chapter 27

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position. Not all terms will be used.

- A buffer is any mechanism that resists changes in pH. - A physiological buffer uses direct elimination of acids, bases, or carbon dioxide from the body in order to adjust systemic acidity. - Substances that bind H⁺ during times of acidity and release H⁺ during the time of alkalinity are referred to as chemical buffers. - Carbon dioxide, when present in sufficient amounts, will bind with water to form carbonic acid, which is capable of dissociating into bicarbonate. This process is reversible in the presence of high acidity or low carbon dioxide concentrations. - The phosphate buffer system plays a significant role in the ICF (where phosphates are located in high concentrations) because phosphates are capable of binding and unbinding H⁺, depending on current conditions of acidity or alkalinity. - The carboxyl ends of protein chains are capable of buffering H⁺ as part of the protein buffer system.

Check all that occur as a result of low blood volume and low blood pressure.

- ADH secretion increases - juxtaglomerular - urine production afferent arterioles

Check all that occur as a result of high blood pressure and high blood volume.

- ANH ADH Urine production Juxtaglomerular cells decreases

Complete each statement using the terms provided.

- At the onset of a bout of exercise, tissue carbon dioxide levels briefly increase due to elevated aerobic respiration. - Carbon dioxide production in respiring tissues creates an increased level of carbonic acid in the blood, resulting in a decreased blood pH. - Altered blood pH during exercise causes the affinity of hemoglobin to decrease, which is seen as a right shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve. - As a result, blood arriving at the respiring tissues will deliver a/an increased amount of oxygen.

Select the correct word from the list to complete each sentence.

- Carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood cells and plasma in the tissues. - Carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cells and plasma in the lungs. - In the chloride shift, HCO3- is exchanged with Cl- in the red blood cells in order to maintain electrical neutrality. - The Haldane effect occurs in the lungs, when hemoglobin that is bound to oxygen is less able to bind with carbon dioxide. - In the tissues, hemoglobin releases oxygen. - When hemoglobin releases oxygen, it is more able to bind with carbon dioxide.

Place a single word in each sentence to make it correct.

- Electrolytes are physiologically important because they affect electrical potential across membranes and contribute to osmolarity of body fluids. - Major cations of the body include sodium, potassium, and hydrogen. - Oppositely, major anions include chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphates. - Concentrations of these anions and cations are needed in specific amounts to maintain normal metabolism of the body. - Electrolyte concentration above or below the normal needed amounts can lead to disorders.

What roles does phosphate play in the body?

- It is found in the salts of bone and teeth. - It is an important component of several macromolecules. - It affects neuromuscular activity. - It is part of an important intracellular buffer system. - It affects the action of the sodium-potassium pump. It

Select the correct word to complete each sentence.

- Large organic molecules, such as proteins, influence the concentrations of solutes inside the cell. - The transport of ions influences the concentration of ions inside and outside of the cell. - An electrical charge difference on the plasma membrane influences the distribution of ions inside and outside of the cell. - The distribution of water is regulated by osmosis.

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position.

- Plasma sodium concentrations above 145 mEq/L represent hypernatremia, a condition that rarely occurs due to equal increases in water. - The consumption of massive amounts of water in a short time frame can produce hyponatremia, resulting from a dilution of sodium in the ECF. - When large quantities of potassium are released from the ICF following massive tissue trauma, hyperkalemia results, causing membrane potentials to be abnormally less negative due to a reduced concentration gradient. - Due often to excess sweating, diarrhea, or vomiting, hyponatremia causes the cell membrane to be hyperpolarized due to increased concentration gradients. - Hyperparathyroidism can result in hypercalcemia, a condition that reduces the membrane permeability to sodium and thus inhibits membrane depolarization. - Muscular tetanus can occur as a result of hypocalcemia brought on by illness or vitamin D deficiency whereby the muscle and nerve membranes are hyperactive

Place a single word in each sentence to make it correct.

- Regulation of intake is governed by thirst receptors that pick up signals of dehydration and return the body to a rehydrated state. - Dehydration can lead to increased blood osmolarity. - This state will stimulate hypothalamic osmoreceptors. - This stimulation will lead to reduced salivation and the sense of thirst. - Through ingestion of water, a negative feedback system is completed

Place a single word in each sentence to make it correct.

- The kidneys can permanently remove substances which affect pH balance by secreting them into the urine. - Tubule cells can catabolize certain amino acids and release ammonia as a product. - This product will diffuse into the tubular fluid where it can act as a base to neutralize the fluid. - It will react with H⁺ and Cl⁻, which is passed in the urine. - This action works as a buffer to reduce the strong acidity of the fluid.

Complete each sentence with the correct word.

- The majority of CO₂ in the blood is carried as bicarbonate ion. - The ability of CO₂ to bind to deoxygenated hemoglobin more readily than it binds oxyhemoglobin is referred to as the Haldane effect. - The chloride shift is an anion exchange that takes place in red blood cells as a mechanism to transport bicarbonate ion out of the cell. - The combination of carbon dioxide and protein known as carbaminohemoglobin is abbreviated HbCO₂. - The decrease in the ability of oxygen to bind to hemoglobin when the pH decreases is known as the Bohr effect. - The reaction between CO2 and H2O to form H2CO3 is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. - Less than 10% of CO₂ is transported as dissolved gas.

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms regarding the general functions of the respiratory system.

- The respiratory tract is a passageway forair between the external environment and the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs. - There are two gases that are exchanged during respiration. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli while the other gas, oxygen, diffuses from the alveoli into the blood. - Receptors located in the superior regions of the nasal cavity called olfactory receptors detect odors as air moves across them. - The vocal cords of the larynx (voicebox) vibrate as air moves across them to produce sound. Sounds then resonate in upper respiratory structures.

Choose the correct word from the list to complete each sentence regarding the kidney's role in maintaining stable pH levels in the body.

- When extracellular pH decreases, the rate of H⁺ secretion increases. - When the extracellular pH decreases, the rate of bicarbonate reabsorption increases. - When extracellular pH increases, the rate of H⁺secretion decreases. - Reabsorbed bicarbonate combines with H⁺ in the extracellular fluid, which raises extracellular pH.

Which of the following are sources of water intake?

- cellular metabolism - ingestion - respiratory intake - osmosis

The two mechanisms used to prevent food from entering the larynx are

- contraction of the - movement of the - closure of the - tipping of epiglottis

Check all that decrease as a result of aging.

- gas exchange, dead space

Check all that have important aspects of regulating thirst.

- increase in blood pressure - decrease in blood pressure - fluid osmoles - water-soluble vitamin absorption

What organ(s) play(s) a role in the excretion of sodium?

- kidneys lungs liver

Which of the following structures is part of the respiratory system? Select all that apply.

- nasal cavity - oral cavity - trachea

The composition of alveolar air differs from atmospheric air. Indicate all of the factors that account for this difference.

- presence of water vapor additional less oxygen

Select all that are functions of the respiratory system.

- respiration, hormone production, nutrient absorption, olfaction, production of chemical mediators

Check all that are major cations in the body.

- sodium - chloride - potassium

Check all that would occur to intracellular and extracellular fluid if you become dehydrated.

- solute concentration solute concentration water moves into water moves out protein concentration

Check all that occur in the kidneys in response to increased body pH levels.

- the rate of HCO reabsorp from the tubules increases - the rate of H+ secretion into the filtrate decreases

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding oxygen transport in the blood.

1. A hemoglobin molecule is 100% saturated with oxygen when four oxygen molecules are bound to it. True 2. 75% of the oxygen bound to hemoglobin serves as an oxygen reserve. True 3. A relatively small change in oxygen concentration in the tissues causes a large change in hemoglobin saturation concentrations. True 4. When oxygen levels decrease in the tissues, hemoglobin releases fewer oxygen molecules. False

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding pleural pressure changes during inspiration and expiration.

1. An increase in lung volume causes a decrease in pleural pressure. True 2. Pleural pressure decreases as lungs expand due to the lungs tendency to recoil. True 3. Pleural pressure decreases during expiration as thoracic volume decreases. False 4. As thoracic volume decreases, pleural pressure increases. True

Match the acids and bases with their descriptions.

1. Completely dissociates into its component ions; adds H+ to a system. Strong acid 2. Completely dissociates into its component ions; removes H+ from a system. Strong base 3. Does not completely dissociate into its component ions; adds H+ to a system. Weak acid 4. Does not completely dissociate into its component ions; removes H+ from a system. Weak base

Match the description with the buffer type.

1. Formed with CO2 and water mix; important in controlling extracellular pH Carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system 2. Provides the majority of the body's buffer capacity; hemoglobin is an example Protein buffer system 3. An important intracellular buffer; HPO4- is an example Phosphate buffer system

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding pressure of gases.

1. Gases move from an area of lower concentration to higher concentration. False 2. Daltons law states that the total pressure of a gas is the sum of pressures of each gas. True 3. If a single gas represents 60% of the total gas, its partial pressure will be 60% of the total pressure. True 4. If the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli is greater than the concentration of oxygen in the blood, oxygen will diffuse out of the blood. False 5. Typically, carbon dioxide concentrations are higher in the blood than in the alveoli, so carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli. True

Match the muscle with its role in respiration.

1. Internal intercostals: Contract during expiration 2. External intercostals: Contract during inspiration 3. Diaphragm: Contract during inspiration 4. Abdominal muscles: Contract during expiration

Match the term with the corresponding definition.

1. Measures the ease with which the lungs and thorax expand Compliance 2. Total amount of air moved into and out of the lungs each minute respiration 3. Number of breaths taken each minute Respiratory rate

Match the cause and description of the acid-base balance with its name.

1. Results from inadequate ventilation of the lungs Respiratory acidosis 2. Results from hyperventilation of the lungs Respiratory alkalosis 3. Results from all conditions that decrease the pH below 7.35 Acidosis 4. Results from all conditions that increase the pH above 7.45 Alkalosis

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding cerebral and limbic system control of respiration.

1. The cerebral cortex is only involved in unconscious control of respiration. False 2. Emotions can affect respiration via the limbic system. True 3. Voluntary hyperventilation results in decreased blood flow to the brain. True 4. Apnea is the absence of breathing, either voluntarily or involuntarily. True

Match the description with the appropriate term.

1. The tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in size due to elastic fibers Lung recoil 2. Water molecules being attracted to other water molecules due to their chemistry (oppositely charged ends of the molecules) Surface tension 3. Mixture of lipoprotein molecules produced by secretory cells of the alveolar epithelium to prevent alveoli from collapsing Surfactant

Match the pulmonary capacity with its definition.

1. Tidal volume plus Inspiratory reserve volume Inspiratory capacity 2. Expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume Functional residual capacity 3. Sum of Inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume Vital capacity 4. Sum of all of the pulmonary volumes Total lung capacity

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding exercise and ventilation.

1. Ventilation increases gradually at the start of exercise. False 2. Movement of skeletal muscles has a stimulatory effect on respiration. True 3. The highest level of exercise that can occur without causing a change in blood pH is called the anaerobic threshold. True 4. Changes in blood gases and blood pH are largely responsible for increasing ventilation during aerobic exercise. False

Match the respiratory system structure with its description.

1. Visible structure on the face External nose 2. Extends from the nares to the choanae Nasal cavity 3. Common opening for digestive and respiratory systems Pharynx 4. Located posterior to the choanae and superior to the soft palate Nasopharynx 5. Extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis Oropharynx 6. Extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus Laryngopharynx 7. Passageway for air; extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea Larynx 8. Windpipe; membranous tube attached to the larynx Trachea 9. Large, conical-shaped organs of respiration Lungs 10. Small, air-filled chambers for where gas exchange takes place Alveoli

Match the pulmonary volume with its definition.

1. Volume of air inspired or expired with each breath Tidal volume 2. Amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after normal inspiration Inspiratory reserve volume 3. Amount of air that can be forcefully expired after normal exhalation Expiratory reserve volume 4. Volume of air in the lungs after forceful expiration Residual volume

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding carbon dioxide exchange.

1. When hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen, it readily takes up carbon dioxide molecules. False 2. In the chloride shift, HCO3- is exchanged for Cl-. True 3. HCO3- joins with H+ to form carbonic acid. True 4. The release of hydrogen ions from hemoglobin results in an uptake of oxygen by hemoglobin. True

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood.

1. When your bodys temperature increases, more oxygen is released from hemoglobin. True 2. When carbon dioxide levels increase at the tissue capillaries, blood pH decreases. True 3. An increase in blood carbon dioxide levels results in an increase in hemoglobins affinity for oxygen. False 4. When carbon dioxide leaves the blood at the pulmonary capillaries, pH levels decrease. False

Put the following in order to illustrate the neural mechanism involved in regulating extracellular blood volume.

1. baroreceptors detect increase in blood pressure 2. sympathetic input decreases to afferent arterioles in kidney 3. afferent arterioles dilate 4. glomerular filtration rate increases 5. urine volume increases

Place each label to indicate the muscular activation required to produce the designated volume.

1. contraction of scalenes 2. contraction of diaphragm 3. passive lung 4. contraction of rectus

Correctly label the components of the upper respiratory tract.

1. frontal sinus 2.middle nasal concha 3.uvula 4.epiglottis 5.trachea

Match the histological descriptions with the correct segment of airway.

1. simple cuboidal epithelium 2. simple columnar epithelium 3. pseudostratified ciliated epithelium vestibule, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Which of the following events increase respiration and which decrease respiration?

DECREASES: activation of irritant, stimulation of stretch receptors in INCREASES: a decrease in pH, stimulation of proprio, stimulation of the dorsal, stimulation of pain

Drag and drop the event with its effect on body pH levels increases PH: hyperventa decrease in h+ decreade in CO2

Decreases pH - hypoventi increase in h+ increase in CO2

COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is caused by a long-term obstruction of airflow, which decreases pulmonary ventilation. Two major COPDs are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Indicate in which COPD each variable below would be increased or decreased.

Emphysema: thoracic volume, length of respire, size of alveoli) decreased: lung elastic, force, number of alveoli Chronic Bronchitis: number of bronchial, mucus production) decreases: number of resp, mobility of cilia

Apnea is the slowing of respiration as occurs during sleep.

FALSE

Fetal hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin does.

FALSE

The alveoli never attain equal pressure with the ambient (outside) air.

FALSE

The main stimulus that drives increased breathing during exercise is a drop in blood levels of oxygen.

FALSE

Indicate whether contraction of each muscle plays a part in either an increase in thoracic volume or a decrease in thoracic volume.

INCREASE: sternocle, scalenes, pectoralis, external inter, diaphragm DECREASE: internal inter, abdominal muscles

Place each of the following conditions in the proper category to predict whether the delivery of oxygen would be increased or decreased.

INCREASED: Bohr effect, right shift in the oxygen, decreases blood pH, increases hematocrit DECREASED: decreased temp., iron deficiency, carbon monoxide, tissue PO2, tissue POCO2, alveolar PO2

How do each of the following affect the level of oxyhemoglobin? decreases oxyhemo: increased temp. decreases pH heavy exercise

Increases oxy: decreases PCO2 increases PO2

Label the respiratory areas.

LEFT: pontine respiratory group, pons, ventral respiratory, medulla oblongata, internal intercostals muscles RIGHT: dorsal respiratory group, external intercostals muscles, diaphragm

Match the causes listed below with the correct disorder. respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation exercising at high elevation respiratory acidosis - hypoventilation asthma cystic fibrosis

Metabolic Acidosis - diabetes mellitus - starvation metabolic alkalosis - chronic vomiting taking to many antacids hypersecretion of aldosterone

Gasses diffuse because of differences in partial pressures from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure.

TRUE

When partial pressures for a given gas are equal between the capillaries and the tissue fluids, no net movement of that gas occurs.

TRUE

Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.

The amount of air that is moved between the atmosphere and alveoli in one minute is pulmonary ventilation. The normal adult breathes approximately 500 mL per breath (tidal volume), and this occurs about 12 times per minute. The amount of air taken in during 1 minute is minute volume and is calculated using the following formula: tidal volume × respiration rate. The amount of air that reaches the alveoli and is available for gas exchange per minute is termed alveolar ventilation. This is calculated using the following mathematical formula: tidal volume - anatomic dead space × respiration rate

Check all that are major anions in the body.

bicarbonate

Indicate whether the given act would create water retention or water loss in the body. causes water loss: - aldosterone hyposecretion hemorrhage increased blood pressure hyponatremia - decreased renal tu

causes water retention -adg hyper -hyperkalemia -renin release - ingestion of water - increases osmolarity of blood

Using the arrows as a guide, drag and drop the labels into the correct order, based on when they occur or are converted.

left top: increases renin bottom left: increases aldosterone middle first: angiotensin I & angiotensin II

Assign the following feature or functions to the appropriate anatomical region. nasal cavity: conchae, inferior meatus, choana

pharynx: uvula, palatine tonsil, opening of auditory tube larynx: epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, vocal folds

Check all that are a function of the Hering-Breur reflex.

prevent over inflation of the lungs in adults