Chapter 6 q ans

Given what you know about Ebbinghaus's research on forgetting, what advice about studying would you give your friend?

Don't cram—engaging in distributed practice over a few days or weeks is more effective.

Henna is having difficulty with her psychology class. She visited with her professor and she told her to try to understand and remember the meaning of a concept by connecting that concept to a personal story. What is this strategy called?

Elaborative rehearsal

Trina typically reads her textbook while watching her favorite Netflix series. She later has difficulty remembering what she read and starts to wonder if she has memory problems. What is Trina experiencing?

Encoding failure

____________ states that context is encoded along with information and therefore memories are most easily retrieved when the context of the retrieval matches the context of the encoding.

Encoding specificity

Aashna remembers exactly where she was, what she was wearing, and who she was with when she first heard the news of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Aashna has a ____________.

flashbulb memory

In the case of the creation of a short-term memory, there is a _______ strengthening between neurons.

functional

Anika has just asked her son to pick up his toys. Even though he heard her, he responds with "what did you say?" He is experiencing the echoic memory delay, which means we _____ information quicker than we can ______ it.

hear, process

Short-term memory or working memory has been localized in the ________ and the ____________.

hippocampus, frontal lobe

When Johann drives his car to school, he does not have to think about every step in the process of driving, yet he does have memories of the steps to take. This type of memory is called ___________.

implicit

The approach suggesting our memory works like an administrative assistant that encodes, stores, and retrieves information is called the ____________.

information-processing approach

The technique of studying several different concepts or mixing information from different chapters during the same study session is called?

interleaving

What role does sleep play in memory formation?

it consolidates and strengthens the memory

The famous patient known as H.M. developed anterograde amnesia after having his temporal lobes removed. This led to him no longer being able to create _______ memories, but his _______ memory remained functional.

long-term, working

Shania needed to remember to pick up seven items at the grocery store. She didn't want to write it down so she made up a story in her head imagining herself walking through her house and visualizing each item in a different room in the house. This is called the _______ technique.

method of loci

What is it called when some people work to actively forget memories of trauma or abuse?

motivated forgetting

When Jamal thinks about the first time he played hockey, he remembers the smell of the ice, the sound of his stick hitting the puck, and how much he loved the game. In retrieving this memory, Jamal is accessing _______________ in his brain.

multiple connections

According to the connectionist model of memory, memory is viewed as a set of interconnected _______ in the brain.

neural networks

Lars went to the grocery story but accidentally left his list at home. He remembered coffee and chocolate because those were the first things on the list. This phenomenon is called the _____________ effect.

primacy

Your friend wants to hear all the details from your birthday party last year. Recalling the details of this memory is a _________ process.

reconstructive

Leeann was telling her friend about a movie with her favorite actor. She wanted her friend to guess his name so she gave her friend the first initial to his first and last name. Leeann provided a ___________ for her friend.

retrieval cue

According to the connectionist model of memory, memory is viewed as a _________________.

set of instructions neurons send to each other that create a pattern of activity among neurons

The goal of false memory research is to demonstrate that ________________________.

some people will report remembering an event that didn't happen to them just because the researcher suggested it did happen

Spencer believes he learned about the famous "Stanford Prison Experiment" from his psychology class. His professor tells him they haven't covered that topic yet so he must have heard about it from someone else. Spencer experienced a ____________.

source monitoring error

Selma witnessed a robbery at a convenience store. She watched various news reports about the robbery prior to being interviewed by police. When she was interviewed, she remembered some inaccurate details. Selma has experienced ______________.

the misinformation effect

Sensory memory is primarily a(n) _________ process.

unconscious

The brain processes and codes information in three different ways, which include _______, ________, and _______.

visual, auditory, semantic

Which of the following events will most likely become a flashbulb memory?

your wedding day

Research with people who reported flashbulb memories from the September 11 terrorist attacks showed that most forgetting of the event occurred within ____________.

1 year

Andre will never forget where he was or what he was wearing when he heard the news about the mass shooting at an outdoor concert in Las Vegas. Which area of the brain would have significant involvement in the creation of Andre's memory for this event?

Amygdala

Which brain structure plays an important role in processing emotions, especially strong emotions like fear?

Amygdala

Julianna was in an accident that left her unable to form new long-term memories. What type of amnesia does Julianna have?

Anterograde

Which two brain structures are involved in the formation and storage of implicit memories?

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

Which parts of the brain are necessary for procedural memories and habits related to movement ?

Cerebellum, basal ganglia

Atkinson and Shiffrin used the example of a __________ to help describe memory in their 1968 theory.

Computer

The parallel distributed processing model of memory has been likened to which game?

Connect-the-dots

What is the duration of short-term memory?

15-30 seconds

Echoic memory lasts for _______?

3-4 seconds

Enrique is practicing new study strategies. His professor told him that he needs to make sure he is effectively encoding information. Which strategy or strategies should Enrique use?

All answers are correct

The memory of a student's first semester of college, when they were stressed and anxious, is considered what type of long-term memory?

Episodic

Lucy has been studying for her psychology exam and thinks she knows all the facts and concepts. Her conscious memory of the facts is what type of memory?

Explicit

What areas of the brain are important for the encoding and retrieval of long-term memories?

Hippocampus and frontal lobes

Semantic and episodic memories are formed in the _______ and then sent to other areas of the brain for _______.

Hippocampus, storage

When someone says the words "ice cream," most people will have numerous images pop into their head. Those images may be common like a picture of an ice cream cone as well as more specific like their favorite flavor. This is an example of which model of memory?

Parallel distributed processing model

Eric Kandel worked with marine slugs to understand how memory works at the synaptic level in humans. The strengthening of the connections between neurons resulting in the development of memories is called ____________.

Long-term potentiation

The strengthening of neural connections, which is considered the biological basis of memory, is called ____________.

Long-term potentiation LTP

When we learn something new, what happens at the neuron level?

Neurons communicate with each other through the release of neurotransmitters.

Maria has decided to learn to play the piano at the age of 55. She knows this will be good for her brain because as she learns something new her brain actually changes as a result of the experience. What is this process called?

Neuroplasticity

If you study for your exam in a noisy, crowded restaurant that smells like fried foods, the best place for you to take the exam is a noisy, crowded restaurant that smells like fried food. This phenomenon is referred to as ____________.

context dependent memory

Shandra is prompted to change her password on her work computer every 4 months. She tries to make new ones that are similar to her old ones. After returning from vacation for a week, she could only remember her old password. This is an example of which type of memory failure?

Proactive interference

Howard has not ridden a bike in 10 years. He first learned to ride a bike when he was 5 years old and enjoyed riding throughout his childhood. He recently bought a new bike and had no problem riding it around the block. The type of memory that allows him to recall this skill is called?

Procedural

Trent just moved and has to list all addresses on a job application. He has no problem remembering the new address, but when the application requests his old address he cannot remember it. Trent is experiencing which type of interference?

Retroactive interference

Caroline has dementia and can no longer remember the names of her grandchildren. She is experiencing which type of amnesia?

Retrograde

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin, the structure of memory can be divided into three distinct types. What are these three aspects of memory?

Sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory

Iconic memory is a type of _______ memory and handles our _______ senses.

Sensory, visual

When a new concept or behavior is learned, repeated, and practiced, there is a _______ change in the neurons, which often involves the growth on new receptors.

Structural

The three-stage model of memory emphasized both the _________ and the __________ associated with memory.

Structure, processes

Fill in the blanks to complete the correct order of the structures and processes associated with Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage model of memory: sensory memory, _________, ____________, elaborative rehearsal, ______________.

attention; working memory; long-term memory

To increase the capacity of short-term memory, you can combine small bits of information into larger meaningful units. What is this strategy called?

chunking

Working memory is said to be used for more complex _______ tasks, while short term memory functions as primarily a __________ facility.

cognitive, storage