chapter 3 psychology human development
infant touch
it is critical to development (stimulates body and brain)
infant taste
it is well developed(they have preferences at birth)
toddlers exhibit rapid__________development, and exhibit sustained ____________ and deferred ____________,but do not yet demonstrate_____________.
language, attention, imitation, autobiographical memories
What did Harlow study?
mechanisms by which newborn monkeys bond with their mother
why are the first few months most critical?
b/c that is when it is developing and it is vulnerable
what are the primary reflexes?
babinski reflex, moro reflex, rooting reflex, sucking reflex, grasping reflex, and eye blink.
Obesity BMI
body mass above the 95th percentile
nurture
both biology and genetic factors
what is conception?
occurs when an ovum and a sperm join in a woman's Fallopian tube
secure attachment
distressed when separated from caregiver, comforted at reunion, mothers as secure base
what harms the mother and baby?
drugs, alcohol, smoking and trauma
Temporament
early-emerging pattern in individuals disposition and the intensity and quality of his or her emotional reaction
nature
environmental factors
proximodistal trend
physical and motor development progress from the center of the body outward
cephalocaudal trend
physical and motor development progress from the head downward
Lev Vygostky's theory of development
focuses on the social interaction and guidance during the learning process and the influence of cultural factors
what are some examples of a child with a positive and secure attachment given to a child?
higher self esteem, more empathy, social skills, persisted, happier, less aggression, better relationships
what becomes the leading cause of death at age 1
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
What is the age of viability?
6 months
When do social smiles first appear?
6 weeks
obese children/ teens have __________ chance of obesity
75-80%
when do negative emotions emerge?
8 months
What did Erik Erikson believe?
8 stages of psychosocial development
fetus
9-38 weeks; rapid growth; organs and systems mature and begin to function
insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment
intense distress during separation, avoidance of strangers, and resistance towards mother when she returns
Nutrition
Researchers agree "breast is best" for infant health for first year
what Is decentration?
ability to consider several aspects of a physical problem at once
when does the use of plural and past tense and 90% if correct grammar usage occur?
age 3 (Leo vygostky)
do you need both continuity and discontinuity?
yes, both contribute to stability and change
infant hearing
the MOST developed of the five senses(babies have been hearing for at least 2 months in the womb)
infant vision
the least developed of the five senses(newborns are near sighted)
Placenta
the life support system for the developing organism; provide oxygen and nutrients
accommodation
the of modifying an existing schema (interpreting) in response to new information
when does egocentrism go away?
when decentration emerges
when does shame and doubt occur?
when their efforts are not successful or not handled well
cross-cultural
differences occur in many behaviors(e.g., individualistic vs. collectivist)
insecure-avoidant attachment
(not distressed by separation)
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational
when do autonomy Vs. shame and doubt develop?
18 months- 3 years
When did divorce rates peak?
1990s
embryo
2 weeks through 8 or 9 weeks; it has all body parts, organs, and systems are formed; by the end of this stage it resembles a tiny human
Zygote
2 weeks, rapidly divide; travels from Fallopian tube to the uterus and implants there
What is Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)?
A situation in which a seemingly healthy infant, usually between 2 and 6 months old, suddenly stops breathing and dies unexpectedly while asleep.
What did Bowlby propose?
An evolutionary explanation: that attachment was an innate system that gave a survival advantage.
Nature vs. Nurture
Do genes (nature) or environmental factors (nurture) contribute more to a person's being?
Egocentrism (Piaget)
The quality of not being able to view an object from another's vantage point.
Schema
a mental structure for organizing and interpreting information
continuous development
a process of gradual growth and change with new skills building on previous ones
what happens if the needs of the infant are not met?
a relationship cannot be developed
Teratogens
a substance or event that can produce developmental malformation or complication
what is a critical period?
a time in which an organism is especially sensitive to environmental influences
longitudinal study
assessing a group of age-mates over a period of time to examine changes that occur
discontinuous development
development advances during various critical periods, with changes appearing abruptly or in distinct stages
Jean Piget's theory
cognitive development
magical thinking
cognitive feature of preoperational children; unconstrained by adult understandings of reality, they may believe, for example, that it is possible to turn into a racecar
sequential research design
collecting both cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the same initial sample of participants
cross sectional research design
comparing individuals of all different ages to determine whether and how they differ on some important dimension
what contributes to the timing and intensity of emotional expression?
culture
preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Animism (Piaget)
the preoperational child's belief that inanimate objects are alive
Assimilation
the process of incorporating new information into an existing schema
attachment
the strong emotional bond a child feels toward special people in his or her life
evolutionary psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
what do evolutionary psychology study?
they focus on universal traits shared by all humans.
what do infants form?
trusting relationships with caregivers