chapter 3 bio h

what functions do nucleotides provide and give an example

ATP synthesis (when cells break down sugar) and make up DNA/RNA; ATP, DNA/RNA

what is dehydration synthesis? give an example of a substance formed by each chemical reaction, and describe the specific reaction in each instance

dehydration synthesis is a chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined by a covalent bone with the simultaneous removal of a hydrogen from one molecule and a hydroxyl group from the other, forming water. a covalent bond is formed and water is formed separately as a result of the reaction. an example is fructose + glucose = sucrose

what is a disaccharides function and give two examples

disaccharide-- two monosaccharides are linked; they provide short term energy storage; examples are sucrose and lactose

which elements are common components of biological molecules

hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen

what is hydrolysis? give an example of a substance formed by each chemical reaction, and describe the specific reaction in each instance

hydrolysis is the chemical reaction that breaks a covalent bond by means of the addition of hydrogen to the atom on one side of the original bond and a hydroxyl group to the atom on the other side. water is added in this reaction. an example of hydrolysis is sucrose is separated into glucose and fructose.

where can chitin be found

in the exoskeletons of insects, crabs, and spiders, and in the cell walls of any fungi. chitin is a polysaccharide in which the glucose subunits bear a nitrogen-containing functional group

where can cellulose be found

in the walls of living cells of plats, the fluffy white bolls of cotton plants, and in the bulk of tree trunks. cellulose is a polymer of glucose, but every other glucose is "upside-down"

prions are known to cause...

mad cow disease

what is a monosaccharides function and give two examples

monosaccharide-- a carbohydrate consists of 1 sugar molecule; they provide energy; examples are glucose and fructose

what is a polysaccharides function and give two examples

polysaccharide-- a polymer of many monosaccharides; they provide long-term energy storage, and are a structural component in cells; examples are glycogen and cellulose

describe the synthesis of a protein from amino acids

proteins are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds, through dehydration synthesis. the nitrogen in the amino group of one amino acid is joined to the carbon in the carboxylic acid group of another amino acid, and by a single covalent bond, the water is liberated. this is called a peptide bond. more amino acids are added until a protein is formed.

describe a quaternary structure of a protein

quaternary structures occur in proteins that contain polypeptides linked by hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, or attractions between oppositely charged portions of amino acids

what function do carbohydrates provide and give an example

quick energy; sugar, glucose, saccharides, chitin, starch, cellulose

what function do lipids provide and give an example

store energy and make up cell membrane; oils, fats, waxes, TRIGLYCERIDES

describe the primary structure of a protein

the sequence of amino acids

describe the secondary structure of a protein

the specific amino acid sequences cause polypeptides to assume simple. repeating secondary structures; a helix or a pleated sheet. they're maintained by hydrogen bonds

describe the tertiary structure of a protein

the tertiary structure is determined by a protein's secondary structure and its environment.

what role do nucleotides play in living organisms

they carry energy between and throughout cells. they play an important role in a person's metabolism (ATP synthesis)

what functions do proteins provide and give an example

they make us; hair, nails, scales, made from amino acids, KERATIN

organic molecules very because....

they possess different functional groups

why does converting corn oil into margarine and adding hydrogen atoms, decreasing the number of double bonds work? what is this process called?

this is called hydrolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks a covalent bond by means of the addition of hydrogen to the atom on one side of the original bond and a hydroxyl group to the atom on the other side. water is added to break the double bonds. BECAUSE THEY CONTAIN AS MANY HYDROGEN ATOMS AS POSSIBLE, SATURATED FATTY ACID CHAINS ARE STRAIGHT AND CAN PACK CLOSELY TOGETHER, FORMING A SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE