Chapter 6 - Social and Personality Development

Steps in Ainsworth Strange Situation

(1) The mother and baby enter an unfamiliar room (2) the mother sits down, leaving the baby free to explore (3) an adult stranger enters the room and converses first with the mother and then with the baby (4) the mother exits the room, leaving the baby alone with the stranger (5) the mother returns, greeting and comforting the baby, and the stranger leaves (6) the mother departs again, leaving the baby alone; (7) the stranger returns (8) the mother returns and the stranger leaves

Fathers and attachment

-fathers as playmates, mothers as caregivers in many cultures -important factors in attachment sensitivity warmth family attitudes, relationships

Mothers and their infants

-mothers interact more with daughters -mothers in traditional games, such as peek-a-boo

Fathers and their infants

-tend to interact more with sons than daughters, while mothers interact more with daughters -typically engaging in more physical, rough-and-tumble activities

Two explanations of social referencing

1. may be that observing someone else's facial expression brings about the emotion the expression represents 2. might also be the case that viewing another's facial expression may simply provide information

self-awareness

A self-conscious state in which attention focuses on oneself. It makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions ex. an infant's nose is dabbed with red jam, and tries to wipe them (age 18 to 24 months)

At what age do infants begin to demonstrate unique traits that differentiate them from others? A.From birth B.From about 6 months old C.From about 3 months old D.They all seem pretty much the same to me

A.From birth

Whose work provided little evidence of a critical period for attachment? A.Harry Harlow B.Konrad Lorenz C.John Bowlby

A.Harry Harlow

Whose view was that attachment is primarily based on the safety and security of the infant? A.John Bowlby B.Harry Harlow C.Konrad Lorenz

A.John Bowlby

According to Erikson, what is personality primarily shaped by? A.The Internet B.Experiences C.Epigenetics D.Genetics

B.Experiences

What largely influences Erikson's trust-versus-mistrust stage? A.How well a caregiver teaches the infant to interact with others B.How well a caregiver meets the needs of the infant C.How much a caregiver plays practical jokes on the infant D.How much a caregiver encourages exploration and freedom

B.How well a caregiver meets the needs of the infant

Which of the following statements is a lie? A.14-months-old infants sometimes imitate the behavior of each other. B.Infants pay more attention to their own mirror image than to other actual infants. C.Identical twin infants are more likely to interact with each other than with an infant who is unfamiliar.

B.Infants pay more attention to their own mirror image than to other actual infants.

Whose work provided evidence of a critical period for attachment? A.John Bowlby B.Konrad Lorenz C.Harry Harlow

B.Konrad Lorenz

Whose work resulted in the identification of imprinting? A.Harry Harlow B.Konrad Lorenz C.John Bowlby

B.Konrad Lorenz

Which of the following statements is a lie? A.Most 12-month-olds understand that larger people have the ability to dominate smaller people. B.Most 12-month-olds comfort other people sometimes. C.Most 12-month-olds are able to pick up emotional cues from characters in movies.

B.Most 12-month-olds comfort other people sometimes. *not until 2 years*

Which of the following statements is a lie? A.Most 18-month-olds seem to understand that other people's behavior is an attempt to reach goals. B.Most 18-month-olds have a firm grasp of how to show empathy. C.Most 18-month-olds understand that other people can respond to their requests.

B.Most 18-month-olds have a firm grasp of how to show empathy. *not until 2 years*

Whose work illustrated that food provided by the mother is not solely the basis for attachment? A.Konrad Lorenz B.John Bowlby C.Harry Harlow

C.Harry Harlow

Signs of cognitive advances in infancy?

Compliant agents, empathy, make believe

What largely influences Erikson's autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage? A.How much the caregiver posts on social media about the infants successes and failures B.How well a caregiver meets the needs of the infant C.How well a caregiver teaches the infant to interact with others D.How much a caregiver encourages exploration and freedom

D.How much a caregiver encourages exploration and freedom

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt... lasts from around 18 months to 3 years

Gender Differences

Female: Male: independent, less compliant, sleep tends to be more disturbed, grimace more, tend to be more active and fussier

activity level

Proportion of active time periods to inactive time periods

Mothers and attachment

Sensitivity to their infants' needs and desires is hallmark of mothers of securely attached infants Aware of moods and feelings Responsive in face-to-face interactions Feeds "on demand" Demonstrates warmth and affection Responds rapidly and positively to cues

Harry Harlow

Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers -Baby monkeys spent most of their time clinging to the cloth monkey, although they made occasional expeditions to the wire monkey to nurse. Harlow suggested that the preference for the warm cloth monkey provided contact comfort -Harlow's work illustrates that food alone is not the basis for attachment

infants display similar kinds of emotions, the degree of emotional expressivity varies: TRUE OR FALSE

TRUE

What does temperament refer to?

Temperament refers to how children behave, as opposed to what they do or why they do it.

quality of mood

The contrast of the amount of friendly, joyful, and pleasant behavior with unpleasant, unfriendly behavior

Distractibility

The degree to which stimuli in the environment alter behavior

threshold of responsiveness

The intensity of stimulation needed to elicit a response

rhythmicity

The regularity of basic functions such as hunger, excretion, sleep, and wakefulness

approach-withdrawal

The response to a new person or object, based on whether the child accepts the new situation or withdraws from it

Develop-mentalists believe a true emotion has three components...

a biological arousal component, a cognitive component, and a behavioral component

reciprocal socialization

a process in which infants' behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers, which in turn bring about further responses from the infants

Reactive Attachment Disorder

a psychological problem characterized by extreme problems in forming attachments to others

Ainsworth Strange Situation

a sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between a child and (typically) his or her mother

ambivalent attachment pattern

a style of attachment in which children display a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers

avoidant attachment pattern

a style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her when she returns as if they are angered by her behavior

disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern

a style of attachment in which children show inconsistent, often contradictory behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her; they may be the least securely attached children of all

secure attachment pattern

a style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present; when she leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns

nonverbal decoding

abilities to understand others' nonverbal behavior

slow-to-warm baby

are inactive, showing relatively calm reactions to their environment. Their moods are generally negative, and they withdraw from new situations, adapting slowly

John Bowlby

argued that infants innately channel signals to primary caregivers to form attachment

Gender Roles

boys are enforced to be masculine and is more strict. boys behave more independently and less compliantly than girls. when a child takes his or her first steps, parents tend to react differently, depending on the child's gender: Boys are encouraged to go off and explore the world, while girls are hugged and kept close. one study examined girls who were exposed before birth to abnormally high levels of androgen, a male hormone, because their mothers unwittingly took a drug containing the hormone while pregnant. Later, these girls were more likely to play with toys stereotypically preferred by boys

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

considers how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others'—and their own—behavior

profiles of temperaments

easy, difficult, slow-to-warm-up babies

temperament

encompasses patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual

easy baby

have a positive disposition. Their body functions operate regularly, and they are adaptable

difficult baby

have more negative moods and are slow to adapt to new situations. When confronted with a new situation, they tend to withdraw

trust-versus-mistrust stage

infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers; within first 18 months

theory of mind

knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it influences behavior

Effects of childcare

minimal, if good quality care good childcare can provide more cognitive/social stimulation can create insecure attachment IF: long hours/high turnover/poor quality care AND mom is unresponsive/insensitive

Dimensions of temperaments

quality of mood, activity level, rhythmicity, withdrawal, distractibility, threshold of responsiveness

sex

refers to sexual anatomy and sexual behavior

gender

refers to the social perceptions of maleness or femaleness

Infants with Infants

rises sociability,

Four major patterns of attachment

secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized-disoriented

compliant agents

similar beings who behave under own power; respond to infant

social smile

smiling in response to other individuals

empathy

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

seperation anxiety

the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display

social referencing

the intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events; occurs around 8 to 9 months ex. an infant's length of time they played with a toy was based on the mother's reaction

mutual regulation model

the model in which infants and parents learn to communicate emotional states to one another and to respond appropriately ex. in pat-a-cake, both infant and parent act jointly to regulate turn-taking behavior

nonverbal encoding

the nonverbal expression of emotions is consistent across the life span ex. basic facial emotions

goodness-of-fit

the notion that development is dependent on the degree of match between children's temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised

attachment

the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular, special individual

personality

the sum total of the enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another, stem from infancy