Chapter 5 Oceanography

The density of pure water reaches its maximum density, or plateaus, at an approximate temperature of __________. 90ºC 100ºC 1.9ºC 4ºC 0ºC

4ºC

How much of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans? Almost all of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans. Three-quarters of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans. Almost none of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans. One-quarter of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans. Half of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans.

Almost all of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans.

Of the following processes, which INCREASES the salinity of seawater? the formation of sea ice glaciers calving into the ocean, producing icebergs that melt Runoff Precipitation Evaporation sea ice melting

Evaporation

The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is: Cl-. Na+. CO2. HCO3-. Ca+2.

HCO3-.

What does the hydrologic cycle describe? The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and rivers. The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and solid water move between the ocean, atmosphere and rivers. The hydrologic cycle describes how solid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land. The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land. The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and solid water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.

The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.

The principal reason that oil and water do not mix, even when shaken, is that oil molecules __________. are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar have no latent heat are organic are smaller than water molecules have a high heat capacity

are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar

The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is the definition of: latent heat of condensation. boiling point elevation. calorie. latent heat of evaporation. thermal capacity.

calorie

change in state from liquid to gas pycnocline evaporation halocline sublimation condensation

evaporation

area of rapid change in salinity with slight change in depth pycnocline evaporation halocline sublimation condensation

halocline

What causes water's density to decrease when it freezes? hydrogen bonds dispersion forces covalent bonds van der Waals attractions ionic bonds

hydrogen bonds

high temperature decreases seawater salinity increases seawater salinity

increases seawater salinity

What do we call the energy used to melt ice once the ice becomes water? latent energy of ice latent energy of water latent heat of water latent heat of ice

latent heat of water

What physically breaks hydrogen bonds between water molecules as ice melts? movement of water molecules covalent bonds of water molecules polarity of water molecules mass of water molecules

movement of water molecules

All of the following are methods used to desalinate water except: freeze separation. electrolysis. reverse osmosis. osmosis. distillation.

osmosis.

The pH of surface seawater usually has a value of around 8.0. That means the water is __________. strongly basic (or alkaline) neither acidic nor basic slightly basic (or alkaline) strongly acidic slightly acidic

slightly basic (or alkaline)

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. change in state from solid to gas condensation evaporation halocline sublimation pycnocline

sublimation

The density (mass per volume) of most liquids increases as the __________ is lowered. salinity temperature pH pressure concentration

temperature

Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a: change in atomic mass. change in state. change in subatomic structure. change in chemical composition. change in molecular weight.

change in state.

We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________. evaporation is much less than precipitation both precipitation and evaporation rates are high both precipitation and evaporation rates are low evaporation is much greater than precipitation precipitation occurs only as snowfall

evaporation is much greater than precipitation

What would happen to atmospheric water if Earth were mostly covered with land? The atmosphere would contain more water. The atmosphere would contain less water. The atmosphere would contain colder water. The atmosphere would contain warmer water.

The atmosphere would contain less water.

How much heat energy is needed to turn 1 gram of water at 0 degrees Celsius into water vapor? 5.4 calories of heat energy 54 calories of heat energy 540 calories of heat energy 5400 calories of heat energy

540 calories of heat energy

How much heat energy is needed to melt 1 gram of ice? 8 calories of heat energy 80 calories of heat energy 800 calories of heat energy 8000 calories of heat energy

80 calories of heat energy

The surface tension of water: increases as density decreases. is relatively low. is very similar in other liquids. is relatively high. is related to salinity.

is relatively high.

The average salinity of typical seawater is: 2.0%. 10%. 25%. 3.5%. 0.35%.

3.5%.

Why is Loucy show coot?

Because koalas love socks

Which is the most abundant ion in seawater? Chloride Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium

Chloride

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. sodium ion B. calcium ion C. potassium ion D. hydrogen ion E. magnesium ion

D. hydrogen ion

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. A. temperature B. salinity C. thermocline D. pycnocline E. distillation

E. distillation

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added? It rises slowly until it reaches 32C, and then it remains constant as the ice melts. It rises rapidly as the ice melts. It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise. It immediately begins to rise slowly. The temperature pattern cannot be predicted.

It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.

How does water get from the oceans onto land? Ocean water evaporates to form liquid water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain. Ocean water evaporates to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain. Ocean water condenses to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it evaporates into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain. Ocean water evaporates to form solid water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain. Ocean water evaporates to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into gaseous water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain.

Ocean water evaporates to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain.

How are seawater and pure water similar? How are they different? Seawater and pure water are similar in that they are clear (transparent) and yellow/blue in color. They are different in that seawater tends to have a lower pH, higher density, lower freezing point, and a higher boiling point than pure water. Seawater and pure water are similar in that they are clear (transparent) and blue/green in color. They are different in that seawater tends to have a higher pH, lower density, higher freezing point, and a lower boiling point than pure water. Seawater and pure water are similar in that they are clear (transparent) and blue/green in color. They are different in that seawater tends to have a higher pH, higher density, lower freezing point, and a higher boiling point than pure water. Seawater and pure water are similar in that they are clear, and are blue/green in color. They are different in that pure water tends to have a higher pH, higher density, lower freezing point, and a higher boiling point than seawater. Seawater and pure water are similar in that they are clear, blue/green, have the same pH, same density, and the same freezing and boiling points.

Seawater and pure water are similar in that they are clear (TRANSPARENT) and blue/green in color. They are different in that seawater tends to have a HIGHER pH, HIGHER density, LOWER freezing point, and a HIGHER boiling point than pure water.

What condition of salinity makes it possible to determine the total salinity of ocean water by measuring concentration of only one constituent, the chloride ion? Seawater has a constancy of composition, so the concentration of several major constituents can be measured to determine the total salinity of a given water sample. The constituents that occur in the greatest abundance and are the easiest to measure accurately are the sodium and chloride ions. Seawater has a constancy of composition, so the concentration of a single major constituent cannot be measured to determine the total salinity of a given water sample. Rather, salinity must be measured in each location individually. Seawater has a constancy of composition in terms of the major constituents, so the concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a given water sample. The constituent that occurs in the greatest abundance and is the easiest to measure accurately is the chloride ion. Seawater has a constancy of composition, so the concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a given water sample. The constituent that occurs in the greatest abundance and is the easiest to measure accurately is the sodium ion. Seawater has a constancy of composition, so the concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a given water sample. The constituent that occurs in the greatest abundance and is the easiest to measure accurately is the iodine ion.

Seawater has a constancy of composition in terms of the major constituents, so the concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a given water sample. The constituent that occurs in the greatest abundance and is the easiest to measure accurately is the CHLORIDE ION.

Describe what condition exists in water molecules to make them dipolar. The straight geometry of the water molecule gives a slight positive charge to the oxygen side of the water molecule and a slight negative charge to the hydrogen side of the water molecule. This slight separation of charges gives the entire molecule an electrical polarity, so water molecules are monopoles. The straight geometry of the water molecule gives a slight overall negative charge to the side of the oxygen atom and a slight overall positive charge to the side of the hydrogen atoms. This slight separation of charges gives the entire molecule an electrical polarity, so water molecules are dipolar. The bent geometry of the water molecule gives a slight overall negative charge to the oxygen side of the molecule and a slight overall positive charge to the hydrogen side of the molecule. This slight separation of charges gives the entire molecule an electrical polarity, so water molecules are dipolar. The bent geometry of the water molecule gives a slight overall positive charge to the side of the oxygen atom and a slight overall negative charge to the side of the hydrogen atoms. This slight separation of charges gives the entire molecule an electrical polarity, so water molecules are dipolar. The bent geometry of the water molecule gives a slight negative charge to the oxygen side of the water molecule and a slight positive charge to the hydrogen side of the water molecule. This slight separation of charges gives the entire molecule an electrical polarity, so water molecules are monopoles.

The BENT geometry of the water molecule gives a slight overall NEGATIVE charge to the oxygen side of the molecule and a slight overall POSITIVE charge to the hydrogen side of the molecule. This slight separation of charges gives the entire molecule an electrical polarity, so water molecules are DIPOLAR.

Why does temperature NOT initially increase as energy is added after ice begins to melt? The added energy is used to break hydrogen bonds within water molecules. The added energy is used to form hydrogen bonds within water molecules. The added energy is used to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules. The added energy is used to form hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

The added energy is used to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

What would happen to the oceans if surface runoff and groundwater flow were reduced (for example, by the growth of ice sheets during an ice age)? The oceans would become smaller. The oceans would become bigger. The oceans would stay the same size.

The oceans would become smaller.

How can water vapor become ice? Water vapor can become liquid water through the addition of heat energy, and then become ice through the addition of more heat energy. Water vapor can also become ice directly through the addition of heat energy. Water vapor can become liquid water through the release of heat energy, and then become ice through the release of more heat energy. Water vapor cannot become ice directly through the release of heat energy. Water vapor can become liquid water through the addition of heat energy, and then become ice through the addition of more heat energy. Water vapor cannot become ice directly through the addition of heat energy. Water vapor can become liquid water through the release of heat energy, and then become ice through the release of more heat energy. Water vapor can also become ice directly through the release of heat energy.

Water vapor can become liquid water through the RELEASE of heat energy, and then become ice through the RELEASE of more heat energy. Water vapor CAN also become ice DIRECTLY through the RELEASE of heat energy.

Where is most of Earth's freshwater found? as ice at Earth's surface as ice below Earth's surface as liquid below Earth's surface as liquid at Earth's surface

as ice at Earth's surface

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms ions electrons covalent bonds hydrogen bonds atoms

covalent bonds

river input decreases seawater salinity increases seawater salinity

decreases seawater salinity

All of the following processes decrease seawater salinity except: precipitation. evaporation. iceberg melting. river runoff. sea ice melting

evaporation

All of the following processes decrease the salinity of water except: evaporation. precipitation. icebergs melting. sea ice melting. runoff.

evaporation

What must break in order for water to change from solid to liquid to gas? covalent bonds within water molecules ionic bonds within water molecules hydrogen bonds between water molecules covalent bonds between water molecules hydrogen bonds within water molecules

hydrogen bonds between water molecules

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. charged atoms due to the gain or loss of one or more electrons hydrogen bonds covalent bonds atoms electrons ions

ions

Which ocean is Earth's largest? the Arctic Ocean the Pacific Ocean the Indian Ocean the Atlantic Ocean

the Pacific Ocean

The primary difficulty that must be overcome in the use of desalination plants to provide fresh water is __________. environmental damage from the brine effluent the destruction of marine life by the process poor quality of water produced by the plants the high cost of energy involved high maintenance costs for the plants

the high cost of energy involved

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of: the polarity of water molecules. the viscosity of water. electron sharing. surface tension. electron transfer.

the polarity of water molecules.

A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the: isocline. pycnocline. halocline. barocline. thermocline.

thermocline

The most common liquid on planet Earth is __________. water hydrogen ammonia carbon oxygen

water