of an evaluation of attributes that produces differences in respect and prominence, and which contributes to determining a person's power within a group

Paired Distinctiveness?

the pairing of two distinctive events that stand out even more because they occur together

Priming?

the presentation of information designed to activate a concept (such as a stereotype) and hence make it accessible. A prime is the stimulus presented to activate the concept in question

Group polarization?

the tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than those made by individuals; whatever way the group as a whole is leaning, group discussion tends to make it lean further in that direction

Risky shift?

the tendency for groups to make their riskier decisions than individuals would

Out-group Homogeneity Effect?

the tendency for people to assume that within-group similarity is much stronger for out-groups than for in-groups

Complementarity?

the tendency for people to seek out others with characteristics that are different from and complement their own

Social loafing?

the tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task in which individual contributions cannot be monitored

Attributional ambiguity refers to...

the uncertainty of members of a stigmatized group face in deciding whether a given outcome was due to individual achievement or to prejudicial responses

One Friday night, the local football team wins their game and Colin is heard the exclaim, "We played such a great game!" The next Friday, the team loses. If Colin's identity is boosted by basking in reflected glory, which of the following is most likely to be his response after the loss?

"they lost this one"

Brendan is worried about his relationship and states that his girlfriend just won't open up and be close to him, despite the total love, devotion and constant attention he gives to her. Based on this information, which of the following could a social psychologist conclude with some confidence?

Brendan has an anxious attachment style

Connie and her friend Izumi went out with a group of people for Japanese food and ate with chopsticks. Izumi grew up in Japan and had used chopsticks her whole life. Connie grew up in the midwestern US and had used chopsticks only a few times. When compared with how effectively they use chopsticks in private, what will happen to Connie's and Izumi's chopstick performance when all their dinner companions are gathered around and looking on?

Izumi's performance will get better, but Connie's will get worse

Jason, Daniel, and Larry live in the same apartment building. Jason lives on the fourth floor, right above Daniel on the third floor, and right next to the stairwell. Larry lives next door to Jason and typically takes the elevator at the other end of the hallway. Jason and Daniel typically take the stairs. Which two of these three men are most likely to become friends?

Jason and Daniel, because they have a closer functional distance

Nick is convinced that women are just not smart enough to work at a high-power financial firm, but he grudgingly agrees to include women in his interview process. When he interviews Maria, he perceives her behavior as awkward and nervous. When he interviews Dan, he feels a real connection and ease throughout their conversation. If the self-fulfilling prophecy were operating, what might explain the difference between Maria's and Dan's interviews?

Nick treated Maria poorly because of his expectations, and Maria responded to that behavior

Investment Model of Commitment?

a model of interpersonal relationships maintaining that three determinants make partners more committed to each other: relationship satisfaction, few alternative partners, and investments in the relationship

Prejudice?

a negative attitude or affective response toward a group and its individual members

Wendy is an unattractive woman as judged by conventional beauty standards. Jim shared her fate that he is an unattractive man. Which of these two people is more likely to have had a harder time at work (that is, more likely to get turned down for raises and promotions, or to receive less respect)?

Wendy

Avoidance Dimension of Attachment?

a facet of attachment that captures the degree to which a person is comfortable with intimacy and dependence on relationship partners

Anxiety Dimension of Attachment?

a facet of attachment that captures the degree to which a person is worried about rejection and abandonment by relationship partners

Superordinate Goal?

a goal that transcends the interests of any one group and can achieve more readily by two or more groups working together

Distraction-conflict theory?

a theory based on the idea that being aware of another person's presence creates a conflict between paying attention to that person and paying attention to the task at hand, and that this attentional conflict is arousing and produces social facilitation effects

Social Exchange Theory?

a theory based on the idea that how people feel about a relationship depends on their assessments of its costs and rewards

Approach/inhibition theory?

a theory maintaining that high-power individuals are inclined to go after their goals and make quick (and sometimes rash) judgements, whereas low-power people are more likely to constrain their behavior and pay careful attention to others

Self-awareness theory?

a theory maintaining that when people focus their attention inward on themselves, they become concerned with self-evaluation and how their current behavior conforms to their internal standards and values

Realistic Group Conflict Theory?

a theory that group conflict, prejudice, and discrimination are likely to arise over competition between groups for limited resources

According to evolutionary psychologists, women biologically invest more in any one offspring than men do. Thus, women will seek mates who are (blank) and men will seek mates who are (blank)

able to provide sufficient material resources; attractive, this signaling fertility

Wood and Eagly (2002) found that...

among societies that had greater gender equality, women placed less importance on a potential mate's earning capacity

A recently hired live-in child-care provider notices that the parents of her charge often ignore their child or even reject their child's requests for attention or help. In turn, the child seems scared of new situations and is resistant to forming a relationship with this new child-care provider. It is likely that the child has developed...

an avoidant attachment style

Individuation?

an enhanced sense of individual identity produced by focusing attention on the self, which generally leads to people to act carefully and deliberately and in accordance with their sense of propriety and values

Minimal Group Paradigm?

an experimental paradigm in which researchers create groups based on arbitrary and seemingly meaningless criteria and then examine how the members of these "minimal groups" are inclined to behave toward one another

Why might arranged marriages be as successful as marriages based in romantic love?

because arranges marriages avoid pitfalls like incompatible religions and discontent when passionate love fades

Dominance?

behavior enacted with the goal of acquiring or demonstrating power

Based on the research reviewed in the chapter, which of the following has NOT been shown to improve the quality of one's romantic relationships?

being "poor but in love"

According to Perrett, May and Yoshikawa (1994), British and Japanese judges were most attracted to...

composites of attractive faces with certain features artificially exaggerated

According to Cartwright and Zander's (1968) definition, which of the following would be the best example of a group?

coworkers collaborating on a team project

Gotten and Levenson recored 15-minute interactions between married couples. They were able to predict, with 93% accuracy, who would stay together and who would be divorced 14 years later. Their predictions were based on the presence or absence of which of the following characteristics?

degree of contempt for one another

A large group of people gathers outside a corporation for a peaceful protest. Suddenly, a few people begin shoving each other and violence erupts. David, a normally peaceful and gentle-natured person, finds himself participating in the shoving match. What psychological condition is likely to ahh lead to his behavior?

deindividuation

According to the approach/inhibition theory of power, when compared with people in low-power positions, people in high-power positions...

engage in less systematic decision making

David and Andrew are working together on a group project. They each, separately, compete one written portion of the project and ask the professor to look over their work. David has written his own name at the top of the page he gives to the professor. Andrew has written both their names. This subtle difference may suggest that David perceives his relationship with Andrew as being an (blank) relationship, while Andrew perceives his relationship with David as being a (blank) relationship.

exchange, communal

Comparison Level for Alternatives?

expectations about what people think they can get out of alternative relationships

Comparison Level?

expectations about what people think they deserve or expect to get out of a relationship

Subtyping?

explaining away exceptions to a given stereotype by creating a subcategory of the stereotyped group that can be expected to differ from the group as a whole

Groupthink?

faulty thinking by members of highly cohesive groups in which the critical scrutiny that should be devoted to the issues at hand subverted by social pressures to reach consensus

When faced with evidence that disconfirms a stereotype, people tend to...

forget or diminish the legitimacy if the disconfirming information

Ethnocentrism?

glorifying one's own group while verifying other groups

According to social identity theory, self-esteem results from evaluations of...

group memberships and personal identity

According to self-awareness theory, professors could discourage cheating by doing which of the following?

have students take their exams in front of a mirror

Billy lives in Somerville, USA, where there are very few instances of crime and very few immigrants. On the news one night, Billy hears a story about a Russian immigrant who robbed a local jewelry store. Billy now assumes that Russian immigrants are thieves. This may be a consequence of...

illusory correlation

Dominant response?

in a person's hierarchy of possible responses in any context, the response he or she is most likely to make

The cognitive perspective argues that, to a certain extent, stereotyping is beneficial because...

it helps people organize and cope with the huge amount of social stimuli they face every day

Unlike people in exchange relationships, Clark and Mills described people in communal relationships as being more concerned with...

meeting one another's needs

Ben doesn't harbor overtly negative feelings about minorities from Group X. But he does believe that members of Group X threaten the American value of self-reliance, because he thinks welfare recipients are mostly from Group X. This is an example of...

modern (symbolic) racism

According to the halo effect, attractive people in individualistic cultures are thought to be (blank), while attractive people in collectivistic cultures are thought to be (blank).

more dominant, more empathetic

Research suggests that a couple will be more or less happy depending on how each partner explains the other's positive and negative actions. Which pattern below best reflects the attributions of a member of a happy couple?

negative behaviors are attributed to specific and unintended causes

Research indicates that in today's modern world, the average person will engage in discrimination...

only when there is a suitable "disguise" or rationalization for such behavior

The blue group is in competition with the green group for a million-dollar prize. As the competition unfolds, hostility between the groups grows. The blue group members come to see the green group members as mean and stupid; the green group sees the blue group as petty and weak. What is the best explanation for the emergence of these feelings?

realistic group conflict theory

Integrating African-Americans into the US military is regarded as a largely successful endeavor. Which of the following was most responsible for this success?

superordinate goals

According to the idea of reproductive fitness, our evolutionary ancestors were mostly concerned with?

survival fo one's genes

Basking in Reflected Glory?

taking pride in the accomplishments of other people in one's group, such as when sports fans identify with a winning team

Power?

the ability to control one's own outcomes and those others; the freedom to act

According to Carl Rusbult's investment model, what might cause a person to leave a satisfying relationship?

the availability of potentially more satisfying alternatives

Stereotype?

the belief that certain attributes are characteristic of members of a particular group

Reproductive Fitness?

the capacity to pass one's genes on to subsequent generations

Halo Effect?

the common belief (accurate or not) that attractive individuals possess a shot of positive qualities beyond their physical appearance

Sometimes bringing two groups together can increase prejudice. However, the contact hypothesis suggests that under favorable conditions, bringing groups together should reduce prejudice and discrimination. According to contact hypothesis, all of the following conditions will help reduce prejudice between the two groups EXCEPT that...

the community's social norms should be discouraging of intergroup contact

A professor breaks a group of 20 students into two groups of 10 on the basis of the color of the student's shirts ("cool" spectrum colors like blue versus "warm" spectrum colors like red). These students then engage in a class activity in which points are awarded. According to the research on minimal groups, individual group members will...

try to get more points for their own group compared with points earned by the opposing group

Discrimination?

unfair treatment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group

According to research on groupthink, one disadvantage of a strong and directive leader is that he or she may...

unknowingly encourage group members to engage in self-censorship

According to distraction-conflict theory, the mere presence of another person has an effect on our behavior because...

we are physiologically aroused because our attention is split between the other person and the task at hand

Self-censorship?

withholding information or opinions in group discussions