chapter 22_______ require skin grafting or the use of skin substitutes for acceptable closure of the wounds.
Parenteral nutrition should be reserved for those cases of prolonged nothing by mouth (NPO) status lasting how long?
7
Parenteral nutrition should be reserved for those cases of prolonged nothing by mouth (NPO) status lasting how long?
7 days
What is the key difference between the body's physiological reaction to starvation and metabolic stress?
adaptation occurs during starvation
______ increases both gluconeogenesis and free fatty acid mobilization, and decreases overall protein synthesis with increased catabolism of skeletal muscle.
cortisol
What type of burn is typically caused by exposure to hot oil?
deep partial thickness
What vitamins should be given to metabolically stressed patients while recovering?
e and c
For critically ill individuals, nutritional needs can normally be met by the oral route.
false
The degree of metabolic stress is inversely proportionate with the seriousness of the injury.
false
Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) increase energy availability by stimulating glycogenolysis and increasing the release of what alternative fuel source?
fatty acids
_______ require skin grafting or the use of skin substitutes for acceptable closure of the wounds.
full thickness
What is the metabolic pathway through which glucose is formed from non-carbohydrate sources?
gluconeogenesis
What amino acid supplement is strongly recommended for burn, trauma, and ICU patients?
glutamine
What is the most common source of burn wounds?
heat
What is the term for reduced blood flow?
hypoperfusion
What happens to blood pressure during sepsis?
hypotension
Enteral nutrition formulas should be high in what nutrients?
protein and omega 3 fatty acids
What happens to the basal metabolic rate during starvation?
reduces
What mineral does ASPEN recommend for supplementation in the critically ill?
selenium
What factor is NOT correlated with the severity of electrical burns?
temperature
How long, on average, does it take for a healthy patient to progress to protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)?
2 weeks
For critically ill patients, when should enteral nutrition be started in the hospital?
24-48
Once access to the GI tract has been established, the first step in developing the nutrition prescriptions choosing the appropriate enteral formula.
true
Many general surgical procedures do not pose nutritional risk.
true
Multiorgan distress syndrome is also referred to as multisystem organ failure.
true
The depth of the wound and the percentage of the body surface area that is affected are used to classify burn injury.
true
What cells in the blood are markedly increased during sepsis?
wbc
What mineral supplements are most important for burn victims?
zn and selenium
What amino acid is the primary substrate required for gluconeogenesis?
alanine
During metabolic stress, what supplies the substrate used for gluconeogenesis?
breakdown of muscle tissue
What condition causes the highest excretion of nitrogen per day from the body?
major burn
