Chapter 27: Republican Resurgence and Decline

Who became president at Harding's death?

"Silent Cal", Calvin Coolidge

What did Harding call his wife?

"The Duchess"

What were the reasons for the stock market crash of October 1929?(according to economic factors, governmental policies, and the gold standard)

-economic factors: A third of personal income went to only 5% of population, the flow of American Capital abroad began to dry up when the stock market began to look more attractive, but would trouble Kane the bloated corporation structure collapsed. -Government policies: to Andrew Mellon the secretary of the treasury in the 1920s, the appropriate role of the government was to promote free enterprise by cutting taxes, reducing regulation, and balancing the budget. -The gold standard; when economic output, prices, and savings begin dropping a 1929, policymakers - certain that they had to keep their currencies tied to gold at all cost - often tight end money supplies at the very moment that economies needed an expanding money supply to keep growing.

By 1908 there were nearly____movie theaters scattered across the nation.

10,000

How did Henry ford Democratize the automobile?

1916=>1 million cars manufactured...1920=> 8million cars registered...1929=> 23 million cars.

Elaborate on the union membership decline of the 1920s.

1920=> 5 million 1929=> 2.9 million

What was the "American plan" used to keep out unions?

1921 created by business groups in Chicago: The open shop allowed employers not to hire unionists

Consumer goods industries field much of the economic boom from___to___.

1922 to 1929

What was Hoover's American Individualism?

1922; Hoover prescribed a kind of middle way between the regulatory and trust busting traditions, a way of government encourage in voluntary cooperation among competing business

Who was Charles Lindbergh Jr.?

1927, made the first solo transatlantic flight, traveling from New York to Paris and 33 1/2 hours.

What was the federal radio commission?

1927; Stabley S-t to regulate broadcasting industry. In 1934 if you can the Federal Communications Commission, with authority over other forms of communication as well

Hoover endorsed the agricultural marketing act, what was it?

1929; set up a federal farm board to help farm cooperatives market the major commodities.

What did the Hawley - Smoot tariff do? Who was against it?

1930; carried duties to an all-time high. Rates went up on some 70 farm products and more than 900 manufactured items. More than 1000 economists petition Hoover to veto the bill because it would raise prices paid by consumers, damage the export trade and thus hurt farmers, promote inefficiency, and insight foreign reprisals.

Who was Amelia Earhart?

1932 became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1937 Earhart and a navigator left Miami Florida heading east on around the world flight, The plane disappeared and despite extensive search is no trace of it or the aviators was ever found. It remains the most intriguing the street in aviation history

What was the Federal home loan bank act?

1932: a series of discount banks for home mortgages. They provided to savings and loan and other mortgage agencies a service much like the one that's the Federal Reserve system provided to commercial banks A.k.a. provided financing for home mortgages

What was the emergency relief and construction act?

1932: avoided a direct federal cash payment to individuals but gave the RFC $300 million for relief loans to the states, authorized loans of up to $1.5 billion for state and local public works, and appropriated $322 million for federal public works A.k.a. provided funds for public works programs

What was the glass - Steagall act?

1932; brought in the definition of commercial loans that the Federal Reserve would support. The new arrangement also released about $750 million in gold formerly used to back Federal Reserve notes. A.k.a. increased loan opportunities

What was the "Ohio gang" during Harding's presidency? Were they bad or good?

A group with which Harding met in a house on K street to get away from the pressures of the White House. Bad

Hoover entered the White House as two things, what were they?

A humanitarian and progressive

What was the Railway labor act of 1926?

Abolished the Railway labor board and substituted a new board of mediation. The act also provided the formation of rail road unions (not affective until the 1930s)

During the 1920s,____remained the weakest sector in the economy.

Agriculture

What transportation industry increased after World War I?

Airplanes.

What was the teapot dome scandal?

Albert fall of the interior department allowed private companies to exploit government owned oil deposits, he had taken bribes of about $400,000 from oil tycoons. Fall argued of these contracts were in the governments interest. Took place Wyoming

What did "industrial democracy" and "welfare capitalism" offer workers?

An alternative to unions, the benefits of such programs are often considerable.

What was the Gastonia strike of 1929?

April 1, 1929, Loray mill, gastonia North Carolina; The Mills managers refused to negotiate or even meet with the strikers which caused tensions to rise. As this happened the North Carolina Governor, A textile mill owner himself, dispatched the National Guard units to break the strike. Vigilante groups took matters into their own hands. Again of masked men destroy the union strike headquarters and assaulted workers. At one point the police chief was shot and killed so the pleas that arrest and 75 of the strike leaders and 13 were eventually charged with murder.

What were Hoover's attempt at recovery during the depression?

Asked businessmen to let profits suffer before purchasing power, increased opportunities for credit, kept to his philosophy of voluntarism, and created the "Hooverization" of America.

Where did the progress of impulse for "good government" and broader public services remain strong after the great war?

At the state and local levels, where movements for better roads, education, public health, and social welfare programs gained momentum during the decade

Why was organize labor unhappy with Wilson after the strikes of 1919- 1920?

Because of his unsympathetic attitude towards the strikes

Why were communist against Hoover's policy?

Began to draw crowds to the rallies and willing collaborators to its "hunger marches". Yet for all the sound and fury, few Americans in braced communism during the 1930s. Party membership in United States never rose much above 100,000.

Why was October 29, 1929 the most devastating single day in the stock markets history to that point?

Brokers reported sales of 16.4 million and the plunge and prices fit on itself as brokers sold the shares they held for buyers who failed to meet their margin calls. During October, stocks on the New York Stock Exchange fill in value by an average of 37%.

How did the accomplishments of Lindbergh and Earhart help catapult aviation industry?

By 1930 there were 43 airline companies an operation in the United States

What was the human toll of the depression?

By 1933, 13 million people were out of work. Factory shutdown, banks closed, Farms went bankrupt, and millions of people found them sells not only jobless but also homeless and penniless. Homeless people in the winter would cover themselves up and newspapers to keep warm and referred to them as Hoover blankets. The suicide rate sword during the 1930s. America had never before experienced so social distress on such a scale.

Who was the first president to address the nation by radio?

Calvin Coolidge

Why were veterans against Hoover's policies?

Congress in 1924 had voted veterans bonus payable 1945, the bonus Expeditionary force marched on Washington demanding immediate payment of the bonus, Congress rejected their demands, but many veterans stayed in Washington, army used to evict veterans.

Who did Harding name to head to major regulatory agencies during his term?

Conservative advocates of big business

In the election of 1920 which states did James Cox win?

Cox only won states within the democratic south.

What was the budget and accounting act of 1921?

Created a new bureau of the budget to prepare a unified federal budget and a general accounting office to audit spending by federal agencies

What was the Reconstruction finance Corporation?

Created to keep financial institutions open.

Who was Henry Ford?

Creator of the Ford motor company which created the model T car in 1908.

The stock market crash did not cause what?

Did not cause the Great Depression, but it did reveal major structural flaws in the economy and in government policies

How did the head of the veterans Bureau contribute to the scandals of the Ohio gang?

Early in 1923, Harding learned that the head of the veterans bureau was systematically leaving medical hospital supplies. In February the official resigned because he knew he had been found out.

What tone did the Harding administration establish?

Established a pro-business tone reminiscent of the McKinley White House in the 1890s

What was the revenue act of 1926?

Extended further benefits to high income groups by lowering estate taxes and repealing the gift tax.

Why were farmers dissatisfied with the wartime price controls?

Farmers of the great plains in the west thought the wartime price controls had it discriminated against them

What was significant about the election of 1920?

First presidential election for women voters

Who did the Democratic Party run for the vice President candidate in the election of 1920?

Franklin D Roosevelt, who as assistant secretary of the Navy occupied the same position his Republican cousin Theodore Roosevelt had once held.

What types of creature comfort's were created in the 1920s?

Handheld Camrose, wrist watches, cigarette lighters, vacuum cleaners, washing machines, and linoleum.

What kind of guy was Warren Harding?

Harding drink bootleg liquor during prohibition, smoked and chewed tobacco, participated in weekly poker games, and had numerous affairs and several children with women other than his wife

How did Harding react to the teapot dome scandal?

Harding himself avoided public disgrace and was troubled by the scandals

What was Hardings biggest weakness?

Harding lacked self-confidence as president

What was the assessment of Hardings term after his death?

Harding promoted diverse city is civil rights, he appointed used to key federal positions, he promoted women's rights forcefully, but even Hardings foremost scholar lead to funder admits that he lacked a good judgment.

Who won the election of 1920 and by how much?

Harding with 60% of the popular vote (16 mill: 9mill for Cox)

What were the pro business policies of Andrew Mellon, secretary of the treasury?

He reduced government spending and lowered taxes

How did Harding prove to be more progressive than Wilson when it came to race?

He reversed the Wilson's administration's policy of excluding African-Americans from federal positions, spoke against vigilante racism, urged nation to deal with "race question", verbally attacked the KKK after World War I, and supported anti-lynching legislation. The Senate however failed to pass the bill Harding promoted.

What was Hoover's standardization and industry business?

He sought out new markets for business, promoted more efficient design, production, and distribution, and created a bureau of aviation and the next year established the federal radio commission

How did the attorney general Harry Daugherty contribute to the scandals of the Ohio gang?

He was implicated in the fraudulent handling of German assets seized after the war. He refused to testify on the grounds that he might incriminate himself. He was never indicted.

How did James Cox win the presidential nomination in the Democratic Party in 1920?

He won the presidential nomination of an increasingly fragmented Democratic Party on the 44th ballot.

Who won the election of 1928?

Herbert Hoover, 21 million popular votes to smith's 15 million. Electoral vote was 444 to 87

What types of consumer goods industries fueled prosperity in the 1920s?

Home appliances and comforts, movies and radio, and telephones

What are the images of the candidates for the election of 1928?

Hoover: quaker son of middle America, the successful engineer a businessman, the architect of republican prosperity. Smith: prototype of those things rural and small town America distrusted; the son of Irish immigrants, Catholic, and anti-prohibition

How did Harding die? How did this help him?

In 1923 Harding went on a speaking tour to the West Coast and a trip to the Alaska territory, in Seattle he suffered an attack of food poisoning, recovered briefly, then died in a San Francisco hotel. His death spared him from public disgrace.

How was Nan Britton associated with Harding after his death?

In 1927, she was in Ohio woman who published a sensational book in which she claimed that she had numerous trysts with Harding in the White House and that he was the father of her daughter.

What was Coolidge's character during his presidency after Harding's death?

Inactive, provincial, simple, and business oriented

What was the Fordney-McCumber tariff of 1922?

Increased rates on chemical and metal products as a safeguard against the revival of German industries that had previously commanded the field

Who did the Democrats run in the election of 1920?

James Cox, a former newspaper publisher and former governor of Ohio.

Why were farmers protesting against Hoover's policies?

Legislative program is brought farmers little relief, farmers protested by striking a blocking delivery of produce.

What did the Federal Farm Board do?

Manipulated crop prices and larger market.

Were some inventions in communications and transportation in the 1920s?

Motion pictures, radio, telephones, and automobiles.

Did progressivism disappear in the 1920s?

No

What values shifted in the 1920s?

Old time values of thrift and saving gave way to a new ethic of consumption that made spending a virtue

What was Hardings platform for the election of 1920? What did it reflect?

Promised a "return to normalcy" It reflected his own conservative values and folksy personality

What was the air commerce act of 1926?

Provided federal funds to aid in the advancement of air transportation and navigation; among the projects and supported was the construction of airports

What was the Volstead act?

Provided for the enforcement of prohibition and besides calling for stricter regulations of waterpower promised nothing that departed from the conservative position of the Republicans

What markets did the automobile provide?

Provided market for steel, glass, rubber, textiles, and oil

What was there disillusionment over World War I?

Radicals and other opponents of the war were disaffected by Americas participation in the conflict and the wars aftermath

And the elections of 1930 who lost control both houses of Congress?

Republicans

Who ran in the election of 1928?

Republicans: Herbert Hoover who was an engineer, public servant, esteemed bureaucrat Democrats: Alfred Smith who was a Catholic, rural, anti-prohibition

What were the similarities and the Republican and Democratic platforms during the election of 1928?

Republicans: platform of prosperity, cost-cutting, debt and tax reduction, and the protective tariff (as vital for agriculture as it is to manufacturing) Democrats: economic equality for agriculture with other industries, like the Republicans the Democrats promised to enforce the Volstead act, which provided for the enforcement of prohibition, and, aside for calling for stricter regulation of water power, promised nothing the departed from the conservative position of the Republicans.

Who was Herbert Hoover?

Served as secretary of commerce in the Harding and Coolidge cabinets, was an engineer who made a fortune in mining operations in Australia, China, Russia, and elsewhere

What was the Mcnary-Haugen bill?

Sought to secure "equality for agriculture in the benefits of the protective tariff"...aka plant to dump surplus crops on world market to raise prices on home market. Vetoed by Coolidge

How did the Supreme Court upholds trade associations?

Supreme Court in 1925 held the practice of sharing information as monopolistic practices to be within the law

During the 1920s the Taft court struck down what federal laws under President Harding?

Taft's court struck down a federal child labor law and a minimum wage law for women, issued numerous injunctions against striking unions, and passed rulings limiting the powers of the federal regulatory agencies.

What were the major goals of progressivism that were reached after World War I?

The 18th amendment was ratified in 1919 and the 19th amendment was ratified in 1920.

What events proved that the economy was out of control in the 1920s?

The Florida real estate boom, increased speculation in the stock market, the stock market peaked on September 3, 1929.

Who won the Republican nomination in the election of 1920?

The affable Ohio Senator Warren G Harding

What was the Kelly act of 1925?

The federal government began to subsidize the industry through airmail contracts

How did voters see Harding opposed to how he actually was?

The general public saw him as a handsome, charming, lovable politician.

Who did the Fordney-McCumber tariff benefit?

The new act further extended the duties on agricultural imports in order to please the farmers who historically benefited little from tariffs.

Who were the bad "appointments" of Hardings presidency beginning in 1920?

The secretary of the interior landed in prison, and the attorney general nearly escaped serving time

Why did liberal intellectuals drift away from their support of progressivism after the great war?

They became disillusioned with grassroots democracy because of popular support for prohibition, the KKK, and religious fundamentalism

Elaborate on Herbert Hoover's promotion of trade associations.

Through trade associations, business leaders competing in a given industry shared information on every aspect of the industry: sales, purchases, shipments, production, and prices. That information allow them to make prices with more confidence and thereby more accurately predict costs, set prices, and access markets while maintaining a more stable workforce and paying steadier wages.

Why did Harding appoint four conservative justices during his term?

To "reverse a few decisions" and rollback progressivism

Who resisted Andrew Mellon's tax reductions for the rich?

Western Republicans and southern Democrats

_____'s Progressive coalition a dissolved by 1920.

Wilson's

What were "yellow dog" contracts?

Workers forced to agree not to join unions

Who were the good "appointments" of Harding's presidency beginning in 1920?

•Charles Evans Hughes - Secretary of State •Herbert Hoover - secretary of commerce •Andrew Mellon - secretary of treasury •Henry Wallace - secretary of agriculture.

Who ran in the election of 1924? Who won?

•Republican party: Coolidge, controlled the party machinery • democratic Party: John W Davis • Progressive, farmer labor, and Socialist party: Robert La Follette * landslide victory for Coolidge; La Follette polled largest vote ever for third-party candidate