Chapter 5
By ____ months, most children start taking their first steps
12
Though highly variable, the average age of menarche in girls is _____ years of age
12
Although there is quite a bit of variability in when people start having sex, the average
17 years old
During what period is the pre operational stage predominant?
2 to 6 years
The fetus begins to respond to sound around _____ weeks after conception.
26 weeks
When infants pay attention to something for more than a few seconds, brain activity narrows down to more specific brain regions. This suggests that the brain is becoming more efficient during the first _____ months of life
6
Separation anxiety typically occurs around ____months of age
9 months
in the false belief task, children are asked, "where might Sally look for the marble-in the box or a basket?" How might a a 4-year old respond to the question?
A 4-year old will give the correct answer because they can disentangle their beliefs from those of other people such as sally.
True with respects to individuals who identify as LGBT?
Additional pressures are linked with depressed mood and higher incidences of suicide than in heterosexual students
Emerging_____ begins when one turns 18 years of age.
Adulthood
True about brain development in childhood
After birth, the brain continues to grow new neurons The rate of brain growth increases in early adolescence The rate of brain growth and change slows down after the age of 6
What degenerative disease is marked by progressive cognitive decline leading to an eventual loss of physical function?
Alzheimers disease
When zack thinks that the tree leaves blowing in the wind are waving to him, he is demonstrating ____thinking
Animistic
A child was asked if the sun was alive and he responded, "of course, when we walk, it follows us" This illustrates which principle according to piaget?
Animistic thinking
The germinal stage begins at _____ and last the first two weeks
Conception
In middle to late adulthood, _____ intelligence strengthens, but _____begins to weaken
Crystalized; fluid
A general category of temperament in children?
Easy difficult slow-to-warm up
An ____ is the term used to describe the organism developing the second stage of prenatal development
Embryo
The _____ stage is the second prenatal stage.
Embryonic
benefits of musical training
Enhanced ability to detect pitch changes in language higher intelligence scores improved performance on verbal memory tasks
true/false: Quality of friendships in adolescence is not related to social and emotional outcomes for the individual
FALSE
In the third stage of prenatal programming development, the organism is now called?
Fetal stage
What is the pattern of myelination from birth to adulthood?
Few neurons are myelinated at birth but with age more and more become so.
_____ intelligence is material abstract reasoning; whereas ______ intelligence is knowledge gained from experiences and education.
Fluid; crystallized
______ identity reflects who a person identifies as, internally.
Gender
Amy is in middle adulthood and has decided to start a new art studio for young adults to take art classes in her neighborhood. What stage of Erik Erikson's stages of development is Amy experiencing?
Generatively
According to Erikson, this stage of personality involves the creation of new ides, products, or people. What is it?
Generatively Vs. Stagnation
The study of change and continuity in an individual across the life span is called
Human development
When do taste preferences start?
In the womb-as early as 13-15 weeks after conception.
According to Erikson, _____ is the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it.
Intimacy
What is the importance of pruning?
It helps to make the brain more efficient
What person, more than any other, is associated with the study of cognitive development in children?
Jean piaget
_____ adulthood covers individuals around the ages of 40 through 65.
Middle
______ migration is the process in pregnancy by which neurons move from one part of the fetal brain to their more permanent destination.
Neural migration
Best describes the visual capability of a newborn?
Newborns can see things within inches of them; beyond that most things are very blurry.
best capture the results of recent research investigating object permanence?
Piaget was correct about object permanence, but was wrong about when it first happens
_______ _______ is the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health?
Prenatal programming
The following are the key changes during emerging adulthood Coping with increased responsibility
Recognizing the need to make decisions
Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning occurs when an individual values which of the following?
Relationships trust caring
sexual orientation and gender identity a true statement
Sexual orientation and gender identify are not related.
Losing one's sense of ____ can dampen the sense of taste to the point that food no longer has much appeal.
Smell
In one study, a participant is left out of the group play during an online multiplayer game, and then is ostracized after being excluded. Which of the following best identifies what the researchers found?
Teens participants had a stronger response to this rejection than adults.
What does it mean that caregiver must create a secure base for the child?
The infant needs to know the caregiver is accessible and dependable to explore the world with confidence
Why do infants respond chiefly to visual stimuli within 18-20 inches of their faces?
The occipital cortex has to be stimulated by visual input to develop the proper synaptic connections
What BEST accounts for the tendency of teenagers to engage in risky behavior?
They have not developed the cognitive ability to evaluate the consequences of their actions.
what is concerning the cognitive abilities of adults and teens is most accurate?
They have the same basic reasoning skills, but in teens the ability to plan ahead or evaluate possible consequences is not fully developed
True or false: the least well developed sense in the fetus is vision
True
possible teratogens
Viruses radiation prescription drugs alcohol
What is it called to have the ability to know what matters, to live well, to show good judgement as age?
Wisdom
Vygotsky suggested that the distance between what a child can learn alone and what the child can learn with assistance is the _____
Zone of proximal development
In the germinal stage, ____ is the name of fertilized egg
Zygote
The hallmark of formal operations thinking is the ability to begin to ask _____ philosophical, religious, and political questions.
abstract
Which type of environment creates less complex neural connections?
abusive and impoverished
Identity vs identity confusion is the psychosocial developmental stage that occurs during _____
adolescence
_______ is transition period between childhood and early adulthood
adolescence
puberty marks the beginning of
adolescence
the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood is called
adolescence
general confusion, memory deflects, apathy, irritability, problems with language, problems with eating and sleeping, paranoia, delusions, and personality changes are characteristic of what disease?
alzheimer's
The ____ theory is described as a strong emotional connection that develops early in life between infants and their caregivers
attachment
More myelinated axons, synaptic pruning reaches its final stages and neural synchrony occurs in the ____ all throughout adolescence
brain
_____ death occurs when no measurable electrical activity in the brain is evident
brain
during what period is the sensorimotor stage predominant?
brith to 2
_____identity is when a person's gender identity is the same as their sex at birth
cis-gendered
concrete operational stage is page's third stage of _____ development
cognitive
Two glasses (one short and one wide) of water are filled equally and the child confirms they are the same. Next, the child takes the second glass and pours it into a third that is tall and narrow. The child is asked if the two glasses have the same amount of water and he replies, "no. this illustrates which piagetian concept?
conservation
________ is the recognition that volume or other measurement remains the same when an object's shape or size changes
conservation
List in order from first to last, the step of death and dying according to Kubler-Ross
denial anger bargaining depression acceptance
Studies with the visual cliff show that by the time babies are able to crawl, they can perceive ______
depth
A _____ child's temperament in unpredictable in their daily functions
difficult
An _____ child's temperament is happy and fun during daily routines.
easy
Piaget's three mountain task was designed to measure young children's'
egocentrism
_____is a concept that is defined by not being able to see other's perspective other than one's own
egocentrism
_____ competence is the ability to control self expressions and know when it is appropriate to display certain self expressions.
emotional
which social media platform is more popular among teens from families with lower income?
True or false: The adolescent's mind becomes prepared for parenthood about the same time as their body becomes biologically prepared to reproduce
false
true or false: No matter the type of programming, children who watch more TV perform more poorly in school than children who watch less TV.
false
The _____ _____ task is used to determine when children develop the theory of mind and come to know that others can believe that something is false
false belief
the most serious effect of prenatal alcohol exposure is
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Children who can coordinate of the actions of many smaller muscles, along with information from the eyes, in the service of some task, for example turning knobs or fastening buttons are using their
fine motor skills
When adolescents begin to develop increased logic, piaget would say they are in the _____ operational stage.
formal
by what age are children able to hold objects?
four months
Many of the cognitive developments of adolescence are linked to the maturation of this area of the brain?
frontal lobes
The _____ are also called the sex glands.
gonads
one aspect of identity how a person relates to others. _____ can be very important, long-lasting, and very distressing to teens if they are challenged.
group identifications
Erik Erkson believed that adolescents go through ________versus ________ role confusion.
identity vs identity confusion
According to Erkson, this stage of personality involves testing and trying on new roles. What is it?
identity vs. confusion
Especially when problems are difficult, multitasking does what to overall performance?
impairs performance
The rapid and innate of the caregiver's characteristics is considered _____ in some animals, especially birds?
imprinting
_____is the process of a person's personality becoming whole and full
individuation
What statement describes the most important information that developmental psychologists have come to realize?
infants are much smarter than we originally gave them credit for
A child with ____ attachment cannot be comforted by the mother on reunion and shows difficulty in returning to play
insecure-resistant
According to Erkson, in late adulthood, the main personality development is ______ versus despair
integrity
According to Erkson, the stage of personality involves a sense of being whole and integrated. What is it?
integrity vs. despair
Who's is the person responsible for the most well-known account of moral development?
lawerence kohlberg
The longer a child stays in a deprived environment_____ the likely they will be to recover Less
less
At which stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is a child who says "You can't take a cookie from the cookie jar because mom will find out and you'll get into trouble"?
level 1: preconventional level
At which stage of moral reasoning is a child who says, " You can't steal that life-saving medication because people will think poorly of you for stealing"?
level 2: conventional
At was stage of moral reasoning is a person who says " although it is legally wrong, Heinz should steal the drug to save his mother's life. But he also has to be willing to suffer the consequences and go to jail if need be."?
level 3: postconventional
Dementia has which of the following characteristics
loss of mental function, problem solving, and use language difficulty in the use of language
_____fetuses are more active than _____fetuses
male;female
Dementia includes _____ problems, and difficulty in reasoning.
memory
What is the first menstrual period called?
menarche
Slow-to-warm up children are ___ nervous or feel tense toward new situations.
mildly
When young adults participants were given____, they were able to develop superior pitch perception. This suggest that the critical periods can be extended for certain kinds of learning.
mood stabilizers
______ might benefit people with degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease by providing extra brain tissue resources or "reserves" for cognitive function
neurogenesis
Kelly knows when her ball rolls under the desk and she no longer sees it, she can crawl over and reach for the ball. Kelly knows that even though she does not see the ball it still exist. This is the development of ____ permanence
object
Amy's mom takes her doll and puts it under the blanket, Amy used to cry because she thought the doll was gone. Later Amy knew that the doll was still there under the blanket even though she could not see the doll. This is an example of which cognitive advancement?
object permanence
The main goal ____ ____ is to ease suffering and to make a dying person as comfortable as possible, rather than to cure or treat the patient.
palliative care
______are people who share equal standing or status and are at the same level, in terms of age, gender, sill, or power
peers
Most people behave the same throughout a lifetime in most situations. That is referred to as an individual's
personality
______ is the consistently unique way in which an individual behaves over time and in many different situations
personality
Why did piaget underestimate the age when object permanence develops?
piaget said object permanence was picked up the cloth or looking under some object.
Although stealing is wrong, John should steal the drug to save his wife's life. He must also be willing to suffer the consequences of his action, though. This represents reasoning at which stage of moral development?
post conventional
which of the moral developments does cross-cultural research support
pre conventional and conventional
Which of Piagets stages occurs from ages 2-5 and is characterized by the development of language?
pre operational stage
Heinz says he did not steal the ball because he did not want to go to jail. This represents reasoning at which stage of moral development
preconventional
Nicotine exposure during fetal development can result in
prematurity low birth weight still births
According to John Bowlby, what is the major function of becoming emotionally attached to caregivers and emotionally distressing when separate from them?
protect infants from predation and other threats to survival
Nature's way of making the brain more efficient is a process called
pruning
A child that is ___ will gradually explore new situations when a caregiver leaves, and will initiate contact when the caregiver returns
securely attached
When piaget stage involves infants learning their world, form their eyes, ears, and mouth?
sensorimotor
identifying oneself as heterosexual,homosexual or bisexual in adolescence speaks to the development of
sexual identity
College students high on ____ _____ use Facebook more frequently than those low on the same characteristic
social comparison
What is the term used to describe how individuals make use of emotional information from another person?
social referencing
The onset of puberty in boys is marked by _____, the boy's first ejaculation.
spermarche
______ occurs when a blood vessel that serves the brain is blocked
stroke
_____ begins before birth, and is the biological basis to behavior in particular ways from very early in life.
temperament
interpreting facial expression, understanding emotion, and theory of mind are all important in social development of adolescents. What are areas of the brain associated with these processes?
temporal lobe amygdala prefrontal cortex
The release of the male hormone, _____, causes the development of facial and public hair, deepening the the voice, widening of the shoulders, and growth of the penis
testosterone
The strange situation procedure was designed to assess
the quality of attachment between infant and caregiver
____ of _____ refers to the ability to understand how other people's minds work.
theory of mind
musical training benefits!
thicker corpus callous cerebellums is larger Greater activation of the ;eft auditory cortex
_____ identity occurs when one identifies with the opposite gender one was assigned at birth
transgender
ture/fale: prescriptions drugs such as antidepressants are considered teratogens
true dat
motor skill development in children is displayed in five year old's ability to
use silverware dress themselves print letters
Which of the following were shown to be improved by playing video games?
visual tracking problem solving mental rotation
According to researchers, ____ are more likely to use first-person singular pronouns (I,me,my) in online dating profiles, and ____ are more likely to use first person plural words (we,our)
younger adults; older adults