Chapter 27 Multiple Choice

Approximately 90-95% of the osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid is caused by ______ and the negative ions associated with them. A) Ca2+ ions B) K+ ions C) Mg2+ ions D) Na+ ions

Na+ ions

Which statement is correct? A) Aldosterone decreases Na+ reabsorption in the kidney tubules. B) Aldosterone increases K+ reabsorption in the kidney tubules. C) Parathyroid hormone increases blood Ca2+ levels. D) Parathyroid hormone increases blood phosphate levels.

Parathyroid hormone increases blood Ca2+ levels

The major anion in the intracellular fluid is A) phosphate. B) chloride. C) calcium. D) sulfate.

Phosphate

In which choice are the major body fluid compartments ranked correctly in order of decreasing volume? A) intracellular, plasma, interstitial B) plasma, interstitial, intracellular C) intracellular, interstitial, plasma D) plasma, intracellular, interstitial

intracellular, interstitial, plasma

As the hydrogen ion concentration of the ECF increases, the A) pH of the ECF increases. B) respiratory rate decreases. C) pH of the urine increases. D) kidneys increase hydrogen ion secretion.

kidneys increase hydrogen ion secretion

Prolonged diarrhea can cause A) metabolic acidosis and dehydration. B) metabolic alkalosis and dehydration. C) metabolic acidosis and hypoventilation. D) metabolic alkalosis and hyperventilation.

metabolic acidosis and dehydration

Buffer systems do which of the following? A) minimize pH changes in body fluids by converting stronger acids or bases into weaker acids or bases B) increase the severity of pH changes in the body fluids C) are not present in intracellular fluid D) consist of a weak acid plus a strong acid

minimize pH changes in body fluids by converting stronger acids or bases into weaker acids or bases

If the solute concentration in the extracellular fluid decreases, water A) moves into the cells. B) moves out of the cells. C) moves out of the blood. D) will not move.

moves into the cells

Which of these chemicals is able to help in compensating for metabolic acidosis? A) sodium chloride B) amino group ion and amino acid or protein C) carbonic acid D) bicarbonate ion

Bicarbonate ion

Respiratory alkalosis would be indicated if blood pH is _____ and blood carbon dioxide levels are ______. A) high; high B) high; low C) low; high D) low; low

High; low

All of these conditions could cause respiratory acidosis EXCEPT A) hyperventilation. B) obstruction of the respiratory passageways. C) emphysema. D) pneumonia.

Hyperventilation

Respiratory acidosis may be caused by A) hyperventilation. B) hypoventilation. C) reduced levels of CO2 in the body. D) a prolonged stay at a high altitude.

Hypoventilation

Thirst is caused by which of the following? A) increased ECF volume B) decreased ECF osmolarity C) increased ECF osmolarity D) decreased ICF volume

Increased ECF osmolarity

Which factor would cause a shift of water from the plasma to the interstitial fluid? A) increased interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure B) increased blood plasma colloid osmotic pressure C) decreased blood (hydrostatic) pressure D) increased blood (hydrostatic) pressure

Increased blood (hydrostatic) pressure

A person who is dehydrated would exhibit all of these conditions EXCEPT A) increased thirst B) increased ADH secretion C) increased urine output D) increased urine osmolarity

Increased urine output

All of these are sources of acid EXCEPT A) aerobic respiration. B) the incomplete oxidation of fatty acids. C) ingestion of bicarbonate. D) the breakdown of nucleic acids.

Ingestion of bicarbonate

Large organic molecules such as proteins are not usually found in the A) interstitial fluid. B) intracellular fluid. C) plasma.

Interstitial fluid

Which of these body fluid compartments contains the highest concentration of proteins? A) lymph B) interstitial fluid C) cerebrospinal fluid D) intracellular

Intracellular

In which of these compartments is Na+ concentration the lowest? A) interstitial fluid B) plasma C) intracellular fluid D) lymph

Intracellular fluid

Which fluid compartment contains about 67% (by volume) of all body water? A) intracellular fluid B) plasma C) lymph D) extracellular fluid

Intracellular fluid

__________ accounts for about 40% of the total body weight. A) Extracellular fluid B) Interstitial fluid C) Intracellular fluid D) Plasma

Intracellular fluid

The major cation in the intracellular fluid is A) Na+. B) K+. C) Cl-. D) Ca2+.

K+

Small changes in the concentration of ____ ions in the ECF can cause large changes in the resting membrane potential (RMP). A) Ca2+ ions B) Cl- ions C) K+ ions D) Mg2+ ions E) Na+ ions

K+ ions

In the kidney tubules, aldosterone increases reabsorption of ______ and increases secretion of _______. A) K+; Na+ B) Na+; K+ C) calcium; phosphate D) phosphate; calcium

K+; Na+

The ____________ are the primary organs that regulate the composition and volume of body fluids. A) kidneys B) lungs C) blood vessels D) intestines E) liver and gall bladder

Kidneys

Which of these is NOT one of the major buffer systems in the body? A) lactic acid buffer system B) carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system C) phosphate buffer system D) protein buffer system

Lactic acid buffer system

A person who has unregulated diabetes mellitus may also have A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis and dehydration. D) metabolic alkalosis and dehydration.

Metabolic acidosis and dehydration

Prolonged vomiting may cause A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.

Metabolic alkalosis

A small amount of the daily water requirement is met by molecules produced during oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. This is referred to as A) cutaneous water. B) metabolic water. C) transcellular water. D) free water.

Metabolic water

Hypocalcemia has which of these symptoms? A) anorexia B) constipation C) fatigue D) muscle spasms E) kidney stones

Muscle spasms

The major cation in the extracellular fluid is A) Na+. B) K+. C) Cl-. D) Ca2+.

Na+

In the body, the dominant extracellular cations are A) Ca2+ ions. B) K+ ions. C) Mg2+ ions. D) Na+ ions. E) Cl- ions.

Na+ ions

Which factor stimulates ADH secretion? A) high ECF volume B) high ECF osmolarity C) high blood pressure D) high blood calcium

High ECF osmolarity

Kidney disease causes A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.

Metabolic acidosis

If blood pressure decreases, blood levels of __________ increase. A) aldosterone B) angiotensin II C) ADH D) renin E) all of these

-aldosterone -angiotensin II -ADH -renin

About what percent of a young adult's body weight is due to water? A) 4 to 5% B) 10 to 12% C) 50 to 60% D) 98 to 99%

50 to 60%

The normal pH of the blood ranges between A) 6.95 and 7.05. B) 7.4 and 7.6. C) 7.2 and 7.4. D) 7.35 and 7.45.

7.35 and 7.45

The most important regulator of blood osmolality is A) aldosterone. B) ADH. C) atrial natriuretic hormone. D) renin. E) angiotensin II.

ADH

Which hormone is correctly matched with the results of its hypersecretion? A) aldosterone; hypernatremia B) ADH; diuresis C) parathyroid hormone; hypocalcemia D) ANP; hypernatremia

ANP; hypernatremia

__________ plays a major role in regulating the concentration of K+ ions in the extracellular fluid by increasing the rate of K+ ion secretion in the distal tubule and collecting duct. A) Aldosterone B) Angiotensin II C) ADH D) Atrial natriuretic hormone E) Renin

Aldosterone

Various tissues in the body have different levels of water content. Which of these has the lowest water content by volume? A) skin B) cardiac muscle tissue C) skeletal muscle tissue D) adipose tissue

Adipose tissue

ECF potassium levels are mainly regulated by which of the following hormones? A) parathyroid hormone B) antidiuretic hormone C) aldosterone D) atrial natriuretic hormone

Aldosterone

ECF sodium levels are mainly regulated by which of the following hormones? A) parathyroid hormone B) antidiuretic hormone C) aldosterone D) atrial natriuretic hormone

Aldosterone

Which hormone stimulates the kidneys to excrete excess potassium? A) ADH B) aldosterone C) ANP D) ACTH

Aldosterone

Buffers A) bind to excess H+ ions that are added to a solution. B) prevent large changes in body fluid pH. C) may involve weak acids. D) release H+ ions when H+ ion concentration in a solution falls. E) all of these

All of these -bind to excess H+ ions that are added to a solution. -prevent large changes in body fluid pH. -may involve weak acids. -release H+ ions when H+ ion concentration in a solution falls.

Thirst is stimulated by A) increased osmolality of the blood. B) decreased blood volume. C) increased angiotensin II. D) all of these

All of these -Increased osmolarity of the blood -Decreased blood volume -Increased angiotensin II

An acid A) has a pH below 7. B) that completely dissociates in solution is a strong acid. C) releases hydrogen ions into a solution. D) is a compound such as H2CO3. E) all of these

All of those -has a pH below 7. -that completely dissociates in solution is a strong acid -releases hydrogen ions into a solution. -is a compound such as H2CO3.

This hormone directly increases water reabsorption in the kidneys. A) aldosterone B) atrial natriuretic hormone C) antidiuretic hormone D) parathyroid hormone

Antidiuretic hormone

Strong acids A) ionize less completely than weak acids. B) release fewer H+ than weak acids. C) cause a smaller change in pH than weak acids. D) can be buffered by bases.

Can be buffered by bases

The major anion in the extracellular fluid is A) phosphate. B) chloride. C) calcium. D) sulfate.

Chloride

The most abundant negatively charged ion in the extracellular fluid is A) ammonium. B) bicarbonate C) chloride. D) sulfate.

Chloride

Which of these conditions produces a large volume of dilute urine? A) decreased ADH secretion B) increased renin secretion C) increased angiotensin II production D) increased aldosterone secretion E) all of these

Decreased ADH secretion

Drinking too much water could cause each of these changes EXCEPT A) decreased ECF osmolarity B) decreased cell volumes C) increased ECF volume D) increased urine output

Decreased cell volumes

Which condition causes increased ECF osmolarity? A) water intoxication B) dehydration C) hemorrhage D) sleeping

Dehydration

Which condition is caused by water output exceeding water intake? A) water intoxication B) ADH hyposecretion C) dehydration D) increased blood volume

Dehydration

Hyposecretion of ADH causes A) hypercalcemia B) hyponatremia C) diabetes mellitus D) diabetes insipidus

Diabetes insipidus

Which statement concerning body fluid composition is correct? A) Intracellular fluid contains a lower concentration of proteins than interstitial fluid. B) Interstitial fluid contains a higher concentration of proteins than plasma. C) Extracellular fluid contains a higher concentration of potassium than intracellular fluid. D) Extracellular fluid contains a higher concentration of sodium than intracellular fluid.

Extracellular fluid contains a higher concentration of sodium than intracellular fluid

Which of these normally represents the SMALLEST source of water loss from the body? A) evaporation B) feces C) sensible and insensible perspiration D) urine

Feces

Which of these chemicals is capable of buffering strong bases? A) NaHCO3 B) NaCl C) H2CO3 D) HPO4

H2CO3

The capillary endothelium separates these two body fluid compartments. A) ICF and ECF B) ICF and interstitial fluid C) cerebrospinal and brain tissue fluid D) plasma and interstitial fluid

Plasma and interstitial fluid

All of these are effects of antidiuretic hormone EXCEPT A) increased water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts B) reduced urine osmolarity C) increased permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts to water D) reduced urine output

Reduced urine osmolarity

An acid is an ionic compound that A) releases H+ when it dissociates. B) combines with H+. C) when added to a solution, increases the pH of the solution. D) releases OH- when it dissociates.

Releases H+ when it dissociates

Emphysema may cause A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.

Respiratory acidosis

Prolonged hyperventilation could cause A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.

Respiratory alkalosis

Body water is lost through each of these organs EXCEPT the A) kidneys B) lungs C) skin D) skeletal muscles

Skeletal muscle

Which statement is correct? A) The respiratory system compensates for alkalosis by decreasing respiratory rate and depth. B) The respiratory system compensates for acidosis by decreasing respiratory rate and depth. C) The renal system compensates for alkalosis by increasing secretion of H+. D) The buffer systems compensate for acidosis by converting weak acids to stronger acids.

The respiratory system compensates for alkalosis by decreasing respiratory rate and depth

Which mechanism is the main regulator of water intake? A) amount of saliva being produced B) thirst C) small changes in ECF volume D) changes in ECF pH

Thirst

__________ is necessary for the transport of Ca2+ ions across the wall of the intestinal tract. A) Calcitonin B) PTH C) Aldosterone D) Angiotensin II E) Vitamin D

Vitamin D

A diuretic is which of the following? A) a substance that causes water retention B) a substance that causes increased urine production C) a drug that may be administered in order to prevent water excretion in the urine D) a drug that may be administered in order to reduce water loss through sweating

a substance that causes increased urine production

High levels of Na+ in the ECF would cause which of the following? A) an increase in plasma volume. B) a decrease in Na+ excretion in the kidneys. C) an increase in aldosterone secretion. D) water to shift from the ECF into the ICF.

an increase in plasma volume

Increased blood pressure stimulates the release of A) aldosterone. B) ADH. C) atrial natriuretic hormone. D) renin. E) angiotensin II.

atrial natriuretic hormone

When hydrogen ions are secreted into the lumen of the nephron, sodium ions and __________ pass into the extracellular fluid. A) chloride ions B) potassium ions C) calcium ions D) bicarbonate ions E) sulfate ions

bicarbonate ions

A person who is hyperventilating may A) be compensating for respiratory alkalosis. B) be compensating for metabolic acidosis. C) have respiratory acidosis. D) both B and C

both B and C -be compensating for metabolic acidosis. -have respiratory acidosis.

Which of the following is true about hyponatremia? A) refers to abnormally high sodium levels B) can be caused by excessive water loss from the body C) can be caused by aldosterone hypersecretion D) can cause a shift of water into the cells

can cause a shift of water into the cells

Respiratory regulation of pH depends upon the A) carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system. B) phosphate buffer system. C) protein buffer system.

carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system

The reaction between CO2 and H2O is catalyzed by A) angiotensin-converting enzyme. B) carbonic anhydrase. C) sodium bicarbonate. D) phosphate. E) carbonic acid.

carbonic anhydrase

A loss of body water would do which of the following? A) inhibit the thirst center B) cause stomach distention C) stimulate osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus D) inhibit ADH secretion

stimulate osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

Decreased elimination of CO2 from the body causes pH to __________ and can result in __________. A) decrease, acidosis B) decrease, alkalosis C) increase, acidosis D) increase, alkalosis

decrease, acidosis

The major effect of acidosis is the __________ of the nervous system, whereas a major effect of alkalosis is __________ of the nervous system. A) depression, hyperexcitability B) hyperexcitability, depression

depression, hyperexcitability

Aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by angiotensin II and A) elevated blood Na+ ion levels. B) decreased blood Cl- ion levels. C) elevated blood K+ ion levels. D) decreased blood Ca2+ ion levels. E) elevated blood pressure.

elevated blood K+ ion levels

The interstitial fluid, plasma, and lymph are part of which larger fluid compartment? A) synovial fluid B) transcellular fluid C) intracellular fluid D) extracellular fluid.

extracellular fluid

Intracellular fluid A) comprises a smaller percentage of body weight than extracellular fluid. B) has a lower concentration of sodium ions than extracellular fluid. C) has a lower concentration of potassium ions than extracellular fluid. D) has a higher concentration of calcium ions than extracellular fluid. E) all of these

has a lower concentration of sodium ions than extracellular fluid

These are primarily responsible for the movement of fluid between plasma and interstitial fluids. A) hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure B) osmosis and active transport C) primary and secondary active transport D) membrane channels

hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

Loss of a large volume of sweat results in the body fluids becoming __________ and causes __________ in plasma volume. A) hypertonic, a decrease B) hypertonic, an increase C) isotonic, no change D) hypotonic, a decrease E) hypotonic, an increase

hypertonic, a decrease

An increase in the level of H+ ions in the ECF would cause A) increased renal secretion of H+. B) decreased renal secretion of H+. C) decreased respiratory rate and depth. D) the conversion of weak acids to stronger acids.

increased renal secretion of H+

When the body has to get rid of excess water, the mechanism that is used is A) sweating B) diarrhea C) increased respiratory rate and depth D) increased urine production

increased urine production

Hyposecretion of ADH has this effect on urine volume and concentration. A) increased volume and decreased concentration B) increased volume and increased concentration C) decreased volume and increased concentration D) decreased volume and decreased concentration

increased volume and decreased concentration

Parathyroid hormone __________ blood calcium levels and calcitonin __________ blood calcium levels. A) decreases, decreases B) decreases, increases C) increases, decreases D) increases, increases

increases, decreases

During conditions of severe dehydration, hematocrit __________, which results in a(n) __________ in blood viscosity. A) decreases, decrease B) decreases, increase C) increases, decrease D) increases, increase

increases, increase

All of these factors help to cause ADH secretion EXCEPT A) ingesting more water than is needed to balance water loss B) stimulation of hypothalamic osmoreceptors C) dehydration D) increased ECF osmotic pressure

ingesting more water than is needed to balance water loss

Water and electrolytes can move directly from the intracellular fluid into the A) plasma. B) interstitial fluid. C) lymph. D) capillaries.

interstitial fluid

ECF calcium levels are mainly regulated by which of the following hormones? A) aldosterone B) antidiuretic hormone C) parathyroid hormone D) atrial natriuretic hormone

parathyroid hormone

The major mechanism that controls plasma levels of calcium ions is A) the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism. B) the phosphate transport mechanism in the nephron. C) atrial natriuretic hormone secretion. D) ADH secretion. E) parathyroid hormone secretion.

parathyroid hormone secretion

In which choice would the person on the left be most likely to have a lower body water content (by percent of body weight) than the person on the right? A) person with 15% body fat / person with 5% body fat B) male / female C) baby / elderly person D) normal / dehydrated

person with 15% body fat / person with 5% body fat

All of these conditions could cause metabolic acidosis EXCEPT A) kidney failure. B) diabetes mellitus. C) prolonged diarrhea. D) prolonged vomiting of stomach contents.

prolonged vomiting of stomach contents

The majority of the body's buffer system capacity is the A) carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system. B) phosphate buffer system. C) protein buffer system.

protein buffer system

Nephrons directly regulate acid-base balance by A) combining H+ ions with Cl- ions. B) forming carbon dioxide. C) secreting H+ ions into the filtrate. D) producing carbonic anhydrase. E) producing protein buffers.

secreting H+ ions into the filtrate

Which item is correctly matched with the area where it is located or secreted? A) thirst center: hypothalamus B) osmoreceptors: medulla oblongata C) ADH secretion: anterior pituitary D) aldosterone: adrenal medulla

thirst center: hypothalamus

When there is an abnormally high or low level of sodium in the ECF, A) sodium shifts into or out of the cells to balance ICF and ECF osmolarity. B) water shifts into or out of the cells to balance ICF and ECF osmolarity. C) water shifts into or out of the capillaries to balance plasma and interstitial fluid osmolarity. D) sodium shifts into or out of the capillaries to balance plasma and interstitial fluid osmolarity.

water shifts into or out of the cells to balance ICF and ECF osmolarity

An increase in the ECF Na+ levels would cause A) red blood cells to swell. B) Na+ to shift out of the ICF and into the ECF. C) water to shift out of the ICF and into the ECF. D) water to shift out of the ECF and into the ICF.

water to shift out of the ICF and into the ECF