Chapter 3: Communication and the Self
face
A person's desired public image.
norm of reciprocity
A social expectation that resources and favors provided to one person in a relationship should be reciprocated by that person.
social penetration theory
A theory that predicts that as relationships develop, communication increases in breadth and depth.
Johari window
A visual representation of components of the self that are known or unknown to the self and to others.
self-fulfilling prophecy
An expectation that gives rise to behaviors that cause the expectation to come true.
face-threatening act
Any behavior that threatens one or more face needs.
face needs
Components of one's desired public image.
Unknown
The dimensions of yourself that no one knows. Unknown to others and unknown to self.
Self-monitoring can be described as a(n) ______ of your appearance and behavior.
awareness
Facework is comprised of the _____ we use to project the public image we want to have.
behaviors
In a friendship characterized by great ______, both friends discuss a wide range of topics.
breadth
According to the interpersonal needs theory, the need for ______ is the need to maintain some degree of influence in our relationships.
control
Which of the following influence self-disclosure?
culture and gender roles
Self-disclosure must be performed
deliberately
A relationship in which neither partner discusses previous romantic involvements is characterized by shallow
depth
According to social penetration theory, getting to know someone requires sharing disclosures that have what?
depth and breadth
Occasionally, self-______ can pose risks to ourselves and others, such as the potential to cause hurt or feelings of obligation.
disclosure
Self-disclosing online is subject to a ______ effect, meaning that communicators might disclose more than they ordinarily would.
disinhibition
A person's ability to perceive and understand emotions, use emotions to facilitate thought, and manage emotions constructively is known as ______ ______.
emotional intelligence
Erving Goffman coined the term ______, which describes our desired public image.
face
True or false: Individuals with high self-esteem avoid tasks with a high risk of failure to preserve their self-esteem.
false
True or false: Your image is a fixed aspect of your identity.
false
Which of the following is an example of reflected appraisal?
feeling bad about yourself after your best friend tells you that you are annoying
The Johari window divides the self into a total of ______ parts.
four Open Blind Hidden Unknown
Communication scholar Joseph Walther characterizes online disclosure as _____, meaning that the communication is not only personal but also contains more private information than people would typically share face-to-face.
hyperpersonal
Self-disclosure online poses increased risks because it often involves sharing information that is
hyperpersonal
The way one wishes to be perceived by others is one's ______.
image
Which of the following describes the process of behavioral adjustment to project a desired image?
image management
Emotional intelligence involves all of the following, except the ability to -use emotions to facilitate thought. -perceive and understand emotions. -influence other people's emotions. -manage emotions constructively.
influence other people's emotions.
What level of control is usually most satisfying?
moderate
It is often difficult for people to judge themselves ______.
objectively
Social penetration theory is most aptly compared to
peeling away the layers of an onion.
The pattern of distinctive ways you think and act is known as your ______.
personality
As compared to self-disclosure in traditional relationships, online self-disclosure usually progresses
quicker
True or false: Genetics helps to determine personality.
true
True or false: Women self-disclose more often than men.
true
Jorge and Geoff were introduced by mutual friends, found they shared several hobbies and, over the course of a year, came to know each other well enough that each now considers the other a close friend. Did their friendship follow the usual pattern of self-disclosure?
yes
For an act of communication to be considered self-disclosure, the speaker must believe it to be
true
Which of the following are ways in which ethnic minorities maintain their self-esteem?
-valuing activities at which they excel -comparing themselves to members of their own group -attributing their problems to societal prejudices rather than themselves
Which is true about self-monitoring?
-People who are high self-monitors will adapt their communication based on how people react to them. -People who are low self-monitors care little about how they affect others.
Being a low self-monitor rather than a high self-monitor has some advantages, namely that low self-monitors
-are more straightforward communicators. -may be seen as more genuine and trustworthy. -care less about what others think.
Which of the following are benefits of having high self-esteem?
-being more outgoing -being comfortable initiating relationships with others -being willing to communicate
Which of the following comprise our face needs?
-competence face -autonomy face -fellowship face
Which of the following are key benefits of self-disclosure?
-enhancement of relationships and trust -emotional release -reciprocity -helping others
Socially marginalized groups can include which of the following?
-ethnic minorities -people with disabilities -sexual minorities
Which of the following are components of self-monitoring?
-how you sound -how you look -how your behavior affects -those around you not: how others look or how others' behavior affects you
Self-concept can be defined as your
-identity. -understanding of who you are.
Which of the following are potential risks of self-disclosure? Select all that apply.
-rejection -obligating others -violating privacy -hurting others
image
The way one wishes to be seen or perceived by others.
need for inclusion
One's need to belong to a social group and be included in the activities of others.
need for affection
One's need to give and receive expressions of love and appreciation.
need for control
One's need to maintain a degree of influence in one's relationships.
self-esteem (valuing the self)
One's subjective evaluation of one's value and worth as a person.
identity
See self-concept; The set of stable ideas a person has about who he or she is; also known as identity.
self-disclosure (communicating the self)
The act of giving others information about oneself that one believes they do not already have.
facework
The behaviors one uses to project one's desired public image to others.
reference groups
The groups of people with whom one compares oneself in the process of social comparison.
depth
The intimacy of the topics about which one person self-discloses to another.
autonomy face
The need to avoid being imposed upon by others.
competence face
The need to be respected and viewed as competent and intelligent.
fellowship face
The need to feel liked and accepted by others.
personality
The pattern of behaviors and ways of thinking that characterize a person.
social comparison
The process of comparing oneself with others.
image management (presenting the self)
The process of projecting one's desired public image.
reflected appraisal
The process whereby a person's self-concept is influenced by his or her beliefs concerning what other people think of the person.
breadth
The range of topics about which one person self-discloses to another.
self-concept (understanding the self)
The set of stable ideas a person has about who he or she is; also known as identity.
gossip
The sharing of an individual's personal information with a third party without the individual's consent.
Blind
What others know about you, but you don't recognize in yourself. Known to others, unknown to self.
Hidden
What you know about yourself, but choose not to reveal. Unknown to others, known to self.
Open
What you know, and choose to reveal to others, about yourself. Known to others and known to self.
One benefit of self-disclosure, encouraging others to share when we share, is known as ______.
reciprocation
The process whereby your self-concept is affected by others' perceptions of you is called ______ ______.
reflected appraisal
All the different ways you would describe yourself (woman, American, daughter, quick-witted) are pieces of your multifaceted, overall
self-concept
We perceive ourselves through our
self-concept
Telling your friend a secret about yourself that you've been keeping from him is an act of
self-disclosure
Which of the following describes the act of intentionally giving others information about ourselves that we believe to be true but which we think they don't already have?
self-disclosure
Which of the following describes your subjective evaluation of your own value and worth as a person?
self-esteem
Self-disclosure usually happens ____ in most relationships (not including those formed online).
slowly
What we call the self is actually made up of a collection of
smaller selves
The Johari window explains that
some of our characteristics are known to others, while some are known only to ourselves.
Aspects of our self-concept that are based on impressions rather than on facts are
subjective
Which of the following best describes self-esteem?
subjective evaluation
What is our "face," according to Erving Goffman?
the public image we want
