Chapter 21: Gastrointestinal System

What are three bulk-forming agents (laxatives) that are often given for constipation?

1. Metamucil (psyllium) 2. FiberCon 3. Citrucel (methylcellulose)

What are the three drug treatments for Peptic Ulcer disease?

1. antibiotics (usually a combination) 2. PPIs 3. antacids

What are the three diagnostic tests to confirm the presence of H. pylori.

1. blood test 2. breath test 3. tissue biopsy

What are the three main functions of the GI system?

1. digestion 2. absorption 3. metabolism

______ lessen vomiting. Give an example.

Antidopaminergics

What is a common antidote in the ER that absorbs toxin?

activated charcoal

The mouth is where food is broken down. What enzyme helps in the chemical breakdown that is secreted by the salivary glands?

amylase

What are the two components of metabolism? Explain each.

anabolism is the act of building molecules while catabolism is that act of breaking down molecules to release energy

For mild symptoms (rectal bleeding, stomach pain, cramps, etc.) you can use _______, corticosteroids, and 5-________

antidiarrheals, 5-aminosalicylates

What is the first class of drugs that you think of for treatment of emesis?

antiemetics

Appendicitis occurs when you have inflammation of the lining of the appendix. What is the name of the surgical procedure used to remove it?

appendoctomy

What are the two main stomach conditions?

GERD, and Peptic Ulcers

Peptic Ulcer disease is a chronic condition that causes sores in the lining of the stomach and/or duodenum. What is the cause of it?

Helicobacter pylori- a gram-negative bacillus that embeds itself in the mucosal lining of the stomach, duodenum, and rectum

Drug treatments for diarrhea have absorbent and/or protectant qualities. What are the three OTC drugs for diarrhea?

Kaopectate, FiberCon, and Pepto-Bismol

Potent/controlled substances are used for severe cases of diarrhea because they work quickly. What are the two and what risk do they pose?

Lomotil and Paregoric, the patient may become dependent on them

Histmine2 antagonists help with GERD by binding to histamine-2 receptor sites, lowering acid secretions. Give the two top 200 drugs under this category

Pepcid (famotidine) and Zantac (ranitidine)

PPIs are Rx only. Give three examples from your Top 200.

Prilosec (omeprazole), Protonix (pantoprazole), and Prevacid (lansoprazole)

GERD occurs when the ____ _____ relaxes and acidic contents back up into the esophagus causing burning sensations in the chest and throat

cardiac sphincter

EXCRETION: What are the four main sections of the large intestine?

cecum, colon, rectum, and anus

After the breakdown in the stomach, the acidic mixtures becomes ____.

chyme

Crohn's Disease is chronic inflammation of the intestines causing ulcerations in the small and large intestinal lining. What drugs would you expect to help with inflammation?

corticosteroids

What can you use for moderate to severe symptoms of Ulcerative colitis?

corticosteroids, and aminosalicylates

All of these are treatments for IBS except for which one? a. antidiarrheals b. antispasmotics (dicyclomine) c. Alosetron d. antiemetics e. bile acid sequestrates (cholestyramine)

d

What is a serotonin receptor antagonist that is mainly used in the ER room for emesis? a. dronabinol b. H1 antihistamines c. Dramamine (dimenhydrinate) d. Zofran (ondansetron)

d

Ulcerative Colitis is similar to Crohn's disease because there is inflammation and sores but where?

in the lining of the large intestine or colon instead of the small intestine

This "drug treatment" is not really used anymore but it triggers the CTZ to cause the patient to vomit.

ipecac syrup

____ is characterized by chronic or periodic diarrhea, alternating with constipation

irritable bowel syndrome

Constipation is another condition where there is a lack of defecation or someone has hard, dry stools. What is one of the main causes?

lack of fiber in diet

This treatment is when a hose with multiple holes is placed down the throat of a patient to empty the contents of the stomach.

lavage

What part of the brain is the control center that controls the Chemoreceptor trigger zone?

medulla oblangata

What are the four organs of the GI system that are responsible for ingestion?

mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, and esophagus

What is the pH of the stomach?

pH= 2

What are the three auxiliary organs that all have ducts leading into the duodenum?

pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

THe esophagus performs ____ to propel food.

peristalsis

What other medications are given for GERD that are effective in severe cases because they block gastric acid secretions in the stomach?

proton pump inhibitors

What is the shortest section of the excretion?

rectum

What is an OTC drug for flatulence?

simethicone

Where does most of the absorption occur in our digestive tract?

smal intestines

What three organs are responsible for absorption of nutrients?

stomach, small intestine, and large intestine

What is one of the most common drug treatments for constipation? Give an example.

stool softeners; Colace/Kaopectate stool softener (ducosate sodium)

The first course of treatment is Azulfidine (______) and _____ (mesalamine)

sulfasalazine, Asacol

WHat is the organ that is attached to the cecum of the large intestine and has no digestive function whatsoever?

the appendix

Poisoning can be caused by many things and symptoms include excessive saliva, N/V, trouble breathing, seizures, and confusion. What should you bring to the hospital?

the container of ingested substance

What system controls the GI system?

the parasympathetic nervous system

True or False: the auxiliary organs break down proteins, carbs, and fats

true

True or false: antiemetics require a prescription because of the effect on CTZ

true

True or false: medications are often a common cause of intestinal conditions such as diarrhea and constipation

true

Emesis is another word for ____

vomiting

THe large intestine also absorbs stuff from food. What is it limited to?

water and electrolytes to transform it into solid fecal matter

Mouth and throat conditions can vary but all medications usually contain alcohol and phenol bases as well as benzocaines. What is the purpose of these agents?

well the alcohols/phenols are antiseptics to kill bacteria and the benzocaines/menthol can help with the pain since they are anesthetics

The two types of diarrhea are acute and chronic depending on duration, etc. Can you die from diarrhea?

yes, because vital fluids and electrolytes are lost if not replaced

Antihistamines/anticholinergics are used for emesis because they usually help with motion sickness. Give a common example.

Dramamine (dimenhydrinate)

Which one of these medications can be used for Crohn's Disease? a. Antivert b. Imuran c. Remicade d. Humira e. Zofran

b, c, and d (Imuran and Humira are also used to treat Rheumatoid arthritis)

The function of the epiglottis is to: a. Break down food particles b. Digest food c. Block off the tracheal tube d. Aid in peristalsis

c

What are the most common symptoms of intestinal conditions?

diarrhea, and constipation

Which one of the three sections of the small intestine is connected to the liver and pancreas?

duodenum

What are the three sections of the small intestine?

duodenum, jéjunum, and the ileum

Fats are broken down by bile (______), then by lipases (enzymes)

emulsification

True or false: anticholinergics are used for IBS

false, emesis

THe gallbladder releases bile to disperse and absorb ____

fats

_______ is gas caused by byproduct of microbial breakdown of food (e.g., broccoli, onions, garlic)

flatulence

ABSORPTION: What are nutrients used for?

for energy and as building blocks for larger complex chemicals