Chapter 6 Bone

Where in the diagram does the secondary ossification center form?

A

Where would reticular connective tissue be located in the diagram below?

A

Which bone cell in the diagram is located in the inner layer of the periosteum, the endosteum, and perforating and Haversian canals?

A

which structure in the image represents an osteon, the structural unit of compact bone

A

In the diagram, where do cells lose the ability to divide and increase in size?

B

What type of bone cell secretes hydroxyapatite and collagen fibers?

B

Which statement describes blood calcium levels accurately?

Blood calcium levels increase when bone breaks down, and decreases when bone is built.

In the diagram, what bone is considered the strongest?

C

In which region of the diagram would yellow bone marrow be located?

C

What area in the diagram would the primary ossification center be formed?

C

Which bone cell in the diagram below transports nutrients and wastes through tiny canals radiating from the lacunae?

C

Which two minerals are needed in large quantities when bones are growing?

Calcium and phosphorous

Which two minerals are stored in major quantities in bone tissue?

Calcium and phosphorus

Which of the following regions of bone would not undergo bone remodeling as frequently as the other regions?

Compact bone

Which bone cell in the diagram below is an osteoclast?

D

In the diagram, where is the zone of resting cartilage and does it demonstrate a proximal epiphysis or a distal epiphysis?

D; proximal epiphysis

Which type of fracture is considered a partial fracture and is only seen in children?

Greenstick

In which region of a long bone, such as the humerus, would you find the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)?

Metaphysis

The _______ is the region of long bone that contains hyaline cartilage used for growth in length.

Metaphysis

If bone is analogous to a bank, calcium is analogous to ______.

Money

The all of the following are part of the bone matrix except:

Muscle fibers

type of bone fracture characterized by the broken ends of the bone protruding through the skin is known as a(n)

Open (compound) fracture

Which of the following selections correctly lists the sequence of events that occur during intramembranous ossification?

Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum.

The cells active in fracture repair during the production of the hard (spongy bone) callus.

Osteoblasts

Why would running and jumping have a larger effect on bone health than walking?

Osteoblasts are more active and osteoclast maintain normal activity when there is mechanical stress placed on bones.

Which is formed from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell)?

Osteoclast

This cell is active once the matrix of bone calcifies. The cells sits in a lacunae.

Osteocytes

Which is NOT a part of the events that result in parathyroid hormone's control of blood calcium levels?

PTH acts on the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland to increase the level of the hormone calcitonin

What hormone(s) is/are released from the control center when the control center receives cAMP input; also important in increasing blood calcium serum levels. Choose the best answer.

Parathyroid

What area of long bone is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and osteogenic cells?

Periosteum

Which of the following hormones are more important post-puberty for bone growth?

Sex hormones

A skeleton that exhibits a partially closed epiphyseal plate would likely be that of a an

adolescent

By which process, as an individual grows to adulthood, is the thickness (diameter) of bone increased?

appositional growth

The shaft of a long bone is the

diaphysis

which is NOT a function of calcium in the body

epithelium function

Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of __, which would inhibit ___.

estrogen; osteoclast activity

Endosteum -

lines the medullary cavity

Osteocytes -

maintain bone tissue

During endochondral ossification in a fetus, bones initially develop as a cartilage model that was formed from

mesenchyme.

The process of bone formation is referred to as

ossification

Epiphysis -

proximal and distal ends of the bone

Osteoblasts -

secrete matrix material

Diaphysis -

shaft of bone

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

Articular cartilage - composed of elastic cartilage to allow flexibility

PTH will increase _______ activity while Calcitonin will decrease __________ activity.

Osteoclast; osteoclast

Cells active when cartilage needs to be removed so new bone can be produced.

Osteoclasts

Which of the following is mismatched?

Osteoclasts -are derived from osteoblasts and break down bone tissue

Compact bone is composed of units called osteons. In contrast, spongy bone is composed of _____.

Trabeculae

Osteons are found in _____, while trabeculae are found in _____.

compact, spongy

In endochondral ossification, what is the original source of osteoblasts?

osteoprogenitor cells

Which of following selections lists bone cells in the order from unspecialized stem cell to highly specialized mature bone cell

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes

Which of the following tissues are part of bone? 1. epithelial tissues. 2. muscular tissues 3. nervous tissues. 4. connective tissues.

1,3,4

Which statements describe spongy bone? 1. Composed of trabeculae. 2. Made up of osteons. 3. Found in higher amounts in the diaphysis. 4. Found lining the superficial regions of all bones. 5. Arranged along lines of force that are encountered. 6. Gaps filled with marrow. 7. Maintains strength with light weight. 8. Has the same purpose structurally as compact bone. 9. Has lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae and canaliculi. 10. Has lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi, and central canals.

1,5,6,7,9

Which is the proper sequence of steps in the healing of a fracture (the steps are listed below but are not in the correct sequence of events) 1 osteoblasts form trabecular bone that joins together the fractured ends of the bone and bony callus replaces fibrocartilage callus 2 bone remodeling occurs and compact bone replaces the spongy bone around the periphery of the fracture site 3 fibroblasts and chondrocytes from the periosteum form the fibrocartilage callus 4 a fracture hematoma forms and bone cells in the region of the fracture die 5 phagocytes and osteoclasts begin to remove the dead cells and damaged tissue around the hematoma

4, 5, 3, 1, 2

Which of the following labeled structures in the diagram is a site of red blood cell production in adult bones?

A

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram are fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or growth?

A

Place the events of a fracture repair in order. A: A hematoma will form and will form a temporary connection between the ends of the bones. B: Fibroblasts and chondroblasts migrate from the periosteum and begin to produce fibrocartilage to connect the ends of the bones. C: Osteoclasts resorb dead portions of the new bony area, and compact bone replaces spongy bone. D: Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts and produce spongy bone. E: Phagocytes and osteoclasts begin to remove dead and damaged tissue.

A, E, B, D, C

Where in the diagram can you find red bone marrow in an adult?

A,B

List the order of the zones in an epiphyseal plate from the diaphyseal region to the distal epiphysis. A: Zone of calcified cartilage B: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage C: Zone of proliferating cartilage D: Zone of resting cartilage

ABCD

which of the following statements is incorrect?

All of these statements are correct The skeleton provides a structural framework for the body. The cranium, rib cage and vertebrae protect important internal organs from injury. Bone releases minerals as needed to maintain homeostasis. Bone stores calcium and phosphorus

Which of the following statements are true

All of these statements are true Compact bone contains osteons while spongy contains trabeculae. Compact bone makes up most of the bone of the diaphysis while spongy bone makes up most of the epiphysis. Spongy bone makes up most of the structure of short, flat and irregular bones and the inside of the epiphysis of long bones. Spongy bones make bone lighter and aids in stress resistance.

Bone growth and remodeling are influenced by all of the following except:

Amount of fibrocartilage available.

The ______ is composed of hyaline cartilage and reduces friction between bones involved in a joint.

Articular cartilage

Which labeled structures in the figure are lamellae?

B

Which labeled structures in the figure are canaliculi?

C

What are the extracellular fluid filled extensions of the lacunae called?

Canaliculi

During fracture repair, what area will have mesenchymal cells that differentiate into fibroblasts, chondroblasts and osteoblasts?

E

Which illustration and radiograph in the figure shows a Pott's fracture?

E

Which labeled structure in the figure was once an osteoprogenitor cell?

E

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram secure dense irregular and osteogenic layers to the bone matrix?

E

Which of the structures in the image below is a tissue that protects bone surfaces, assists in healing fractures, stabilizes the entry and exit points of blood vessels associated with bone tissue, and provides a firm attachment site for tendons and ligaments?

E

In the diagram, which is the first blood vessel that enters the bone model in endochondral ossification?

H

Which of the following statements is/are incorrect?

Endochondral ossification begins with development of an ossification center.

The ______ is composed of hyaline cartilage and allows the diaphysis to grow in length.

Epiphyseal plate

Which region of a long bone articulates with other bones?

Epiphysis

In the diagram, what area allows communication from the outermost region to the innermost region of bone?

F

Where in the diagram is dense irregular connective tissue located?

F

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram are composed of trabeculae, which are bony structures that lack osteons?

G

The process of intramembranous ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of mesenchymal tissue. In contrast, endochondral ossification generates bone within a pre-existing template composed of _____.

Hyaline cartilage

Increasing mechanical stress will cause bone to become stronger by:

Increasing deposition of mineral salts.

Mary, an avid runner, was complaining that her lower leg hurt. After going to the doctor, they did not see anything on x-rays of her tibia or fibula. The doctor ordered a bone scan and saw tiny fissures throughout her tibia without any other tissue damage. What is Mary's likely diagnosis?

Stress fracture

Stan is a 35 year old man who is a dedicated long distance runner. He spends hours every week running along neighborhood streets. Recently Stan has had to go to the doctor due to pain in his lower legs that intensifies when he tries to run. There is no swelling or obvious damage, so he is surprised to hear the doctor say he has a fracture of his tibia. Stan is most likely to have which type of fracture?

Stress fracture

If collagen is removed from bone, what happens to the bone? Choose the best answer.

The bone becomes stiff and brittle.

Why do greenstick fractures commonly occur in children?

Their bones contain higher amounts of collagen.

Near the center of the diaphysis, the nutrient artery and vein pass through a hole in the compact bone called the nutrient

foramen

Epiphyseal growth plate -

found in metaphysis of a growing bone

Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in the repair of a bone fracture?

fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

Osteogenic cells -

give rise to osteoblasts

How are osteons in compact bone tissue aligned? How does the osteon arrangement affect bone strength?

parallel to the length of the diaphysis; the shaft resists bending even when stresses are applied in certain directions.

Bone mass reduction is promoted by which hormone?

parathyroid hormone

Which hormone is the MOST important for Ca2+ regulation?

parathyroid hormone

Gravity and the pull of muscles against bone are the main mechanical stresses experienced by bone. Stress promotes deposition of mineral salts, collagen, and the strengthening of bone in stressed areas. Which of the following individuals would have a lower rate of bone deposition and would therefore be at greater risk for bone loss through bone resorption?

secretary who works at a desk job and does not do any regular weight-bearing exercise