Chapter 32

The earliest fossils with recognizable flowers and fruit indicate that angiosperms are at least:

124 million years old

Match each labeled structure in the diagram to the correct term.

A - anther B - stigma C - style D​ - ​ovary E - filament

The flowering plants are called

Angiosperms

Which of the following groups of plants are considered "flowering plants"?

Angiosperms

Which two groups comprise the seed plants?

Angiosperms, gymnosperms

Pollinators transfer pollen from the _ of one flower to the _ of other flowers of the same species.

Anther, stigma

Why are flowers and fruits defining features of angiosperms?

Because these features are not found in other modern plants

The ​Ginkgo​ _ tree, known for its unique leaf shape, is the sole survivor of a once widely diverse group of gymnosperms.

Biloba

Select all letters that correspond to female parts of this flower.

C,D

The process by which two or more species influence each other's evolutionary pathways is called

Coevolution

Flowers with sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels are known as _ flowers. Flowers with both stamens and carpels are also referred to as _ flowers.

Complete, perfect

New crop species have been generated by humans by artificially selecting wild plants for desirable features; this process is called

Domestication

_ is the artificial selection of traits desirable to humans, which results in the formation of a new crop species.

Domestication

A defining feature of angiosperms is a tissue in the seed for nourishment of the embryo. It is produced by fertilization and is called

Endosperm

A significant innovation in angiosperms is a fertilization product that nourishes the embryo. It is called:

Endosperm

In angiosperms, what structure contains the organs necessary for sexual reproduction?

Flower

This critical innovation led to extensive angiosperm diversification.

Flowers

_ are angiosperm reproductive structures that are specialized for the efficient production of pollen and seeds.

Flowers

Which of the following is the sole survivor of a once-diverse group of gymnosperms?

Ginkgo

Flowering plants arose from ________

Gymnosperms.

What effect did the production of flowers have on angiosperm evolution?

It led to great diversification

Gymnosperms get their name from the Greek "gymnos" and "sperma" meaning _ _ , which describes their seed structure.

Naked seed

Select all of the components of the pistil in a flower.

Ovary, Stigma, style

What is the difference between perfect and imperfect flowers?

Perfect flowers have stamens and carpels; imperfect lack either stamens or carpels.

Flowers contain four major types of organs. What are they?

Petals, Sepals, Stamens, carpels

The four major types of flower organs are the sepals, the _ , the pollen-producing_ , and the ovule-producing _.

Petals, stamens, carpels

Stamens are the flower structures that produce and disperse

Pollen

Identify the critical evolutionary innovations found in all seed plants but absent in seedless plants.

Pollen, Ovules

An animal that transfers pollen between plants is known as a(n) .

Pollinator

All plants produce molecules called _ metabolites, which are not essential for cell structure and growth but play a role in reproduction and survival.

Secondary

The coevolution of plants and certain animals has led to the appearance of fruits with very efficient _ dispersal.

Seed

The main function of a fruit is to disperse the _ enclosed in it.

Seed

The need for efficient _ dispersal has led to the coevolution of plants and fruit- eating animals.

Seed

Which is NOT a defining feature of flowering plants?

Seeds

What flower structure produces and disperses pollen?

Stamen

Which of the following is true regarding the diversification of early angiosperms?

They retained many structural and reproductive features from ancestor seed plants

During coevolution:

Two or more species influence each other's evolutionary pathways

What gymnosperm group gave rise to the angiosperms?

Unknown

Match the evolutionary innovation of seed plants with the advantage it provides.

Wood - tall growth/Ovules - gametophyte protection/Pollen - gametophyte dispersal/Seeds - reproduction in diverse environments

Which occurred first in plant evolution, seed production or a vascular system?

a vascular system

Flower production in angiosperms led to:

an increase in diversity

Eudicots are

angiosperms with two cotyledons.

A pollinator is a(n)

animal that transfers pollen between plants.

What is a pistil?

either a single or fused carpel

Match the term with the proper description.complete flower -

flowers with all four organ types/incomplete flower - flowers lacking one or more organ type/perfect flower - flowers with stamens and carpels/imperfect flower - flowers with either stamens or carpels, but not both

The immediate progenitors of seed plants:

had a vascular system

What is the function of flowers?

pollen and seed production

Molecules that are synthesized by organisms but are not essential for cell structure and growth are known as:

secondary metabolites

Gymnosperms and angiosperms are:

seed plants

Gymnosperms are characterized by _______ exposed, rather than enclosed.

seeds

Angiosperms typically use flowers for:

sexual reproduction

Imperfect flowers, in contrast to perfect flowers, lack: either

stamens or carpels

What is pollination?

the transfer of pollen among flowers

What is the main function of a fruit?

to disperse the enclosed seeds

Pollinators typically function by:

transferring pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigmas of other flowers of the same species

Angiosperms with a single cotyledon are called _, and angiosperms with two cotyledons are called_ .

​Monocots, eudicots

The transfer of pollen among flowers of similar type is known as

​Pollination