Chapter 22 Lymphatics and Immunity

True or False: Adaptive Immunity is called into action against pathogens that are able to evade or overcome the defenses of Innate Immunity.

True

True or False: Antibodies may agglutinate antigens, which will help increase the efficiency of phagocytosis.

True

True or False: Bacteria are an example of a pathogen.

True

True or False: Complement proteins destroy microbes by enhancing phagocytosis, cytolysis, and inflammation and help to prevent damage to body tissues.

True

True or False: Gastric juices help to prevent some pathogens from invading the lower GI tract.

True

True or False: Goblet cells produce mucus to capture dust and microbes. Trapped particles are swept away by cilia.

True

True or False: Lymph and plasma have essentially the same composition except for the absence of clotting factors in lymph.

True

True or False: Lymph forms from interstitial fluid in lymphatic capillaries.

True

True or False: Macrophages consume invading pathogens.

True

True or False: Major histocompatibility antigens allow the immune system to distinguish between self and nonself and are involved in antigen processing.

True

True or False: Natural killer cells destroy pathogens via cytolysis.

True

True or False: Overlapping endothelial cells and anchored filaments in lymphatic vessels allow of drainage of interstitial fluid inward, based on pressure differences.

True

True or False: Pathogens or even cellular components that trigger an immune response are known as antigens.

True

True or False: Skin is a primary barrier defense in the innate immune system.

True

True or False: The lymphatic system helps to transport dietary lipids.

True

True or False: The primary response creates long-lived memory B- and T-cells.

True

True or False: The primary response creates long-lived memory B-cells.

True

True or False: The thymus is the site where pre-T cells become immunocompetent T cells.

True

True or False: Vaccines provide the body with a primary response to disease antigens. This allows for a strong "initial" secondary response if the pathogen is ever encountered.

True

True or False: Vitamins A, D, E and K are absorbed via lacteals in the small intestine.

True

True or False: When a normal body cell becomes invaded by a pathogen, it adds a piece of the foreign antigen to its own major histocompatibility complex to signal to our defensive cells that it has been invaded.

True

True or False: While the processes of innate and adaptive immunity may interact or overlap, only adaptive immunity has the properties of specificity and memory.

True

Antibodies may affect a pathogen by a. coating/blocking. b. immobilization. c. opsonization. d. all of these.

d

Complement proteins enhance a. cytolysis. b. inflammation. c. phagocytosis. d. All of these.

d

Cytotoxic T cells may kill infected target cells by 1. inducing apoptosis in the target cell. 2. creating channels in the target cell membrane. 3. releasing antibodies which coat the target cells. a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 3 only d. 1 and 2 are correct. e. 1, 2 and 3 are correct.

d

Innate resistance includes all of the following, except a. fever. b. barriers. c. antimicrobial agents. d. antibodies.

d

Lack of resistance is also known as: a. Pathogenic b. Innate c. Specific d. Susceptibility e. Lymphatic

d

Listed below are signs and symptoms of inflammation matched with a cause. Which of the pairs is INCORRECTLY matched? a. heat: increased metabolic activity in damaged tissues and increased blood flow to the area b. redness: increased blood flow as the result of vasodilation c. pain: kinins, prostaglandins and edema d. swelling: decreased capillary permeability e. All of these choices are correct.

d

What causes lymph from the small intestines to appear white? a. Proteins b. WBC c. RBC d. Lipids e. Carbohydrates

d

Which is NOT a function of the lymphatic system? a. carry out immune responses b. drain excess interstitial fluid c. transport dietary lipids d. all of these choices are functions of the lymphatic system e. none of these choices are functions of the lymphatic system

d

Which of the following cells is part of the body's second line of defense? a. Mucous cells b. Dendritic cells c. B and T Lymphocytes d. Natural killer cells e. None of these choices

d

Which of the following is not a defense barrier involved with innate defenses? a. mucus b. fluids secreted by the lacrimal apparatus c. flow of urine d. sebum e. all of these choices are protective barriers

d

Which organ produces a hormone that promotes maturation of T cells? a. Spleen b. Lymph node c. Red bone marrow d. Thymus e. Pancreas

d

An immunoglobulin molecule inserted in the membrane of an immunocompetent B cell binds to a glycoprotein on a bacterial cell membrane. This immunoglobulin molecule would be considered a(n) a. antigen. b. antibody. c. epitope. d. antigenic determinant. e. antigen receptor.

e

The area drained by the thoracic duct is: a. lower extremities b. upper extremities c. upper right trunk, upper right limb and head d. lower right trunk, lower right limb, and right side of head and neck e. both lower limbs, lower trunk, left side of head and neck, left upper limb

e

Which anti-microbial substances reduce viral replication in uninfected cells? a. Transferrins b. Perforins c. Complement proteins d. Defensins e. Interferons

e

Which is NOT a function of antibodies? a. neutralize antigen. b. agglutinate or precipitate antigen. c. activate complement d. enhance phagocytosis. e. All of these choices are functions of antibodies

e

Which of the following is NOT considered an organ of the immune system? a. Spleen b. Lymph node c. Red bone marrow d. Thymus e. Pancreas

e

Which of the following negatively affects the immune system? a. smoking b. lack of sleep c. sedentary lifestyle d. stress e. all of these choices

e

True or False: Antibody mediated immunity occurs when defensive cells attack and destroy invaders.

False

Exogenous antigens are processed by antigen presenting cells by which of the following? a. The antigen is digested into peptides, MHC-II molecules are synthesized by APCs and packaged into vesicles, vesicles containing the peptide fragments and MHC-II molecules fuse, antigen peptide fragments bind to MHC - II molecules, antigen MHC complexes are inserted into the plasma membrane. b. The antigen is digested into monosaccharides, MHC-II molecules are synthesized by neutrophils and packaged into vesicles, vesicles containing the peptide fragments and MHC-II molecules fuse, antigen peptide fragments bind to MHC - II molecules, antigen MHC complexes are inserted into the plasma membrane. c. The antigen is digested into peptides, MHC-II molecules are synthesized by APCs and packaged into vesicles, vesicles containing the peptide fragments and MHC-II molecules fuse forming a phagolysosome, antigen peptide fragments bind to MHC II molecules, antigen MHC complexes are release into interstitial fluid. d. The antigen is digested into peptides, MHC-IV molecules are synthesized by eosinophils and packaged into vesicles, vesicles containing the peptide fragments and MHC-II molecules fuse, antigen peptide fragments bind to MHC II molecules, antigen MHC complexes are inserted into the plasma membrane.

a

How do antigens arrive at lymphatic tissue? a. Antigen presenting cells ingest exogenous antigens and process and present antigens on the cell surface. They then migrate via lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes. b. Antigen processing cells bind and carry antigens to lymph nodes to be processed. c. Lymphocytes bind and carry antigens to lymph nodes for processing. d. Antigen processing cells bind and destroy antigens before carrying them to lymph nodes.

a

How do the primary response and the secondary response to an antigen differ? a. The secondary response occurs faster than the primary response. b. The secondary response involves production of IgM while the primary response results in IgA production. c. The secondary response would occur on the first exposure to the antigen. d. All of these are correct

a

Lymphatic flow moves _____ and controlled by skeletal muscle and respiratory action. a. unidirectionally b. bidirectionally c. away from the heart d. all of these

a

Suppose you have cut yourself and a specific strain of bacteria have entered the wound. The neutralization of that pathogen is normally accomplished by... a. adaptive immunity b. the liver c. the pulmonary circulation d. innate immunity

a

The organ that is not a secondary lymphatic organ is? a. red bone marrow b. spleen c. lymphatic nodules d. lymph nodes

a

We are born with a type of defense which consists of barriers and generic methods for attacking any invaders which breach those barriers. It is known as... a. innate immunity b. generic immunity c. adaptive immunity d. indiscriminate

a

Which class of cells includes macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells? a. Antigen presenting cells b. Primary lymphocytes c. Plasma cells d. Memory cells e. Helper cells

a

Which is not a sign or symptom of inflammation? a. contracture of tissue b. triggering of nociceptors c. erythema d. loss of function e. localized increase in tissue size

a

Which of the following is a function of the spleen? a. Removes worn out blood cells b. Circulates lymph c. Cleanses interstitial fluid d. Cleanses lymph e. Traps microbes with mucus

a

Which of the following is not considered an antibody action to disable antigens? a. deactivates the complement system b. neutralizes bacterial toxins c. causes clumping of pathogens d. decreases motility of antigens e. activates phagocytosis

a

Which of these provides a non-specific second line of defense? a. Macrophages b. T lymphocytes c. B lymphocytes d. Memory B cells e. Stratified squamous epithelium

a

Our primary defense against invasion of pathogens into the body is by a. defensive cells such as macrophages and phagocytes b. barriers such as skin and mucous membranes c. white blood cells in constant circulation in case invasion occurs d. T and B lymphocytes which can be activated to recognize specific invaders

b

The first signal required for activation of a T cell is a. expression of a T cell receptor. b. binding of antigen to the TCR. c. binding of antigen to self-MHC. d. costimulation through protein/protein interaction between the T cell and an APCell e. interaction with a cytokine such as interleukin 2.

b

What distinguishing feature of a pathogen allows our lymphocytes to recognize it as a foreign organism that must be destroyed? a. Pathogens always contain cells that are larger than human cells. b. There are epitopes in the cell membrane of pathogens that our lymphocytes recognize as foreign. c. Pathogens exhibit abnormal behavior, which lymphocytes detect. d. Pathogens emit interleukins, which stimulate lymphocytes into action.

b

Which of the following do NOT provide protection against microbes that penetrate the skin and mucous membranes? a. interferons b. urine c. complement d. transferrin e. antimicrobial proteins

b

Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? a. Lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than blood capillaries. b. Lymphatic capillaries carry fluid in two directions. c. Lymphatic capillaries are blind ended. d. Lymphatic capillaries have a larger diameter than blood capillaries. e. Lymphatic capillaries have attached anchoring filaments which help to enlarge openings so the fluid can flow in faster.

b

Which of the following would be considered a first line of defense in innate immunity? a. interferons b. lysozyme c. complement proteins d. iron-binding proteins e. antimicrobial proteins

b

A secondary invasion of an antigen may produce no signs or symptoms due to the action of: a. cytotoxic T cells b. helper T cells c. memory cells d. B cells e. plasma cells

c

Antibodies are produced by a. cytotoxic cells b. helper cells c. plasma cells d. interstitial cells

c

The ability of an antigen to react specifically with the antibodies or cells it has provoked is called a. Specificity b. Immunogenicity c. Reactivity d. Antigen processing e. Antigen presentation

c

The general functions of the lymphatic system are a. To cause the breakdown of cholesterol and transports it to the liver for excretion in the digestive system. It also produces bilirubin from the breakdown of worn out red blood cells, which it excretes into the hepatic portal system. b. To provide generic defenses against any type of invaders which happen to breach our barriers, remove any debris left after the invasion has been stopped, and then fill in the damaged area with scar tissue c. To collect excess tissue fluid and make it pathogen free before returning it to the bloodstream. It also transports lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins absorbed from the digestive system. d. To collect excess tissue fluid and protein then transport them to the kidneys so they can be removed from the body as urine.

c

What is immunity? a. The ability to distinguish our cells from those of other individuals. b. The ability to discriminate between things that are good for us versus things that are not. c. The ability to ward off damage or disease through our defenses. d. The ability to make DNA which is uniquely different from anyone else on the planet.

c

What is the major difference between lymph and interstitial fluid? a. Composition of electrolytes b. White blood cells are present in lymph c. Location d. Types of proteins present e. Red blood cells are present in interstitial fluid

c

Which anti-microbial substances promote cytolysis, phagocytosis and inflammation? a. Transferrins b. Perforins c. Complement proteins d. Defensins e. Interferons

c

Which of the following intensifies the effect of interferons and promotes the rate of repair? a. Complement system b. Acute inflammation c. Fever d. Chronic inflammation e. Pus formation

c

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens? a. are also called human leukocyte antigens b. are a major reason for tissue rejection in transplantation surgery c. mark each body cell surface except the white blood cells d. primary function is to aid the T cells in recognizing foreign antigens e. there are two major types

c

Which statement is true about immunological memory? a. the primary response is more powerful than the secondary b. cytotoxic T cells differentiate into memory cells upon a second exposure to an antigen c. the use of vaccinations is based on the concept of immunological memory d. there is an immediate rise in serum antibodies upon exposure to an antigen e. memory cells can survive up to several weeks

c