Chapter 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Questions

Most fluid in the body is in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment. T or F

False

Parathyroid hormone increases Ca 2+ deposition in the bones. T or F

False

The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is potassium. T or F

False

Infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid-base balance because of several factors, including

Inefficiency of infant kidneys The ___ are immature at birth; they are approx half as proficient at concentrating urine as ___. ___ are also inefficient in ridding the body of acids

The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment

Intracellular fluid

Which statement about acids is true?

Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution Strong acids dissociate fully

Most water is excreted via the

kidney Water output occurs by several routes. Water that vaporizes out of the lungs in expired air or diffuses directly through the skin is called insensible water loss. Some water is also lost in perspiration and feces. The rest, about 60% of the total water output, is excreted by the __ in the urine.

Any arterial pH between ___ is considered physiological acidosis

7.0 and 7.35

Normal arterial blood pH is

7.4

A major stimulus for the release of anti-diuretic hormone is

A rise in plasma osmolality ADH results in increased water reabsorption

Which of the following tissues is the least hydrated?

Adipose tissue

Which of the following individuals would have the most body water?

An infant Body water declines to about 45% of body mass in old age. In addition, increased body fat decreases the total body water because adipose tissue contains the least water of all body tissues.

Parathyroid hormone

Enhances release of calcium from bone Activates osteoclasts

Most of the hydrogen ions in the body come from acidic substances in the foods we ingest. T or F

False. Small amounts of acids enter the body via ingested foods. However, most __ ions originate as metabolic by-products or end products.

One way the kidneys maintain HCO3- balance is by

Generating new HCO3-

Which of the following is not an electrolyte

Glucose

The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as

Hyponatremia hypo = low natrium = sodium

All of the following would cause edema EXCEPT

Hypotension Liver disease is associated with edema caused by hypoproteinemia

All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center EXCEPT

Hypotonic extracellular fluid

Which of the following is associated with a swelling of cells

Hypotonic hydration __ causes hyponatremia (low concentration of Na+ in the extracellular fluid), leading to cell swelling

Which condition would cause a drop in pH?

Hypoventilation Breathing slowly increases Pco2-

Water lost through expired air is referred to as

Insensible water loss

Edema is accumulation of fluid in the

Interstitial space

Currently, many states perform capital punishment (execution) using potassium chloride injection. Why would this kind of an injection cause death?

It would cause hyperkalemia which can lead to cardiac arrhythmias, depression, and arrest At high enough doses, KCL would cause hyperkalemia

The only organ of the body that can remove excess fixed acids is the

Kidney Fixed acids are also called metabolic acids

ADH acts on the __ to __ water excretion

Kidneys,; decrease

The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is

Na+

Renal acid-base control mechanisms are coupled to

Na+ transport

Diuresis peaks ___ after drinking water

One hour

_____ circulates throughout the body and links the internal and external environments

Plasma

All of the following would occur if there was an increase in plasma osmolality EXCEPT

Production of large amounts of urine If ___ increases, thirst would result

Which of the following would increase sodium excretion

Progesterone Reabsorption of sodium does not exhibit a transport maximum. ANP and __ increase Na+ excretion.

The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment is the

Protein Buffer system Most of the buffering power of body fluids resides in cells, and most of this reflect the buffering activity of intracellular proteins

Someone who is suffocating would develop

Respiratory acidosis A result of elevated blood levels of CO2 due to shallow breathing, suffocation, or lung diseases that impede O2 and CO2 exchange

Hyperventilation can lead to

Respiratory alkalosis

Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of

Salts

The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid

Sodium

When the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases

There is an increase in the level of aldosterone

The major source of water loss from the body is

Urine Urine accounts for roughly 60% of the body's water loss

Estrogens are chemically similar to __ and are therefore associated with water retention

aldosterone

Acidosis results in increasing levels of what ion

hydrogen refers to high H+ concentration

Pica occurs when there is a deficiency of ___ in the body

minerals, such as iron __, or eating of clay, chald, or burnt match tips, occurs when there is a deficiency of minerals such as iron in the body

The most important factor that influences K+ secretion is

the concentration of K+ in the ECF

Which of the following has the LEAST influence over the pH of blood plasma

the phosphate buffer system the bicarbonate buffer system is the primary buffer system for the ECF. because the __ is present in low concentrations in the ECF, it is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma

Which of the following puts infants at increased risk for dehydration?

their inefficient kidneys