chapter 3 bio h
what functions do nucleotides provide and give an example
ATP synthesis (when cells break down sugar) and make up DNA/RNA; ATP, DNA/RNA
what is dehydration synthesis? give an example of a substance formed by each chemical reaction, and describe the specific reaction in each instance
dehydration synthesis is a chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined by a covalent bone with the simultaneous removal of a hydrogen from one molecule and a hydroxyl group from the other, forming water. a covalent bond is formed and water is formed separately as a result of the reaction. an example is fructose + glucose = sucrose
what is a disaccharides function and give two examples
disaccharide-- two monosaccharides are linked; they provide short term energy storage; examples are sucrose and lactose
which elements are common components of biological molecules
hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
what is hydrolysis? give an example of a substance formed by each chemical reaction, and describe the specific reaction in each instance
hydrolysis is the chemical reaction that breaks a covalent bond by means of the addition of hydrogen to the atom on one side of the original bond and a hydroxyl group to the atom on the other side. water is added in this reaction. an example of hydrolysis is sucrose is separated into glucose and fructose.
where can chitin be found
in the exoskeletons of insects, crabs, and spiders, and in the cell walls of any fungi. chitin is a polysaccharide in which the glucose subunits bear a nitrogen-containing functional group
where can cellulose be found
in the walls of living cells of plats, the fluffy white bolls of cotton plants, and in the bulk of tree trunks. cellulose is a polymer of glucose, but every other glucose is "upside-down"
prions are known to cause...
mad cow disease
what is a monosaccharides function and give two examples
monosaccharide-- a carbohydrate consists of 1 sugar molecule; they provide energy; examples are glucose and fructose
what is a polysaccharides function and give two examples
polysaccharide-- a polymer of many monosaccharides; they provide long-term energy storage, and are a structural component in cells; examples are glycogen and cellulose
describe the synthesis of a protein from amino acids
proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds, through dehydration synthesis. the nitrogen in the amino group of one amino acid is joined to the carbon in the carboxylic acid group of another amino acid, and by a single covalent bond, the water is liberated. this is called a peptide bond. more amino acids are added until a protein is formed.
describe a quaternary structure of a protein
quaternary structures occur in proteins that contain polypeptides linked by hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, or attractions between oppositely charged portions of amino acids
what function do carbohydrates provide and give an example
quick energy; sugar, glucose, saccharides, chitin, starch, cellulose
what function do lipids provide and give an example
store energy and make up cell membrane; oils, fats, waxes, TRIGLYCERIDES
describe the primary structure of a protein
the sequence of amino acids
describe the secondary structure of a protein
the specific amino acid sequences cause polypeptides to assume simple. repeating secondary structures; a helix or a pleated sheet. they're maintained by hydrogen bonds
describe the tertiary structure of a protein
the tertiary structure is determined by a protein's secondary structure and its environment.
what role do nucleotides play in living organisms
they carry energy between and throughout cells. they play an important role in a person's metabolism (ATP synthesis)
what functions do proteins provide and give an example
they make us; hair, nails, scales, made from amino acids, KERATIN
organic molecules very because....
they possess different functional groups
why does converting corn oil into margarine and adding hydrogen atoms, decreasing the number of double bonds work? what is this process called?
this is called hydrolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks a covalent bond by means of the addition of hydrogen to the atom on one side of the original bond and a hydroxyl group to the atom on the other side. water is added to break the double bonds. BECAUSE THEY CONTAIN AS MANY HYDROGEN ATOMS AS POSSIBLE, SATURATED FATTY ACID CHAINS ARE STRAIGHT AND CAN PACK CLOSELY TOGETHER, FORMING A SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE