Chapter 41: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance FON
A nursing student is teaching a healthy adult client about adequate hydration. Which statement by the client indicates understanding of adequate hydration?
"I should drink 2,500 mL/day of fluid."
A client admitted to the facility is diagnosed with metabolic alkalosis based on arterial blood gas values. When obtaining the client's history, which statement would the nurse interpret as a possible underlying cause?
"I've been taking antacids almost every 2 hours over the past several days."
The nurse is caring for a client who will be undergoing surgery in several weeks. The client states, "I would like to give my own blood to be used in case I need it during surgery." What is the appropriate nursing response?
"Let me refer you to the blood bank so they can provide you with information."
A client has been prescribed 2 units of packed red blood cells. A type and cross-match has been performed and the first unit has arrived on the floor from the blood bank. When administering this client's blood transfusion, the nurse should perform which actions? Select all that apply.
-Ask another nurse to assist with confirming the order, blood group, and other vital information. -Start the administration slowly for the first 15 minutes of the transfusion.
What commonly used intravenous solution is hypotonic?
0.45% NaCl
A client has been diagnosed with a gastrointestinal bleed and the health care provider has ordered a transfusion. At what rate should the nurse administer the client's packed red blood cells?
1 unit over 2 to 3 hours, no longer than 4 hours
The nurse is administering 1,000 mL 0.9 normal saline over 10 hours (set delivers 60 gtt/1 mL). Using the formula below, the flow rate would be: gtt/min = milliliters per hour x drop factor (gtt/mL) ÷ 60 min/hr
100 gtt/min
The nurse is teaching a healthy adult client about adequate hydration. How much average daily intake does the nurse recommend?
2,500 mL/day
A healthy client eats a regular, balanced diet and drinks 3,000 mL of liquids during a 24-hour period. In evaluating this client's urine output for the same 24-hour period, the nurse realizes that it should total approximately how many mL?
3,000
A health care provider orders an infusion of 250 mL of NS in 100 minutes. The set is 20 gtt/ml What is the flow rate?
50 gtt/min
A health care provider orders a bolus infusion of 250 mL of normal saline to run over 1 hour. The set delivers 20 gtt/mL. What is the flow rate in gtt/min?
83 gtt/min
The nurse is calculating an infusion rate for the following order: Infuse 1,000 mL of 0.9% NaCl over 12 hours using an electronic infusion device. What is the infusion rate?
83 mL/hr
A client with a diagnosis of colon cancer has opted for a treatment plan that will include several rounds of chemotherapy. What vascular access device is most likely to meet this client's needs?
An implanted central venous access device (CVAD).
The nurse is planning to discontinue a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) for a client who is prescribed warfarin therapy. Which intervention will individualize care for this client?
Apply pressure to insertion site for at least 3 minutes.
A home care nurse is visiting a client with acute kidney injury who is on fluid restriction. The client tells the nurse, "I get thirsty very often. What might help?" What would the nurse include as a suggestion for this client?
Avoid salty or excessively sweet fluids.
A client suffers from a genetic bleeding deficiency involving a deficit in factor VIII. Which blood product will the nurse most likely administer?
Cryoprecipitate
A nurse is caring for a client who requires intravenous (IV) therapy. The nurse understands that which actions are the nurse's responsibilities related to this therapy? Select all that apply.
Deciding the location of the IV catheter. Deciding the size of the IV catheter. Administering the IV solution
The nurse is caring for a client who has had partial removal of the parathyroid gland. The client reports numbness and tingling of the hands and fingers as well as showing signs of tetany. Which imbalance does the nurse suspect?
Hypocalcemia
Because metabolism continually produces acids, maintenance of pH within these incredibly narrow limits depends on two processes: buffering and compensation. Which statement describes a function of buffering?
It helps to prevent large changes in pH by absorbing or releasing H+ ions.
When the nurse reviews the client's laboratory reports revealing sodium, 140 mEq/L (140 mmol/L); potassium, 4.1 mEq/L (4.1 mmol/L); calcium 7.9 mg/dL (1.975 mmol/L), and magnesium 1.9 mg/dL (0.781 mmol/L); the nurse should notify the health care provider of what abnormal value?
Low calcium
The nurse is administering intravenous (IV) therapy to a client. The nurse notices acute tenderness, redness, warmth, and slight edema of the vein above the insertion site. Which complication related to IV therapy should the nurse most suspect?
Phlebitis
A client has been diagnosed with excessive levels of aldosterone. The nurse's assessment will include what value?
Potassium level
The nurse is responding to a client's call light. The client states, "I was getting out of bed and caught my IV on the side rail. I think I may have pulled it out." The nurse determines that the intravenous (IV) catheter has been almost completely pulled out of the insertion site. Which is the appropriate action for the nurse?
Remove the IV catheter and reinsert another in a different location.
A client has been receiving intravenous (IV) fluids that contain potassium. The IV site is red and there is a red streak along the vein that is painful to the client. What is the priority nursing action?
Remove the IV.
The nurse is caring for a client receiving intravenous fluids through a peripheral intravenous catheter (IV). On rounds, the nurse notes that the client's IV site and arm are swollen and cool to the touch. Based on these assessment findings, what will the nurse do next?
Remove the peripheral intravenous catheter.
A client's blood pressure has dropped from 146/92 mmHg to 107/68 mmHg over the course of several minutes. Increased levels of which of the following will be released into the client's bloodstream?
Renin
When caring for a client who is on intravenous therapy, the nurse observes that the client has developed redness, warmth, and discomfort along the vein. Which intervention should the nurse perform for this complication?
Restart infusion in another vein and apply a warm compress.
The nurse is determining a site for an IV infusion. What guideline should the nurse consider?
Scalp veins should be selected for infants because of their accessibility.
A client is diagnosed with hypovolemia after significant blood loss. Which action will the nurse take?
Start an IV of normal saline as prescribed.
During a blood transfusion of a client, the nurse observes the appearance of rash and flushing in the client, although the vital signs are stable. Which intervention should the nurse perform for this client first?
Stop the transfusion immediately.
The nurse is preparing a packed red blood cell transfusion for a client. The nurse checks the client's blood type in the electronic medical record (EMR) and notes that it is blood type B. What does this mean?
The client has anti-A antibodies.
The nurse is assessing an adult client who has presented to the emergency department with general weakness. The nurse reviews the client's health record to find there is no history of underlying health conditions. The nurse will begin preparing for the insertion of a peripheral intravenous line if which assessment finding(s) are present? Select all that apply.
The client reports using laxative substances daily. The client has been vomiting for several days. The client has a serum potassium level of 2.0 mEq/l (2.0 mmol/l). The client has severe iron-deficiency anemia.
The nurse is caring for a client who has an excess of antidiuretic hormone. What phenomenon will inform the nurse's choice of assessments?
The client's renal system retain more water
The nurse has inserted a peripheral intravenous catheter. When applying a transparent dressing, what is the nurse's best action?
The transparent dressing should be placed in such a manner as to allow full coverage and visibility of the insertion site, without excessively covering the tubing.
What is the priority goal for the activity in which the nurse is engaging, related to the administration of a prescribed IV solution?
To assure the IV solution is appropriate for this administration
A nurse is presenting an in-service program to a group of graduate nurses about blood component therapy. The nurse determines that the education was successful when the group identifies which complication as the primary cause of transfusion-related client death in the United States?
Transfusion-related acute lung injury
An infant is brought to the emergency room with dehydration due to vomiting. After several failed attempts to start an IV, the nurse observes a scalp vein. When accessing the scalp vein, the nurse should use:
a winged infusion needle.
A nurse is reviewing the dietary intake of a client prescribed a potassium-sparing diuretic. The client tells the nurse that they had a banana, yogurt, and bran cereal for breakfast and a turkey sandwich with a glass of milk for lunch. The intake of which food would be a cause for concern?
banana
A client's most recent blood work indicates a K+ level of 7.2 mEq/L (7.2 mmol/L), a finding that constitutes hyperkalemia. For what signs and symptoms should the nurse vigilantly monitor?
cardiac irregularities
Which is a common anion?
chloride
A client who is NPO prior to surgery reports feeling thirsty. What is the physiologic process that drives the thirst factor?
decreased blood volume and intracellular dehydration
A nurse who has diagnosed a client as having "fluid volume excess" related to compromised regulatory mechanism (kidneys) may have been alerted by what symptom?
distended neck veins
Edema happens when there is which fluid volume imbalance?
extracellular fluid volume excess
The nurse is caring for a client who was found without food or water for 2 days in the desert. What explanation for the need for fluid does the client have? Select all that apply.
facilitates cellular metabolism helps maintain normal body temperature acts as a solvent for electrolytes
A dialysis unit nurse caring for a client with acute kidney injury will expect the client to exhibit which fluid and electrolyte imbalances?
fluid volume excess and acidosis
During a blood transfusion, a client displays signs of immediate onset facial flushing, hypotension, tachycardia, and chills. Which transfusion reaction should the nurse suspect?
hemolytic transfusion reaction: incompatibility of blood product
A client is admitted to the facility after experiencing uncontrolled diarrhea for the past several days. The client is exhibiting signs of a fluid volume deficit. When reviewing the client's laboratory test results, which electrolyte imbalance would the nurse likely to find?
hypokalemia
A nurse is reviewing the client's serum electrolyte levels which are as follows: Sodium: 138 mEq/L (138 mmol/L) Potassium: 3.2 mEq/L (3.2 mmol/L) Calcium: 10.0 mg/dL (2.5 mmol/L) Magnesium: 2.0 mEq/L (1.0 mmol/L) Chloride: 100 mEq/L (100 mmol/L) Phosphate: 4.5 mg/dL (2.6 mEq/L) Based on these levels, the nurse would identify which imbalance?
hypokalemia
A nurse is reviewing the client's serum electrolyte levels which are as follows: Sodium: 138 mEq/L (138 mmol/L) Potassium: 3.2 mEq/L (3.2 mmol/L) Calcium: 10.0 mg/dL (2.5 mmol/L) Magnesium: 2.0 mEq/L (1.0 mmol/L) Chloride: 100 mEq/L (100 mmol/L) Phosphate: 4.5 mg/dL (2.6 mEq/L) Based on these levels, the nurse would identify which imbalance?
hypokalemia
A group of nursing students is reviewing information about body fluid and locations. The students demonstrate understanding of the material when they identify which of the following as a function of intracellular fluid?
maintenance of cell size
The nurse is caring for a client with metabolic alkalosis whose breathing rate is 8 breaths/min. Which arterial blood gas data does the nurse anticipate finding?
pH: 7.60; PaCO2: 64 mm Hg (8.51 kPa); HCO3: 42 mEq/l (42 mmol/l)
A client with renal disease requires IV fluids. It is important for the nurse to:
place the fluids on an electronic device.