chapter 6: modes of feeding

What species has an elongated tongue that anchors on the sternum ?

- anteaters of the suborder Vermilingua

Parvorder Mysticeti:

- baleen whales - filter feeders using baleen to filter small marine life out of the water

dietary adaptations to herbivory

- canines are reduced and molariform teeth are broad - chewing is side to side - simple or multichambered stomach - longer intestines and developed cecum

carnivorous animals include:

- carnivora , marsupial order Dasyuridae, and microchiriptera

typical characteristics of insectivores

- dentition of numerous sharp teeth modified for capturing,piercing, and crushing. -relatively short digestive track -lack a cecum

what are the most successful mammals in terms of species richness and diversity ?

lagomorphia and rodentia

foliovores

leaf eaters

the rumen:

- first portion - primary site for microbial fermentation of ingested food

ruminant stomach

- has four chambers - found in artiodactyls, macropods, and tylopods ( camels )

Adaptations of carnivores

- long and pointed canines, and PM/M modified to process meat -powerful jaw muscles that attach to the skull and mandible - well developed sensor systems to better hunt

what mammals is hindgut fermentation found in ?

- monogastric stomachs -perissodactyls, elephants, sirenians, hyrax, lagomorphs, rodents, and arboreal marsupials

Browser and grazers

- perissodactyls and artiodactyls -macropod marsupials -sirenians - proboscideans

physical characteristics of Myrmecophagous mammals:

- powerful forelimbs and well developed claws to open termite mounds -mouth is elongated and tubular -tongue in elongated -salivary glands include high secretions of mucus to make tongue sticky

examples of carnivorous bats:

1. Hipposiderudae ( leaf nosed bats) 2. Megadermatidae ( vampire bats ) 3. Noctilionidae ( bulldog bats ) 4. Nycteridae ( hallow faced bats ) 5. Phyllostomidae ( leaf nosed bats ) 6. Verspertilionidae (vesper bats)

what are the 12 orders that are insectivores ( with examples) ?

1. Order monotremata (echidnas and platypus) 2. Order notorctemorphia (marsupial moles) 3. Order Euliopotyphla (hedgehogs, shrews,moles,gymnure) 4.Order Afrosoricidae (golden moles and tenrec) 5.order Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) 6. Order scandentia (tree shews) 7. Order chiroptera (bats) 8. Order Cingulata (armadillos) 9.order pilosa (anteaters) 10. Order pholidota (pangolins) 11. order tubulidentata (aardvark) 12. carnivora (aardwolf)

Diastema

A space between two teeth

function of the cecum

Aide in the digestion of fibrous materials

Ruminants

An animal, such as a cow or sheep, with an elaborate, multicompartmentalized stomach specialized for an herbivorous diet. stomach that has 4. chambers

All aerial carnivorous mammals are specialized representatives of the ----

Microchiroptera (bats)

what type of teeth are found in rabits african bush elephants, and equidae?

lophodont dentition

Eimer organs are the greatest evolution of

Star-nosed mole

what are main muscles for jaw adduction ?

masseter, temporalis, pterygoideus

Examples of frugivores

megachiroptera, microchiroptera, bats, primates, loris and old world monkeys

examples of terrestrial and semiaquatic mammals:

mole species, the water shrew, and the platypus

what type of stomach do rodents have ?

monogastric

simple stomach

monogastric stomach, found in perissodactyls, lagomorphs, and many rodents

examples of foliovores ?

okapis, sloths, koala, primte species

what are the three chambers of the pseudoruminant stomach:

omasum, abomasum and the reticulum

what types of feeders do mammals tend to be?

opportunistic

examples of freshwater carnivores and what they feed on ?

otters and american water shrew feed on fish

example of marine water carnivores and what they feed on ?

pinnipedia and cetacea

aquatic carnivores are primarily

piscivores ( feeding on fish )

how do carnivores obtain their food ?

predation or scavenging

optimal foraging theory

Views foraging behavior as a compromise between benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food.

gnawers

rodents and lagomorphs

what type of teeth do bovidae and grazing antelopes have ?

selenodont

dentition of Myrmecophagous mammals

simple, peg-like teeth, some groups lost teeth completely

how do bat skull size and size of prey correlate ?

size of prey will be reflected on the bat species jaw morphology

dentition of omnivores ?

complete dentition and Bunodont molariform teeth

moth eaters:

delicate jaws with many small teeth

how do herbivores meet their nutritional and energy requirements ?

diet consists of EXCLUSIVELY plants and plant products

what type of stomach do ceteans have ?

digastric stomachs

omnivores

eat both plant and animal material

granivores

eat seeds

gramnivore

eats mostly grasses and their seeds

to aid in insect capture Microchiropterans evolved

echolocation

adaptions of nectarivores ?

elongated tongues and muzzle, reduction in the number and size of teeth

when does "h" start ?

starts once the prey has been spotted

Nectarivores

feed on nectar

carnivores

feed on other animals

mucivores:

feed on plant fluids

palynivores:

feed on pollen

xylophages

feed on wood

examples of obligate carnivores ?

felids and mustelids

what are different types of herbivores ?

foliovores,frugivores, granivores, and nectivores

two strategies to break down cellulose:

foregut and hindgut fermentation

frugivores:

fruit eaters

abomasum

-final gastric part in ruminants - secretes enzymes for chemical digestion

the fermentation division:

-first division to receive the food -contains the rumen and reticulum

digastric stomach

-multichambered stomach

what types of rodents have check pouches ?

-pocket gophers, hamsters, and squirrels - aids in temporally storing food

Eimer Organs

-tactile sensory organs found on the snout - allows to feel for their prey while burrowing

what is the name of the family of australasian marsupials that are carnivores ?

-the dasyuridae - quoalls and the tasmanian devil

what rodent group lack a cecum ?

-the dormice - adaption to having low cellulose diet

modifications for rodents and lagomorph teeth:

-the incisors have been modified are ever growing - high crowned molariform dentition ( hypsodont )

what are some adaptations of terrestrial insectivores?

- some insectivores produce venom in salvia -myrmecophagus "ant eaters" with an elongated tongue -special sensory systems to find prey easily (bill in platypus)

Parvorder Odontoceti:

- toothed whales and dolphins - primarily piscivorous -homodontic dentition -developed echolocation

Aerial insectivores

-70% of all bats are insectivores -capture insects on the wing -small sized for high maneuverability and relation to prey - insect hunters

foregut fermentation

-Multi-chambered stomach -digastric stomach -found in artiodactyl mammals, the ruminants

Pseudoruminant Stomach

-a digastric stomach with 3 chambers; f -found in hippopotamids, kangaroos, sloths, and colobus monkeys

myrmecophagus

-an adaption found in insectivorous mammals who specialize eating on colonial insects - "anteaters"

e/h

-e = amount of energy from a prey item -h = handling time

Coprophagy

-eating feces - evolved in rodents and lagomorphs

foraging theory ?

Optimizing a payoff from a foraging decision

echolocation

ability to project sound waves and locate objects from the reflection of these waves

what is foraging ?

act of searching for and exploiting food resources

obligate carnivore

animal that receives its nutrient requirements EXCLUSIVELY from meat

facualtive carnivore

animal that receives its nutrient requirements MAINLY from meat - ex: red fox (vulpes vulpes)

myrmecophagus feed on

ants and termites

what have red deer been observed eating?

are herbivores but been observed consuming discarded antlers

what groups has myrmecophagy evolved in ?

armadillos, anteaters, pangolins, aardvarks, and the numbat

examples of nectarivores ?

bats, honey possum

adaptions of felids that aid them to hunt ?

binocular vision, very sensitive vibrissae, and papillae on the tongue

how does the pallid bat feed?

by capturing large arthropods by capturing them off the ground

how can payoff expressed ?

calories gained, number of offspring produced,

example of facultative carnivores :

candids

affect of venom found in insectivores:

causes paralysis and respiratory failure in arthropods

what are an adaption of granivores ?

cheek pouches

specialized traits of insectivores:

have long sticky tongues to capture small insects (anteaters)

beetle eaters:

have robust jaws and a few large teeth

examples of granivores ?

heteromyid rodents ( kangaroos and pocket mice )

what type of teeth do gramnivores have ?

hypsodont molariform teeth

what muscle in herbivores is reduced compared to it in carnivores ?

temporalis

what is an insectivore?

term used for mammals that feed primarily on insects, small arthropods, or worms

what kind of hunters are mustelids ?

terrestrial hunters otters and the sea otter

herbivores

that eat on plants and plant products

what species has specialized teeth that allow them to filter feed

the crabeater seal ( Lobodon carcinophaga )

what species have adapted to produce a venom in their saliva ?

the haitian solenodon, the mediterranean shrew, the european water shrew and the nothern short tailed threw.

what muscle facilitates chewing and are larger in herbivores ?

the masseters

what send the " cud " to the back of the esophagus for regurgitation

the reticulum

what does the pseudoruminant stomach lack?

the rumen

what muscle powers the jaw to hold prey and are larger in carnivores ?

the temporalis

omasum

the third compartment of the ruminant stomach, receives food from the reticulum

how do carnivores meet their nutritional and energy requirements ?

through a diet of eating the flesh of other animals

what are specializations of the digestive system to better process food items?

tooth shape and distribution, glandular secretions (ex:VAMPIRE BAT), stomach shape and degree of compartmentalization, length and regional specialization of the small and large intestines

true stomach

two portions called the omasum and the abomasum