Chapter 5 Multiple Choice

According to the Gestalt point of view, the perception of an object depends on the A) perception of the relations among parts of the object B) perception of the elementary features of the object C) perception of the object's geons D) flow of information as an object is transformed with successive process steps

A

Apparent movement refers to A. The perception of movement when two stimuli are presented in alternation at the proper temporal and spatial intervals B. The perception of movement of a target when in fact it is stationary, but the background is moving C. The perception of self-movement when we are stationary but the scene we are watching is moving D. None of the above

A

Detection 1) of vertical and horizontal lines and then 2) of right angles composed of whichever of these lines are in a 90 degree orientation, and finally 3) of any squares composed of these right angles in the proper number and orientation is characteristic of the hierarchical operation of A) feature nets B) illusory contours C) knowledge-driven processes D) selective attention E) none of the above

A

Given a figure full of an array of lines converging upward from its base, decreases at a rate of convergence midway up give the impression of _____ while changes in the number of lines converging midway up give the impression of ______. A. A slope down into a valley and up the other side/ a sudden step down as if off a cliff B. A sudden step down as if off a cliff/ a slope down into a valley and up the other side C. Motion parallax/ optic flow D. Optic flow/ motion parallax E. A and C

A

In a visual search task, if the target is a blue T that is embedded among green R's, blue G's, and red T's, participants would have to engage in A. A feature-by-feature conjunction search for the target B. A single feature ("pops out") search for the target C. Either a conjunction or a single feature search for the target, depending on their choice D. None of the above

A

Indicate which completion of the following sentence is FALSE: In contrast to parvo cells, magno cells report information from the retina to visual analyzing areas of the brain concerning A. Pattern and form B. Changes in brightness C. Motion D. Depth and where things are in it

A

Induced motion differs from apparent movement in that A. In the former case, it is the ground that moves, whereas in the latter case, it is the figure that moves B. The former is a physical phenomenon and the latter is a retinal phenomenon C. Induced motion is based on absolute displacement, whereas apparent movement is based on relative displacement D. None of the above

A

The View-Master was able to create the illusion of depth using A. Binocular disparity B. Monocular cues C. Motion parallax D. None of the above

A

The change in the size of objects as we move closer or farther away from them is known as A. Optic flow B. Motion parallax C. Linear perspective D. Apparent movement

A

The law of similarity states that A) the more objects resemble each other, the greater the chance that they will be grouped together perceptually B) the more an object resembles another object, the easier it is to identify it C) given any two objects, one is always more similar (perceptually) to an arbitrary third object than the other D) none of the above

A

Which of the following statements about geons is not true? A. about 70 geons serve as the geometric primitives of the perceptual system B. geons can be combined with other geons to make up many different objects C. the recognition of geons is accomplished by an early stage of pattern recognition D. the relationships among geons are an important part of perceptual recognition

A

Which two of the following are examples of induced motion? A. The moon moving through the clouds B. Perceiving movement of a stationary spot of light in darkness C. Perceiving movement of a stationary spot of light when the rectangular frame around it moves D. Perceiving that the moon moves when we move with respect to it E. Perceiving movement in the successive frames of a movie

A, C

A person with an agnosia would be A. Able to recognize an object but not perceive its parts B. Unable to recognize an object even though he or she could perceive its shape C. Unable to recognize the color or shape of an object D. Able to write a structural description of an object but unable to copy the object

B

Orienting movements, like turning of the head, are external manifestations of A. Differentiation B. Attention C. Recalibration D. Adaption

B

The binding problem is caused by the visual system's breaking up of A. Proximity and similarity information B. Form and location information C. Size and shape information D. Location and movement information E. Information about large and small objects

B

The following poetic couplet pertains to which of the below? "Things and acts do seemingly conspire together, When their neurons synchronously fire together" A. Unconscious Inference B. The Binding Problem C. Illusory Contours D. Proximity E. The Correspondence Problem

B

The law of proximity states that A) the closer an object is to an observer, the easier it is to identify it B) the closer two objects are to each other, the greater the chance that they will be grouped together perceptually C) given any two objects, one is always nearer (perceptually) to an arbitrary third object than the other D) none of the above

B

The other proposal about the perception of constancy is based on the idea that A. We perceive constancy in shape by making an unconscious inference about the orientation of a retinal image and texture elements from the background B. We perceive size constancy by making an unconscious inference about the size of a retinal image and the distance we are from an object C. We perceive lightness constancy by making an unconscious inference about the size of a retinal image and the reflectance of that image D. None of the above

B

When several investigators temporarily paralyzed their eye muscles and then tried to move their eyes, they saw objects move in their visual field even though their eyes did not move (nor did the objects). This suggests that A. Paralyzing the eye muscles doesn't affect motion perception B. Perceived stability is produced by compensating for motor movement C. Perceived motion is produced by compensating for motor movement D. None of the above

B

Which of the following is not true of motion parallax? A. Objects near to us move in a direction opposite to our own as we move through space B. Objects far away move in a direction opposite to our own as we move through space C. Objects farther away move at a lesser velocity than objects closer D. Two of the above E. A, B, and C

B

Binocular disparity is caused by A. A slight difference in the size of the two eyes B. Small imperfections in the lens or cornea C. The slightly different position of each eye D. The favoring of one eye over the other

C

For reversible figures, which of the following is false? A) the figure is generally seen in front of the ground B) a reversible figure-ground display is characterized by two adjoining regions alternately acting as figures C) a contour can be seen as simultaneously belonging to figure and to ground D) none of the above

C

If a target in a visual search task differs from the background items on a single feature such as color or curvature, participants will A) struggle to detect the target B) engage in a conjunctive search for the target C) perceive the target quickly with little search required D) none of the above

C

In light of the amazing number of objects to be recognized and the equally amazing number of feature receptor lists available to us for recognizing these objects, which of the following statements is NOT true. A) we need flexibility in how, or whether, to use the feature lists B) the completion phenomenon demonstrated by Illusory Contours in Figure 5.5 is an example of the fact that attending to some features causes a viewer to ignore other features C) scenes assume their interpretations are independent of the features attended to D) depending on an overall assessment of a scene, some features claim our attention over others in promising more relevant information gathered more quickly

C

Looking at cobblestones on the street gives us an example of A. Linear perspective B. Relative size C. Texture gradients D. Interposition

C

What is NOT true of a visual search task (procedure)? A. A participant is asked to pick out the most relevant component of a stimulus pattern as quickly as possible B. The identification of what types of features are present is little affected by how many types there are C. The mental adjustment aspects of the selection process hinder accurate scanning and location of the correct target D. Two of the above E. All of the above

C

Which completion of the following is FALSE: Illusions A. Result when a scene activates feature detectors in such a way that conflicts among them lead us to the scene's faulty interpretation B. Make us aware that perception involves steps and inferences of which we are ordinarily unaware until they lead us astray C. Make it clear that our perceptions chiefly result from the type and pattern of events visited upon us from the physical world D. Show us that interpretation is always a part of the perceptual process E. B and D

C

You're looking at the noun word "CAT" but whose first letter is so dim that it could either be a C for cat, H for hat, an M for mat, an R for rat or a V for vat. Just beforehand, you had been reading about dogs, mice, and canaries so that the category and feature detector for "ANIMAL" comes to mind and strengthens the dim perception of the word as being either CAT or RAT. A __________ process is involved in making this determination. A) bottom-up B) data-driven C) top-down D) feature net E) a and c

C

A raven at 5 pm in the waning afternoon light looks just as black as the same raven in the bright daylight of noontime. How many hypothetical light units is the sun emitting at noon and reflecting off the raven compared to the sun's emission and reflectance at 5 pm? A. 12 and 8 compared to 9 and 6 B. 12 and 9 compared to 8 and 6 C. 12 and 9 compared to 9 and 6 D. A or B E. A or C

D

All of the following are parsing cues except A) proximity B) similarity C) good continuation D) simplicity

D

As reported in Chapter 4, there are complex feature detector neurons in the monkey brain that recognize (fire when shown) a hand in any of its many possible shapes (open or closed). As may be similarly true of many other kinds of complex feature detectors, this could be because A) the complex feature detector is at the top of a large file of simpler hand detectors (one for every possible hand shape) which each report to it. B) the complex feature detector represents a prototype or "standardized view" of a hand but that fires whenever a sufficient number of subcomponent detectors, such as ones for each finger, a thumb, nails, etc., are activated by what they separately detect. C) a top-down detector for a monkey-in-general fires, indicating thus that there must also be a hand involved D) a or b E) all of the above

D

Binocular disparity A. Is an effective cue to depth for long distances B. Occurs because our eyes receive virtually the same image C. Is not by itself a sufficient cue to depth D. Can be stimulated by viewing specially designed two-dimensional drawings E. Is effective only for familiar objects

D

If a participant were presented with a display of letters printed in colored inks that included a blue G, a red M, and a yellow B, and if this display were presented briefly, he or she might see A. A blue D B. A red T C. A yellow R D. A blue M

D

In a study, subjects are presented with a sequence of visual displays each of which is composed of a line drawing of one object superimposed on a line drawing of another object. One of the drawings is in red, and the other in blue. We ask subjects to monitor the red line drawing and respond when they see any object that is human made (e.g. a wrench). Suppose we surprise the subjects after they see the entire sequence by asking them about the blue objects. On the basis of what we know about the effect of attention on perception, they should be able to A. Name quite a number of objects B. Accurately judge whether there were many human-made objects drawn in blue C. A and B D. None of the above

D

In the face-vase reversible figure, first one way of seeing the figure and then the other asserts itself--in an alternating cycle--into our conscious appreciation of what we are looking at. What is responsible? A) we have face feature detectors and vase feature detectors in our brains that are evenly balanced out against each other B) only one feature detector at a time can claim the path into our consciousness C) as long as one way of looking at the figure is dominating our consciousness that way begins to habituate until the other--in the meantime recovered from habituation--can wrest control and take-over how we consciously see the figure D) all of the above E) none of the above

D

One of the most effective monocular depth cues is _______, which is absent in pictorial representations but present in real life A. Linear perspective B. Relative size C. Interposition D. Motion parallax

D

Pattern recognition is a A. Top-down process B. Horizontal process C. Bottom-up process D. A and C E. A and B

D

Segregating figure from ground (as in a reversible figure) A) can be done only with reversible figures B) is accomplished by perceiving the contour separating two regions as belonging to the ground C) is too elementary a perceptual process to be used effectively by artists D) none of the above

D

Size constancy appears to depend on A. The fact that although the retinal image of an object changes as we move away from it, its size relative to other objects in a display does not B. The perceived distance that an object is from an observer C. Various cues such as linear perspective, binocular disparity, and motion parallax D. All of the above

D

Which of the following is not true of the effects of selective attention? A. Some information gets in from an unattended message B. It primes certain feature analyzers C. It helps prepare us for an upcoming stimulus D. It is restricted to vision only E. It shelters us to some extent from unwanted distractions

D

1. Given the properties of magno and parvo cells, and given the two flows of information in the visual system into the "what" and "where" streams, it seems likely that A. Magno cells feed into the "where" system B. Parvo cells feed into the "what" system C. Magno cells feed into the "what system" D. Parvo cells feed into the "where system" E. A and B F. C and D

E

If binding a stimulus back together again is seen as such a problem (at least by researchers), then why does the brain dissect it into its many features in the first place? A. Identifying the subparts of a stimulus can help the brain understand better, perhaps for its survival, how the stimulus is importantly different from some other stimulus B. Identifying the subparts of a stimulus can help the brain understand better, perhaps for its survival, how the stimulus is importantly similar to some other stimulus C. Size and shape can get confused with one another unless their differences are carefully itemized D. All of the above E. A and B

E

In reference to reading the word CAT, you are just beginning to notice that the left side of the word has a curve in it. Although this only weakly activates the detector for C, the detector is now additionally activated by stimulation from the detector for CAT that you can now make out that the first letter is clearly a C and, hence, the word you are looking at, without question, is the word CAT. A ____________ process was involved. A) bottom-up B) data-driven C) top-down D) feature net E) a and c

E

Object recognition begins with A) recognition of Gestalt properties B) visual search C) selective attention D) perceptual organization E) feature detection

E

The way we interpret an object depends on A. What features are present to be potentially identified B. Which of these features and the selection and arrangement choices to which they guide us actually trigger identifications C. Both bottom-up (fine-grained) and top-down (large scale) analyses of these identifications D. Two of the above E. A, B, and C

E

Why in Figure 5.7 is the banana seen as occluding an apple rather than separating two objects? A) the law of similarity (in color) tends to group the two objects together as one B) the law of good continuation tends to link together the two objects as one despite the occluding banana C) the lightness of the banana makes it appear like the "figure" to the apple's "ground" and thus on top of it rather than between it D) two of the above E) all of the above

E

You're hungry and have just sat down at the breakfast table. You see something and have to decide what it is (an apple or a milk pitcher?), whether it is worth eating (green=unripe, red=ripe), and--depending--where to reach for it (near your plate or across the table). What aspects of this "something" must you perceptually process for it to "bear fruit"? A) its shape B) its color C) what its shape and color indicate it is D) where (how far away from you) it is E) all of the above

E