Chapter 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Questions
Most fluid in the body is in the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment. T or F
False
Parathyroid hormone increases Ca 2+ deposition in the bones. T or F
False
The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is potassium. T or F
False
Infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid-base balance because of several factors, including
Inefficiency of infant kidneys The ___ are immature at birth; they are approx half as proficient at concentrating urine as ___. ___ are also inefficient in ridding the body of acids
The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment
Intracellular fluid
Which statement about acids is true?
Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution Strong acids dissociate fully
Most water is excreted via the
kidney Water output occurs by several routes. Water that vaporizes out of the lungs in expired air or diffuses directly through the skin is called insensible water loss. Some water is also lost in perspiration and feces. The rest, about 60% of the total water output, is excreted by the __ in the urine.
Any arterial pH between ___ is considered physiological acidosis
7.0 and 7.35
Normal arterial blood pH is
7.4
A major stimulus for the release of anti-diuretic hormone is
A rise in plasma osmolality ADH results in increased water reabsorption
Which of the following tissues is the least hydrated?
Adipose tissue
Which of the following individuals would have the most body water?
An infant Body water declines to about 45% of body mass in old age. In addition, increased body fat decreases the total body water because adipose tissue contains the least water of all body tissues.
Parathyroid hormone
Enhances release of calcium from bone Activates osteoclasts
Most of the hydrogen ions in the body come from acidic substances in the foods we ingest. T or F
False. Small amounts of acids enter the body via ingested foods. However, most __ ions originate as metabolic by-products or end products.
One way the kidneys maintain HCO3- balance is by
Generating new HCO3-
Which of the following is not an electrolyte
Glucose
The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as
Hyponatremia hypo = low natrium = sodium
All of the following would cause edema EXCEPT
Hypotension Liver disease is associated with edema caused by hypoproteinemia
All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center EXCEPT
Hypotonic extracellular fluid
Which of the following is associated with a swelling of cells
Hypotonic hydration __ causes hyponatremia (low concentration of Na+ in the extracellular fluid), leading to cell swelling
Which condition would cause a drop in pH?
Hypoventilation Breathing slowly increases Pco2-
Water lost through expired air is referred to as
Insensible water loss
Edema is accumulation of fluid in the
Interstitial space
Currently, many states perform capital punishment (execution) using potassium chloride injection. Why would this kind of an injection cause death?
It would cause hyperkalemia which can lead to cardiac arrhythmias, depression, and arrest At high enough doses, KCL would cause hyperkalemia
The only organ of the body that can remove excess fixed acids is the
Kidney Fixed acids are also called metabolic acids
ADH acts on the __ to __ water excretion
Kidneys,; decrease
The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is
Na+
Renal acid-base control mechanisms are coupled to
Na+ transport
Diuresis peaks ___ after drinking water
One hour
_____ circulates throughout the body and links the internal and external environments
Plasma
All of the following would occur if there was an increase in plasma osmolality EXCEPT
Production of large amounts of urine If ___ increases, thirst would result
Which of the following would increase sodium excretion
Progesterone Reabsorption of sodium does not exhibit a transport maximum. ANP and __ increase Na+ excretion.
The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment is the
Protein Buffer system Most of the buffering power of body fluids resides in cells, and most of this reflect the buffering activity of intracellular proteins
Someone who is suffocating would develop
Respiratory acidosis A result of elevated blood levels of CO2 due to shallow breathing, suffocation, or lung diseases that impede O2 and CO2 exchange
Hyperventilation can lead to
Respiratory alkalosis
Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of
Salts
The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid
Sodium
When the concentration of Na+ in the ECF decreases
There is an increase in the level of aldosterone
The major source of water loss from the body is
Urine Urine accounts for roughly 60% of the body's water loss
Estrogens are chemically similar to __ and are therefore associated with water retention
aldosterone
Acidosis results in increasing levels of what ion
hydrogen refers to high H+ concentration
Pica occurs when there is a deficiency of ___ in the body
minerals, such as iron __, or eating of clay, chald, or burnt match tips, occurs when there is a deficiency of minerals such as iron in the body
The most important factor that influences K+ secretion is
the concentration of K+ in the ECF
Which of the following has the LEAST influence over the pH of blood plasma
the phosphate buffer system the bicarbonate buffer system is the primary buffer system for the ECF. because the __ is present in low concentrations in the ECF, it is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma
Which of the following puts infants at increased risk for dehydration?
their inefficient kidneys