chapter 4
The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment provides an example of:
construct validity problems.
Which of the following does not represent a criterion for causality?
d. it is not necessary for two variables to be correlated with each other
Automobile deaths in 2015 were lower in Newark than in Miami, Denver, and Chicago. The unit of analysis used to attain this research outcome is an example of what?
group
A study that seeks to understand the differences between gangs uses what unit of analysis?
groups
When we are concerned with whether we are correct in inferring that a cause produced an effect, we are concerned with the:
validity
Necessary cause and sufficient (two causes
A necessary cause represents a condition that must be present for the affect to follow Sufficient cause guarantee the effect.
Internal validity
Are you measuring what you say you're measuring
Which of the following would be an example of a prospective approach to longitudinal studies?
Asking how many victims of childhood abuse later abuse their own children
Temporal (time) ordering
Cause has to come first. You need oxygen heat & steam to have fire, not the other way around.
Cross sectional study.
Collect data at one time. think about cross section of tree. Or cut dog in half. It's a cross section. You looking it at a cross but at one time
Which of the following would not be an example of organizations as units of analysis?
Correctional inmates
Which of the following would serve as a "photographic look" of a phenomenon at one point in time?
Cross-sectional study
External validity
How generalizable is this study, can we take results and generalize it to population?
• Pleasable medrasm (theory)
Inductive and deductive
A systematic error would be found in what type of validity problem?
Internal validity
Units of analysis.
Level at which you're studying something
What type of study attempts to account for errors in drawing a sample by measuring the same people on two or more occasions?
Panel study
If one particular unit of measurement appears more relevant than another, _______ is a possible concern with regards to units of analysis.
Reductionism
Nonsystematic bias would be found in what type of validity problem?
Statistical conclusion validity
Which of the following would allow a researcher to measure a change in a general population over time?
Trend study
is concerned with whether or not we are the connection between a cause and an effect is correct.
Validity
Which of the following is NOT a potential problem in using the technique of a retrospective study?
When subjects are selected for the study
No spuria's variable
X eventually cause y but it is through z. something outside causing x to cause y. outside casual variable.
Which of the following is an example of a social artifact?
a. Citizen attitudes about the death penalty
Which of the following is a potential problem in using the technique of a retrospective study?
a. People have faulty memories. b. Retrospective recall can be biased. c. How many subjects are selected for the study
Causation
a. suggests a cause-and-effect relationship. b. is inherently probabilistic in the social sciences. c. is the focus of explanatory research
Which of the following terms is defined as to the danger of making assertions about individuals as the unit of analysis based on the examination of groups or other aggregations?
b. Ecological fallacy
Which of the following is a type of longitudinal study?
b. Panel study c. Trend study d. Cohort study
Our ability to determine whether a change in the cause is statistically associated with a change in the effect is referring to what type of validity?
b. Statistical conclusion validity
It is necessary to be charged before one can be convicted. This statement is representative of:
necessary cause
A ______ cause is a condition that must be present for an effect to follow, whereas a _____ cause is a condition that most likely guarantees the effect in question.
necessary/sufficient
Correlation/statistical relationship
o there has to be a relationship between two variable(X, Y). X has to have an impact on Y to measure it. Statistical skills come from.
Another way to say that two things are causally related is to say that
one thing causes another
What is a common threat to statistical conclusion validity?
size of sample