Chapter 21 Questions and Vocab
Who were two leading realists?
Emile Zola and Henrik Ibsen
A pioneer of hospital care, safety, and hygiene was
Florence Nightingale
an army nurse in the Crimean War who worked to introduce sanitary measures in British hospitals and founded the world's first school of nursing
Florence Nightingale
business owned by many investors who buy shares of stock and risk only the amount of their investment
corporation
What popular concept idealized women and the home?
cult of domesticity
a message put forth by books, magazines, and popular songs that idealized women and the home
cult of domesticity
a self-help group formed to aid sick or injured workers
mutual-aid society
To explain the long, slow process of evolution Charles Darwin proposed the theory of
natural selection
a style of art in which painters attempted to capture the first fleeting impression made by a scene or object
impressionism
Which group of artists tried to capture the human eye's first perception of a scene?
impressionist artists
identical components that could be used in place of one another in manufacturing
interchangeable parts
a movement that urged Christians to social service
social gospel
a measure of the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society
standard of living
a campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages
temperance movement
What was the main reason for Europe's great population growth in the 1800s?
the death rate fell
John D. Rockefeller was associated with
the petroleum industry
The three social classes in Western Europe by the late 1800s were
the upper class, the middle class, and the workers and peasants
the process of fixing up the poor areas of a city
urban renewal
The first European country outside of Britain to industrialize was
Belgium
an English novelist who portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers in his books
Charles Dickens
Who was John Dalton?
a scientist
How did workers respond to harsh conditions of industrial life?
They formed unions and mutual-aid societies
a postimpressionist painter who experimented with sharp lines and bright colors
Vincent Van Gogh
What did some critics of women's suffrage claim?
Women were too emotional to vote responsibly
production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks
assembly line
Two new types of transportation developed around 1900 were
automobiles and airplanes
The main purpose for selling stock was to allow companies to raise
capital
a group of companies that join together to control the production and price of a product
cartel
How did cities in the West change during the 1800s?
cities underwent urban renewal
Charles Dickens is known for his
detailed portrayals of slum life and colorful characters
a machine that is used to generate electricity
dynamo
the idea that certain microbes cause specific infectious diseases
germ theory
Labor laws were passed in several countries to
outlaw children and women working in mines
Henry Bessemer's contribution to industrialization was to
patent a new steel-making process
Louis Daguerre was a pioneer in the field of
photography
the belief that one racial group is superior to another
racism
an attempt to represent the world as it was, without the sentiment associated with romanticism
realism
Simple language, intense feeling, and a love of nature characterized
romantic writers
19th-century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason
romanticism
women's right to vote
women's suffrage