chapter 6: modes of feeding
What species has an elongated tongue that anchors on the sternum ?
- anteaters of the suborder Vermilingua
Parvorder Mysticeti:
- baleen whales - filter feeders using baleen to filter small marine life out of the water
dietary adaptations to herbivory
- canines are reduced and molariform teeth are broad - chewing is side to side - simple or multichambered stomach - longer intestines and developed cecum
carnivorous animals include:
- carnivora , marsupial order Dasyuridae, and microchiriptera
typical characteristics of insectivores
- dentition of numerous sharp teeth modified for capturing,piercing, and crushing. -relatively short digestive track -lack a cecum
what are the most successful mammals in terms of species richness and diversity ?
lagomorphia and rodentia
foliovores
leaf eaters
the rumen:
- first portion - primary site for microbial fermentation of ingested food
ruminant stomach
- has four chambers - found in artiodactyls, macropods, and tylopods ( camels )
Adaptations of carnivores
- long and pointed canines, and PM/M modified to process meat -powerful jaw muscles that attach to the skull and mandible - well developed sensor systems to better hunt
what mammals is hindgut fermentation found in ?
- monogastric stomachs -perissodactyls, elephants, sirenians, hyrax, lagomorphs, rodents, and arboreal marsupials
Browser and grazers
- perissodactyls and artiodactyls -macropod marsupials -sirenians - proboscideans
physical characteristics of Myrmecophagous mammals:
- powerful forelimbs and well developed claws to open termite mounds -mouth is elongated and tubular -tongue in elongated -salivary glands include high secretions of mucus to make tongue sticky
examples of carnivorous bats:
1. Hipposiderudae ( leaf nosed bats) 2. Megadermatidae ( vampire bats ) 3. Noctilionidae ( bulldog bats ) 4. Nycteridae ( hallow faced bats ) 5. Phyllostomidae ( leaf nosed bats ) 6. Verspertilionidae (vesper bats)
what are the 12 orders that are insectivores ( with examples) ?
1. Order monotremata (echidnas and platypus) 2. Order notorctemorphia (marsupial moles) 3. Order Euliopotyphla (hedgehogs, shrews,moles,gymnure) 4.Order Afrosoricidae (golden moles and tenrec) 5.order Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) 6. Order scandentia (tree shews) 7. Order chiroptera (bats) 8. Order Cingulata (armadillos) 9.order pilosa (anteaters) 10. Order pholidota (pangolins) 11. order tubulidentata (aardvark) 12. carnivora (aardwolf)
Diastema
A space between two teeth
function of the cecum
Aide in the digestion of fibrous materials
Ruminants
An animal, such as a cow or sheep, with an elaborate, multicompartmentalized stomach specialized for an herbivorous diet. stomach that has 4. chambers
All aerial carnivorous mammals are specialized representatives of the ----
Microchiroptera (bats)
what type of teeth are found in rabits african bush elephants, and equidae?
lophodont dentition
Eimer organs are the greatest evolution of
Star-nosed mole
what are main muscles for jaw adduction ?
masseter, temporalis, pterygoideus
Examples of frugivores
megachiroptera, microchiroptera, bats, primates, loris and old world monkeys
examples of terrestrial and semiaquatic mammals:
mole species, the water shrew, and the platypus
what type of stomach do rodents have ?
monogastric
simple stomach
monogastric stomach, found in perissodactyls, lagomorphs, and many rodents
examples of foliovores ?
okapis, sloths, koala, primte species
what are the three chambers of the pseudoruminant stomach:
omasum, abomasum and the reticulum
what types of feeders do mammals tend to be?
opportunistic
examples of freshwater carnivores and what they feed on ?
otters and american water shrew feed on fish
example of marine water carnivores and what they feed on ?
pinnipedia and cetacea
aquatic carnivores are primarily
piscivores ( feeding on fish )
how do carnivores obtain their food ?
predation or scavenging
optimal foraging theory
Views foraging behavior as a compromise between benefits of nutrition and costs of obtaining food.
gnawers
rodents and lagomorphs
what type of teeth do bovidae and grazing antelopes have ?
selenodont
dentition of Myrmecophagous mammals
simple, peg-like teeth, some groups lost teeth completely
how do bat skull size and size of prey correlate ?
size of prey will be reflected on the bat species jaw morphology
dentition of omnivores ?
complete dentition and Bunodont molariform teeth
moth eaters:
delicate jaws with many small teeth
how do herbivores meet their nutritional and energy requirements ?
diet consists of EXCLUSIVELY plants and plant products
what type of stomach do ceteans have ?
digastric stomachs
omnivores
eat both plant and animal material
granivores
eat seeds
gramnivore
eats mostly grasses and their seeds
to aid in insect capture Microchiropterans evolved
echolocation
adaptions of nectarivores ?
elongated tongues and muzzle, reduction in the number and size of teeth
when does "h" start ?
starts once the prey has been spotted
Nectarivores
feed on nectar
carnivores
feed on other animals
mucivores:
feed on plant fluids
palynivores:
feed on pollen
xylophages
feed on wood
examples of obligate carnivores ?
felids and mustelids
what are different types of herbivores ?
foliovores,frugivores, granivores, and nectivores
two strategies to break down cellulose:
foregut and hindgut fermentation
frugivores:
fruit eaters
abomasum
-final gastric part in ruminants - secretes enzymes for chemical digestion
the fermentation division:
-first division to receive the food -contains the rumen and reticulum
digastric stomach
-multichambered stomach
what types of rodents have check pouches ?
-pocket gophers, hamsters, and squirrels - aids in temporally storing food
Eimer Organs
-tactile sensory organs found on the snout - allows to feel for their prey while burrowing
what is the name of the family of australasian marsupials that are carnivores ?
-the dasyuridae - quoalls and the tasmanian devil
what rodent group lack a cecum ?
-the dormice - adaption to having low cellulose diet
modifications for rodents and lagomorph teeth:
-the incisors have been modified are ever growing - high crowned molariform dentition ( hypsodont )
what are some adaptations of terrestrial insectivores?
- some insectivores produce venom in salvia -myrmecophagus "ant eaters" with an elongated tongue -special sensory systems to find prey easily (bill in platypus)
Parvorder Odontoceti:
- toothed whales and dolphins - primarily piscivorous -homodontic dentition -developed echolocation
Aerial insectivores
-70% of all bats are insectivores -capture insects on the wing -small sized for high maneuverability and relation to prey - insect hunters
foregut fermentation
-Multi-chambered stomach -digastric stomach -found in artiodactyl mammals, the ruminants
Pseudoruminant Stomach
-a digastric stomach with 3 chambers; f -found in hippopotamids, kangaroos, sloths, and colobus monkeys
myrmecophagus
-an adaption found in insectivorous mammals who specialize eating on colonial insects - "anteaters"
e/h
-e = amount of energy from a prey item -h = handling time
Coprophagy
-eating feces - evolved in rodents and lagomorphs
foraging theory ?
Optimizing a payoff from a foraging decision
echolocation
ability to project sound waves and locate objects from the reflection of these waves
what is foraging ?
act of searching for and exploiting food resources
obligate carnivore
animal that receives its nutrient requirements EXCLUSIVELY from meat
facualtive carnivore
animal that receives its nutrient requirements MAINLY from meat - ex: red fox (vulpes vulpes)
myrmecophagus feed on
ants and termites
what have red deer been observed eating?
are herbivores but been observed consuming discarded antlers
what groups has myrmecophagy evolved in ?
armadillos, anteaters, pangolins, aardvarks, and the numbat
examples of nectarivores ?
bats, honey possum
adaptions of felids that aid them to hunt ?
binocular vision, very sensitive vibrissae, and papillae on the tongue
how does the pallid bat feed?
by capturing large arthropods by capturing them off the ground
how can payoff expressed ?
calories gained, number of offspring produced,
example of facultative carnivores :
candids
affect of venom found in insectivores:
causes paralysis and respiratory failure in arthropods
what are an adaption of granivores ?
cheek pouches
specialized traits of insectivores:
have long sticky tongues to capture small insects (anteaters)
beetle eaters:
have robust jaws and a few large teeth
examples of granivores ?
heteromyid rodents ( kangaroos and pocket mice )
what type of teeth do gramnivores have ?
hypsodont molariform teeth
what muscle in herbivores is reduced compared to it in carnivores ?
temporalis
what is an insectivore?
term used for mammals that feed primarily on insects, small arthropods, or worms
what kind of hunters are mustelids ?
terrestrial hunters otters and the sea otter
herbivores
that eat on plants and plant products
what species has specialized teeth that allow them to filter feed
the crabeater seal ( Lobodon carcinophaga )
what species have adapted to produce a venom in their saliva ?
the haitian solenodon, the mediterranean shrew, the european water shrew and the nothern short tailed threw.
what muscle facilitates chewing and are larger in herbivores ?
the masseters
what send the " cud " to the back of the esophagus for regurgitation
the reticulum
what does the pseudoruminant stomach lack?
the rumen
what muscle powers the jaw to hold prey and are larger in carnivores ?
the temporalis
omasum
the third compartment of the ruminant stomach, receives food from the reticulum
how do carnivores meet their nutritional and energy requirements ?
through a diet of eating the flesh of other animals
what are specializations of the digestive system to better process food items?
tooth shape and distribution, glandular secretions (ex:VAMPIRE BAT), stomach shape and degree of compartmentalization, length and regional specialization of the small and large intestines
true stomach
two portions called the omasum and the abomasum
