Chapter 23- History of the United States II

Terms of the Treaty of Versailles

1) stripped Germany of its armed forces 2) Germany had to pay reparations ($33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture weapons

Railroad Administration

During World War I, this agency took public control of the railroads to coordinate traffic and promote standard equipment, headed by William McAdoo

Battle of Contigny

Fought on May 28 1918 the AEF and Pershing take strategic positions in NE France securing supply lines

18th amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages, not the actual drinking of alcohol

who won the election of 1921?

Warren G. Harding, Republican

Why was Eugene v. Debs jailed in 1918?

for publicly urging workers not to support the war effort, violation of Sedition Act of 1918 EXPLANATION: Debs was a five-time Socialist Party presidential candidate

How did Woodrow Wilson's approach to foreign policy differ from Teddy Roosevelts and Tafts?

he believed in a moralistic approach to U.S. expansion, and only interfere with foreign countries if the U.S. has to

interventionalist

involvement in the affairs of another nation

Women's Land Army of America

known as "farmerettes," women stepped up to run farms and other agricultural enterprises during the war. they were mostly college educated and from larger urban areas.

why was the 18th amendment ratified in relation to WWI?

many German immigrants owned breweries in America, and there was a public outcry to ration food and grain, which was a main ingredient in alcohol

Native Americans in WWI

many volunteered for military service, and others were drafted; served in integrated units with white Americans and were recognized for extreme bravery; communicated in their native languages over the radio to prevent enemy interception of messages; 1919 legislation allowed those who had served to become U.S. citizens. mostly served as scouts, messengers, snipers

George Bellows

member of Ashcan school, he caught the vigor and violence of his time in paintings and drawings of prizefights. Painted German war atrocities in explicit detail during WWI

How was WWI financed by the United States?

mostly liberty bonds, but was also through the 16th amendment which was passed in 1913, to allow federal income tax

Isolationists view on Article X

"Stop the Wedding", Congress has the power to wage war, not some outside organization

Carrie Chapman Catt

(1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

why did WWI start?

(M)ilitarism, both sides were building advanced war technology and their navy (A)lliances, Triple Alliance, Triple Entente (I)mperialism, nations seeking economic growth and expansion, establish global empires (N)ationalism, deep attachment to ones own country was high at this time

about ___ of the enlisted military was composed of African American men

13%

John Singer Sargent

1856 - 1925 A painter known for his portraits. He is usually thought of as an American artist, although he lived most of his life in Europe. Sargent's portraits subtly capture the individuality & personality of the sitters. In a time when the art world was focused on impressionism & emphasizing artistic individuality, Sargent emphasized his own form of Realism & regularly did commissioned portraits of the wealthy did a painting called 'Gassed" which showed American troops being gassed in WWI

When did WWI start?

1914

When did Russia leave the war?

1917

African Americans in WWI

400,000 served in the armed forces - more than half in France. Served in segregated units and were excluded from the navy and marines. Two men, Henry Johnson and Needham Roberts, were the first Americans to receive France's highest military honor, the Croix de Guerre. most served as laborers

Why did the war not increase overall prosperity? A. because inflation made the cost of living higher B. because wages were lowered due to the war effort C. because workers had no bargaining power due to the "no-strike pledge" D. because women and African American men were paid less for the same work

A

Schneck v. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities. 250 were thrown into prison

Liberty Loan Act

A law passed during WW1 that allowed war bonds to be sold to the public to be used to pay for the war, called liberty bonds

Triple Entente (allies)

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata

American Protection League

A private organization that encouraged people to spy on their neighbors; even opened people's mail, tapped phones, and pried into medical records, and physically assault draft evaders Supported by Department of Justice

Fourteen Points (1918)

A statement given on January 8, 1918 by Wilson declaring that WW I was being fought for a moral cause and calling for postwar peace in Europe. The speech laid out a policy of free trade, open agreements, democracy and self-determination. Point 14 advocated for the League of Nations to be established that would keep world peace. Most of these points would not be realized, and the US would fail to join the League of Nations. However, it served as a model for the more successful Atlantic Charter after WWII

Herbert Hoover, Food Administration

After the United States entered the war in April 1917, President Woodrow Wilson appointed Hoover head of the American Food Administration. Hoover believed "food will win the war." He established set days to encourage people to avoid eating particular foods in order to save them for soldiers' rations: meatless Mondays, wheatless Wednesdays, and "when in doubt, eat potatoes." A process often dubbed "Hooverizing," this system helped conserve food for the war. Hoover helped reduce consumption of foodstuffs needed overseas and avoided rationing at home.

William Jennings Bryan as Secretary of State to Woodrow Wilson

Anti-Imperialist, encouraged nations around the world to sign "cooling off treaties" under which they agreed to talks not wars, negotiated friendly relationships with Columbia, including a 25 million dollar apology for the Panama Canal.

When did the US declare war on Germany?

April 6, 1917

Lever Food and Fuel Control Act

August 1917 measure that gave President Wilson the power to regulate the production and consumption of food and fuels during wartime. Some in his administration argued for price controls and rationing; instead, Wilson instituted voluntary controls.

Which of the following is a correct statement about the United States at the close of the First World War? (A) It joined the League of Nations. (B) It emerged as the world's leading creditor nation. (C) It accorded diplomatic recognition to the Soviet Union. (D) It repealed the amendment to the Constitution that allowed Prohibition. (E) It received large reparations payments from Germany

B

Which of the following was not a destabilizing factor immediately following the end of the war? A. a flu pandemic B. a women's liberation movement C. high inflation and economic uncertainty D. political paranoia

B

Which of the following was not included in the Treaty of Versailles? A. extensive German reparations to be paid to the Allies B. a curtailment of German immigration to Allied nations C. France's acquisition of disputed territory along the French-German border D. a mandate for Germany to accept responsibility for the war publicly

B

Why was the German use of the unterseeboot considered to defy international law? A. because other countries did not have similar technology B. because they refused to warn their targets before firing C.because they constituted cruel and unusual methods D. because no international consensus existed to employ submarine technology

B

In order to pursue his goal of using American influence overseas only when it was a moral imperative, Wilson put which man in the position of Secretary of State? A. Charles Hughes B. Theodore Roosevelt C. William Jennings Bryan D. John Pershing

C

What of the following was not used to control American dissent against the war effort? A. propaganda campaigns B. repressive legislation C. National Civil Liberties Bureau D. loyalty league

C

What was the inciting event that led to the Chicago Race Riot of 1919? A. a strike at a local factory B. a protest march of black activists C. the murder of a black boy who swam too close to a white beach D. the assault of a white man on a streetcar by black youths

C

Which of the following did not influence the eventual passage of the Nineteenth Amendment? A. women's contributions to the war effort B. the dramatic tactics and harsh treatment of radical suffragists C. the passage of the Volstead Act D. the arguments of President Wilson's daughter

C

All of the following were among Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points EXCEPT (A) a general association of nations (B) freedom to navigate the high seas in peace and war (C) an independent Poland (D) a partitioned Germany (E) an end to secret treaties

D

American suffrage advocates' support for the war effort during the First World War led to (A) a split among feminists (B) solidarity with European suffragists (C) a strong commitment to the Republican Party (D) adopting of women's right to vote (E) United States adopting compulsory military service for women

D

Americans entered the First World War most directly as a result of which of the following? (A) The sinking of the British ship Lusitania killed large numbers of American citizens. (B) The American arms industry fearing that Britain and France would not be able to repay their debts. (C) A majority of Americans being able to trace their ancestry to the British Isles. (D) The Germans resuming unrestricted submarine warfare. (E) Woodrow Wilson and the Congress attempting to limit the spread of Soviet communism.

D

Which of the following was not enacted in order to secure men and materials for the war effort? A. the Food Administration B. the Selective Service Act C. the War Industries Board D. the Sedition Act

D

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Emperor of Germany during World War I

Victor Berger

First socialist elected to Congress (US House of Representative, from Wisconsin). Congress, caught up in the hyper-patriotic wartime mood and refused to allow him to be seated (because he was opposed to the war and also because he had been convicted and sentenced to 20 years in federal prison for breaking the Espionage & Sedition Acts). His seat remained vacant until 1921. Later pardoned, he was re-elected and served until 1928.

Jeanette Rankin

First woman to serve in Congress. Suffragist and pacifist, voted against US involvement in WWI and WWII.

General John J. Pershing

General of the American Expeditionary Force in WWI

Triple Alliance (Central Powers)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and initially Italy

Victoriano Huerta

He was a Mexican military officer and President of Mexico who was also leader of the violent revolution that took place in 1913. His rise to power caused many Mexicans to cross the border as well as angering the United States who saw him as a dictator.

Harry Garfield

Head of the Fuel Administration, created "fuel holidays" encouraging Americans to do their part by rationing fuel, implemented daylight savings time for the first time in American history, shifting the clocks to allow more daylight hours

George Creel

Headed the Committee on Public Information, for promoting the war effort in WWI. Employed artists, filmmakers, speakers, and writers to develop an American loyalty propaganda machine. Created an anti-German attitude in America

Committee of Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

Point 14

League of Nations

Lansing-Ishii Agreement, 1917

Lessened the tension in the feuds between the U.S. and Japan by recognizing Japan's sphere of influence in China in exchange for Japan's continued recognition of the Open Door policy in China.

Fuel Administration

Like the Food Administration, the Fuel Administration encouraged Americans to save fuel with "heatless Mondays" and "gasless Sundays." The actions helped create a sum of $21 billion to pay for the war.

Zimmerman Telegram

March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.

Four Minute Men

Men sent on tour by Pres. Wilson to present four minute propaganda speeches to the public

the Soviet Ark

Nickname for the transport ship that transported 249 people from New York for Finland on December 22 1919; included were assorted anarchists, criminals, and public charges, all of whom were deported to Russia without benefit of a court hearing.

Pancho Villa's raid, 1916

On March 9, 1916, several hundred Mexican rebels led by Francisco "Pancho" Villa attacked Columbus, New Mexico killing 17 Americans. General John J. Pershing launched an expedition into Mexico to capture Villa, but failed. Resentment over the U.S. intrusion led to a diplomatic crisis with the Mexican government that escalated into violence when Mexican troops attacked the 10th Cavalry. Pancho Villa's raid drove a wedge between the U.S and Mexican governments, which led to the halt of all economic aid and resulted in American resentment towards Mexican Americans.

Boston Police Strike of 1919

Police force in Boston went on strike to protest layoffs and wage cuts and demanded union recognition, Governor Coolidge fired them and called the militia to be the police force; Public anxiety over the strike and fear of revolution contributed to Red Scare

Who lost the most troops in WWI?

Russia

Reservationists

Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made like the elimination of Article X- led by Henry Cabot Lodge

irreconcilables

Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without reservations

RMS Lusitania (1915)

Sunk on May 7, 1915 - Passenger ship from New York to Liverpool - Took off despite warnings from German Authorities to the US (and despite US knowing of other British Merchant ships being sunk) - Considered a fast ship, but the crew wasn't alert and didn't follow Admiralty's directions for evading German subs (sunk with a single torpedo) - 128 Americans Killed - Ship possibly carrying American arms sent to Britain (war supplies) (secondary explosion on board is thought to have been munitions) - Sunk by a German U-Boat - Only one example of U-Boats destroying vessels with American passengers

Volstead Act

The Act specified that "no person shall manufacture, sell, barter, transport, import, export, deliver, furnish or possess any intoxicating liquor except as authorized by this act." It did not specifically prohibit the purchase or use of intoxicating liquors

Battle of Chateau-Thierry

The first significant engagement of American troops in World War I—and, indeed, in any European war. To weary French soldiers, the American doughboys were an image of fresh and gleaming youth.

Hello Girls

These women helped during WWI by keeping communications open between the front lines and the headquarters of the American forces. most of them were bilingual and stationed in combat areas

National Defense Act (1916)

This act, in response to the Lusitania, increased the standing Federal army to 175,000 and permitted that it be enlarged to 223,00. It also increased the National Guard to 440,000 and introduced ROTC in schools

War Industries Board

This government agency oversaw the production of all American factories. It determined priorities, allocated raw materials, and fixed prices; it told manufacturers what they could and could not produce.

Article X

This part of the Versailles Treaty morally bound the U. S. to aid any member of the League of Nations that experienced any external aggression.

Who lost the least troops in WWI?

United States

Espionage Act of 1917

United States federal law passed shortly after entering World War I, on June 15, 1917, which made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies. The legislation was passed at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, who feared any widespread dissent in time of war, thinking that it constituted a real threat to an American victory.

Red Summer of 1919

Used to describe the bloody race riots that occurred during the summer and autumn of 1919. Race riots erupted in several cities in both the North and South of the United States. The three with the highest number of fatalities happened in Chicago, Washington, D.C. and Elaine, Arkansas.

who won the election of 1916?

Wilson, "He kept us out of war.", Democrat

attrition

a gradual reduction or weakening; a rubbing away

what caused the repeal of the 18th amendment in 1933?

a lack of enforcement, compounded by an overwhelming demand by the public to obtain alcohol at all costs

The Sedition Act of 1918

aimed mostly at germans/antiwar protestors; looked to curb the right to free speech; socialists were targeted/arrested. prohibited any criticism or disloyal language against the federal government and its policies, the U.S. Constitution, the military uniform, or the American flag

Harlem Hellfighters (The Black Rattlers)

an African-American infantry unit in WWI who spent more time in combat than any other American unit. Despite their courage, sacrifice and dedication to their country, they returned home to face racism and segregation from their fellow countrymen.

why did Wilson not declare war til 1917 even though the Germans were sinking passenger ships in 1916?

because he was running for re-election and needed Irish (who hated English) and German immigrant votes

Naval Appropriations Act of 1916

called for the expansion of the U.S. fleet, including battleships, destroyers, submarines, and other ships

National Labor War Board (1918)

created from negotiations between Gompers and Wilson, organized labor would make a no strike pledge during the war and U.S. government would protect worker's rights to organize and bargain collectively. As a result, workers established an eight hour work day, a livable wage, and union membership skyrocketed.

Wilson's 14 points 1-5

emphasized freedom of the seas, lower tariffs, and arms reduction, were about diplomacy

Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917

prohibited individual trade with an enemy nation and banned the use of the postal service for disseminating any literature deemed treasonous by the postmaster general

Wilson's 14 points 6-13

removal of troops, and democratic self-determination, colonies will be free (only the losing sides of the war actually set their colonies free)

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

the 18th amendment, prohibiting alcohol, and the 19th amendment, giving women the right to vote, received their final impetus due to

the war effort

Why did Wilson send troops to Cuba in 1917?

to protect American owned sugar plantations from Cuban rebels, lasted 4 years.

T/F: The United States was never a signor on the Treaty of Versailles

true