Chapter 3 Organelles, Diffusion and other Transport Enzymes and Energy

The breakdown of substances in the cell is a function of the a. endoplasmic reticulum. b. Golgi complex. c. lysosome. d. nucleus. e. ribosome.

c. lysosome.

The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient. a. up; electrical b. up; electrochemical c. down; pressure d. down; concentration

d. down; concentration

These are the primary structures for the packaging of cellular secretions for export from the cell. a. Golgi bodies b. ribosomes c. mitochondria d. lysosomes e. endoplasmic reticula

a. Golgi bodies

An organelle that packages proteins into secretory vesicles is the a. Golgi complex. b. mitochondria. c. lysosome. d. nucleus. e. plasma membrane.

a. Golgi complex.

The movement of molecules against a concentration gradient is called a. active transport. b. facilitated diffusion. c. osmosis. d. phagocytosis. e. simple diffusion.

a. active transport.

Every living organism must have a. at least one cell. b. a nucleus. c. a cell wall. d. mitochondria. e. oxygen.

a. at least one cell.

The synthesis of ATP usually results from the breakdown of a a. carbohydrate. b. lipid. c. nucleic acid. d. protein. e. sodium ion.

a. carbohydrate.

Which of the following can cross the plasma membrane because of its selective permeability? a. gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide b. ions c. large, polar molecules d. large, nonpolar molecules e. glycoproteins

a. gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide

Which of the following organelles produces large quantities of ATP when both glucose and oxygen are available to the cell? a. mitochondria b. peroxisomes c. lysosomes d. ER

a. mitochondria

The phospholipid bilayer that surrounds/maintains the integrity of a cell is called a a. plasma membrane. b. Sanger enclosure. c. hydrophobic membrane. d. dialysis membrane. e. mosaic membrane.

a. plasma membrane.

What is the main function of the ribosomes in the cell? a. to synthesize proteins b. to synthesize DNA c. to breakdown proteins into individual amino acids d. to form the nuclear envelope e. to provide strength and structural support for the cell membrane

a. to synthesize proteins

Humans derive most of their energy from a. fats. b. carbohydrates. c. proteins. d. nucleotides. e. steroids.

b. carbohydrates. derive（～から）来ている、由来する、派生する

Energy stored in which of the following molecules is converted by mitochondria to a form usable by the cell? a. water b. carbon compounds c. NAD d. ATP e. carbon dioxide

b. carbon compounds

What is the name of the semi-fluid medium inside the cell? a. nucleolus b. cytoplasm c. organelle d. cytoskeleton e. mitochondrion

b. cytoplasm

These are responsible for cell shape, internal organization, and movements. a. ribosomes b. cytoskeleton c. vesicles d. Golgi bodies e. endoplasmic reticulum

b. cytoskeleton

Osmosis is a process most similar to a. active transport. b. diffusion. c. endocytosis. d. exocytosis. e. respiration.

b. diffusion. active transport能動輸送 diffusion拡散(作用) endocytosis細胞が細胞外の物質を取り込む過程の1つ exocytosis開口分泌［放出］ 表皮内細胞

In a comparison of two solutions, the solution with the higher solute concentration is a. dynamic. b. hypertonic. c. hypotonic. d. isotonic. e. osmotic.

b. hypertonic.

Scientists believe that mitochondria may have evolved from bacteria because a. they both have cristae membranes. b. mitochondria have their own DNA. c. the shapes and sizes are exactly the same. d. both are surrounded by a cell wall. e. both can live independently.

b. mitochondria have their own DNA.

Which of the following is NOT found as a part of ALL cells? a. cell membrane b. nucleus c. ribosomes d. DNA e. RNA

b. nucleus

The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane is called a. denaturation. b. osmosis. c. dispersion. d. dissociation. e. reconstitution.

b. osmosis.

The organelle that degrades potentially harmful hydrogen peroxide to harmless substances is the a. lysosome. b. peroxisome. c. mitochondrion. d. rough ER. e. Golgi body.

b. peroxisome.

Which of the following is not a function of the cytoskeleton? a. maintain a cell's shape b. process proteins c. anchor organelles d. move organelles e. move the entire cell

b. process proteins

Which of the following is capable of enzymatic activity? a. lipids b. proteins c. carbohydrates d. minerals e. vitamins

b. proteins capable of ～の能力がある

These are the primary cellular sites for the assembly of proteins. a. Golgi bodies b. ribosomes c. mitochondria d. lysosomes e. smooth endoplasmic reticula

b. ribosomes

Animal cells dismantle and dispose of intracellular waste materials by a. using centrally located vacuoles. b. several lysosomes fusing with a sac that encloses the wastes. c. microvilli packaging and exporting the wastes. d. mitochondrial breakdown of the wastes. e. all of these

b. several lysosomes fusing with a sac that encloses the wastes.

If a cell lacked ribosomes, it would not be able to a. form a spindle apparatus. b. synthesize proteins. c. respire oxidatively. d. break down fats. e. produce ATP.

b. synthesize proteins.

The plasma membrane contains how many layers of phospholipids? a. one b. two c. four d. eight e. sixteen

b. two

Which of the following is MOST accurate regarding cells? a. All cells have a nucleus. b. All cells divide by meiosis. c. All living organisms are made up of cells. d. Cells arise through spontaneous generation. e. Growth is solely the result of cell division.

c. All living organisms are made up of cells.

A single-celled freshwater organism, such as a protistan, is transferred to salt water. Which of the following is likely to happen? a. The cell bursts. b. Salt is pumped out of the cell. c. The cell shrinks. d. Enzymes flow out of the cell. e. all of these

c. The cell shrinks.

Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton? a. They all serve to scaffold the organelles within the cell. b. They are all characterized by roughly the same diameter. c. They are all polymers of protein subunits. d. They all help the cell resist compression and tension.

c. They are all polymers of protein subunits.

Ion pumps and phagocytosis are both examples of ________. a. endocytosis b. passive transport c. active transport d. facilitated diffusion

c. active transport

The rate of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane will be lowest when the a. differences in concentration on either side are the greatest. b. temperature is raised to near boiling. c. differences in concentration on either side are the least. d. actions of active transport override diffusion. e. inside is hypertonic to the outside.

c. differences in concentration on either side are the least.

The two major chemical components of the plasma membrane are a. carbohydrate and nucleic acid. b. carbohydrate and lipid. c. lipid and protein. d. protein and water. e. water and ions.

c. lipid and protein.

These are the primary cellular sites for the transfer of energy from carbohydrates. a. Golgi bodies b. ribosomes c. mitochondria d. lysosomes e. endoplasmic reticula

c. mitochondria

These contain enzymes used in the breakdown of glucose and generation of ATP. a. Golgi bodies b. ribosomes c. mitochondria d. lysosomes e. endoplasmic reticula

c. mitochondria

Which of these is the localized site for the majority of the DNA in the cell? a. ribosomes b. Golgi body c. nucleus d. mitochondria e. vesicles

c. nucleus

When molecules are broken apart in respiration a. the heat produced is used to drive biological reactions. b. the oxygen in the compounds that are broken apart is used as an energy source. c. the energy released in respiration is channeled into molecules of ATP. d. ATP is converted into ADP. e. ADP is released as a waste product.

c. the energy released in respiration is channeled into molecules of ATP.

The ultimate source of energy for living things is a. the Krebs cycle. b. fossil fuel. c. the sun. d. glycolysis. e. aerobic respiration.

c. the sun.

Which of the following is NOT true of enzyme behavior? a. Enzyme shape may change during catalysis. b. Enzymes cannot make something happen that would not happen on its own. c. All enzymes have an active site where substrates are temporarily bound. d. Each enzyme can catalyze a wide variety of different reactions. e. Enzymes speed up reactions.

d. Each enzyme can catalyze a wide variety of different reactions.

Movement of a molecule against a concentration gradient is a. simple diffusion. b. facilitated diffusion. c. osmosis. d. active transport. e. passive transport.

d. active transport.

The method of movement that requires the expenditure of energy is a. simple diffusion. b. facilitated diffusion. c. osmosis. d. active transport. e. passive transport.

d. active transport.

Which of the following is not a function of the plasma membrane? a. determines which substances enter and leave the cell b. serves as a boundary between the cell and its environment c. contains receptor sites which determine how the cell interacts with its environment d. contains the genetic information e. marks the cell as belonging to a particular individual

d. contains the genetic information

Which of the following is NOT a form of active transport? a. sodium-potassium pump b. endocytosis c. exocytosis d. diffusion e. none of these

d. diffusion

These contain enzymes and are the main organelles of intracellular digestion. a. Golgi bodies b. ribosomes c. mitochondria d. lysosomes e. endoplasmic reticula

d. lysosomes

The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell are collectively called a. respiration. b. anabolism. c. photosynthesis. d. metabolism. e. reaction summary.

d. metabolism.

White blood cells use __________ to get rid of foreign particles in the blood. a. simple diffusion b. bulk flow c. osmosis d. phagocytosis e. facilitated diffusion

d. phagocytosis

The fluid mosaic model refers to the structure of the a. cell wall. b. cilium. c. nucleus. d. plasma membrane. e. smooth ER.

d. plasma membrane.

During enzyme catalyzed reactions, substrate is a synonym for a. end products. b. by-products. c. enzymes. d. reactants. e. all of these

d. reactants.

Enzymatic reactions can be controlled by a. the amount of substrates available. b. the concentration of products. c. temperature. d. modification of reactive sites by substances that fit into the enzyme and, later, their reactive site. e. all of these

e. all of these

Enzymes a. are very specific. b. act as catalysts. c. are organic molecules. d. have special shapes that control their activities. e. all of these

e. all of these

Enzymes a. control the speed of a reaction. b. change shapes to facilitate certain reactions. c. act on substrates. d. may require cofactors. e. all of these

e. all of these

In simple diffusion a. the rate of movement of molecules is controlled by temperature and pressure. b. the movement of individual molecules is random. c. the movement of molecules of one substance is independent of the movement of any other substance. d. the net movement is away from the region of highest concentration. e. all of these

e. all of these

The relative impermeability of membranes to water-soluble molecules is a result of the a. nonpolar nature of water molecules. b. presence of large proteins that extend through both sides of membranes. c. presence of inorganic salt crystals scattered through some membranes. d. presence of cellulose and chemicals such as cutin, lignin, pectin, and suberin in the membranes. e. presence of phospholipids in the lipid bilayer.

e. presence of phospholipids in the lipid bilayer.

The special functions performed by membranes are the result of a. the number of layers of phospholipids present. b. concentration gradients of the interior contents. c. lipids embedded in the protein layer. d. steroids. e. proteins in the lipid bilayer.

e. proteins in the lipid bilayer.

The plasma membrane is a. completely permeable. b. found only in eukaryotic cells. c. found only in prokaryotic cells. d. impermeable. e. selectively permeable.

e. selectively permeable. permeable 浸透[透過]性の

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called a. active transport. b. facilitated inhibition. c. phagocytosis. d. pinocytosis. e. simple diffusion.

e. simple diffusion.

Exocytosis is a term that refers to a. energy entering a cell. b. photosynthesis. c. respiration. d. substances entering a cell. e. substances leaving a cell.

e. substances leaving a cell. Exocytosis開口分泌［放出］ 表皮内細胞 respiration 呼吸

Osmosis is a process that involves the movement of a. carbohydrates. b. lipids. c. nucleic acids. d. proteins. e. water.

e. water.