Chapter 7: Sexual Orientation

Exotic Becomes Erotic (TEBE)

Daryl Bem's model which suggests that rather than coding for sexual orientation per se, biological factors determine temperament, which in turn, influences a child's preference for gender typical versus gender atypical toys, playmates, and activities.

Question 7.01Match the model of sexual orientation with its correct description. Dichotomous categories model Vectors model Continuum model KSOG

Dichotomous categories model: Two independent continuums create four quadrants Vectors model: Two outcomes - homosexual vs heterosexual Continuum model: A range anchored by homosexuality and heterosexuality KSOG: A profile on several individual scales

Question 7.12: Who was the first, openly gay San Francisco city supervisor who was murdered by his anti-gay opponent?

Harvey Milk

polyamorous

Having more than one romantic partner or love interest

Extramarital vs. contramarital

In an extramarital relationship, a person maintains a heterosexual marriage and engages in SSB in outside relationships—for example, in harems where women engage in SSB in addition to sex with husbands. Contramarital SSB occurs when an individual is not expected (or refuses) to maintain a heterosexual marriage and instead enters into an informal or formal same-sex marriage.

Negative attitude

"gays/lesbians should not be allowed to be teachers/nurses/adoptive parents"

Stereotyped belief

"lesbians are all man-haters."

Transgenerational vs. intragenerational ("Rite of Passage")

(SSB between people of different ages vs. SSB between peers.) For example, the Marind Anim, where adult males are assigned a godfather role, is transgenerational; the Batak, where boys engage in S

Kinsey Scale

0 to 6 scale of sexuality 0 being solely heterosexual 6 being exclusively homosexual

Question 7.19: According to the video, how many countries still criminalize homosexuality?

86

Heterosexism

Assumed superiority of heterosexual feelings, fantasies, acts, and persons. Heterosexism permeates the structure of our culture's institutions, including laws, norms, and sanctions.

Sexually antagonistic selection

By promoting SSB in one sex, genes confer an advantage to the other sex (i.e., possibly increasing their fertility) and are therefore maintained by selection. There is some evidence for this in humans

INAH3

Part of the Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus that is smaller in both females and homosexual males.

extreme homophobia

Reserved for those who demonstrate an extreme form of hatred and disgust toward gays and lesbians

Gender-conforming vs. nonconforming

SSB is considered gender non-conforming if both partners have the same gender and one partner expresses traits typically associated with a different gender.

Social glue

Same-sex behavior eases conflict, prevents future conflict and facilitates reconciliation after a conflict has occurred. There is solid evidence for this among bonobo monkeys, dolphins, woodpeckers and macaques

Magnus Hirschfeld

Sex researcher: German founder of first sex research institute, first large-scale sex survey, 10,000 people, 130 questions, interested in homosexuality

Klein's Sexual Orientation Grid (KSOG)

Sexual orientation can change and changes can be measured in terms of past, present, and future. There are also many aspects that contribute to sexual orientation

Heteronormativity

Similar to heterosexism in that it reflects the assumption or belief that heterosexuality is "the norm" and therefore superior to other sexualities

Fixed role vs. fluid sexual role

Sometimes SSB occurs between partners who assume permanent top/bottom (insertive/receptive) roles. In some cultures, the partner who assumes the top role has the "straight" status and the partner who assumes the bottom role has the non-heterosexual status

Question 7.11: The ____________ are considered to be the historical event that started the modern day gay rights movement.

Stonewall riots

Obergefell vs. Hodges (2016)

Supreme Court legalized gay marriage

Lawrence vs. Texas (2002)

The Supreme Court makes it clear that state laws banning gay sex (primarily anal and oral sex) were unconstitutional

Harvey Milk

The first openly elected gay politician. Tried to gain social acceptance for GLBTQ individuals.

dichotomous categories model

This model depicts sexual orientation as strictly binary (heterosexual vs. homosexual)

Stonewall Riots

a group of riots in new york by homosexuals, marked the beginning of the gay rights movement

bisexual

a person who is sexually attracted to both sexes

medial preoptic area

a region of the hypothalamus involved in the regulation of sexual behaviors typically shown by males

Question 7.14: What are the state laws that restrict teachers in public schools from mentioning homosexuality and specify that "homosexuality is not a lifestyle acceptable to the general public" known as? a) Anti-LGBTQ Laws b) Protection of Heterosexuality Laws c) Obvious Discrimination Laws d) No Promo Homo Laws

a) Anti-LGBTQ Laws b) Protection of Heterosexuality Laws c) Obvious Discrimination Laws d) No Promo Homo Laws

Question 7.04: Native American Two-Spiriteds show a pattern of SSB that is: a) Cross-gender (gender nonconforming) b) Equivalent (not hierarchical) c) Fixed d) All of the above

a) Cross-gender (gender nonconforming) b) Equivalent (not hierarchical) c) Fixed d) All of the above

Question 7.02: Jordan only really likes to get involved with someone after they have built a strong emotional bond through dating and establishing an intimate experience. What orientation best describes Jordan? a) Heteroromatic b) Pansexual c) Greyromatic d) Demiromatic

a) Heteroromatic b) Pansexual c) Greyromatic d) Demiromatic

Question 7.16: Which of the following was found in a study looking at the sexual response of homophobic versus non-homophobic men to sexual images? a) Only non-homophobic men became aroused in response to images of homosexual sex. b) Only homophobic men became aroused in response to images of homosexual sex. c) Only non-homophobic men became aroused in response to images of heterosexual sex. d) Sexual response did not vary between homophobic and non-homophobic men.

a) Only non-homophobic men became aroused in response to images of homosexual sex. b) Only homophobic men became aroused in response to images of homosexual sex. c) Only non-homophobic men became aroused in response to images of heterosexual sex. d) Sexual response did not vary between homophobic and non-homophobic men.

Question 7.06: Which of the following is true regarding sexual orientation in the United States? a) Over 95% of both men and women report they are exclusively attracted to the opposite sex. b) Around 80% of women and 90% of men report that they are exclusively attracted to the opposite sex. c) Virtually all men who have ever engaged in same-sex behavior identify as being homosexual. d) Virtually all women who have ever engaged in same-sex behavior identify as being homosexual.

a) Over 95% of both men and women report they are exclusively attracted to the opposite sex. b) Around 80% of women and 90% of men report that they are exclusively attracted to the opposite sex. c) Virtually all men who have ever engaged in same-sex behavior identify as being homosexual. d) Virtually all women who have ever engaged in same-sex behavior identify as being homosexual.

Question 7.08: Which statement is true and directly supports a genetic basis for sexual orientation? a) The INAH3 area of the brain in gay males is twice as large as that of straight males. b) Children of gays and lesbians are more likely than the offspring of heterosexuals to be gay. c) Monozygotic twins (100% genetic overlap) are more concordant for homosexuality than Dizygotic twins (50% genetic overlap). d) Lesbians, but not gays, show an inheritance pattern for homosexuality that implicates a Y-linked gene.

a) The INAH3 area of the brain in gay males is twice as large as that of straight males. b) Children of gays and lesbians are more likely than the offspring of heterosexuals to be gay. c) Monozygotic twins (100% genetic overlap) are more concordant for homosexuality than Dizygotic twins (50% genetic overlap). d) Lesbians, but not gays, show an inheritance pattern for homosexuality that implicates a Y-linked gene.

Question 7.05: The monosexual social construction of sexual orientation assumes that a person will be expected/able to engage: a) in sex without regard to issues of sex, gender or orientation. b) exclusively in either same-sex or cross-sex behavior through the lifespan. c) in same-sex and cross-sex behavior but at different stages of life. d) in same-sex and cross-sex behavior but under different social roles.

a) in sex without regard to issues of sex, gender or orientation. b) exclusively in either same-sex or cross-sex behavior through the lifespan. c) in same-sex and cross-sex behavior but at different stages of life. d) in same-sex and cross-sex behavior but under different social roles.

Question 7.17: Extreme homophobia is correlated with all of the following except: a) rigid, stereotypical male gender roles. b) a belief that homosexuality is a choice. c) a low level of sexual guilt. d) a belief that sex should function only for procreation.

a) rigid, stereotypical male gender roles. b) a belief that homosexuality is a choice. c) a low level of sexual guilt. d) a belief that sex should function only for procreation.

Question 7.03: According to cross-cultural studies of homosexuality: a) same-sex behavior occurs primarily in industrialized cultures. b) inferior social status accompanies virtually all same gender sexual behavior. c) cultures that have "sequential" or "concurrent" bisexuality usually don't have a separate "homosexual" role. d) same-sex relations between women are generally more reviled than those between men.

a) same-sex behavior occurs primarily in industrialized cultures. b) inferior social status accompanies virtually all same gender sexual behavior. c) cultures that have "sequential" or "concurrent" bisexuality usually don't have a separate "homosexual" role. d) same-sex relations between women are generally more reviled than those between men.

Question 7.07: Levay's research on the INAH3 nuclei of the hypothalamus and sexual orientation is noteworthy because his results provide support for the idea that: a) sexual orientation may have a biological component in the brain. b) the brain difference observed between gay and non-gay men probably results from their different lifestyles. c) genetics must play some role in the development of sexual orientation. d) the brains of gay men and lesbians are similar to each other, and different from that of straight men and women.

a) sexual orientation may have a biological component in the brain. b) the brain difference observed between gay and non-gay men probably results from their different lifestyles. c) genetics must play some role in the development of sexual orientation. d) the brains of gay men and lesbians are similar to each other, and different from that of straight men and women.

Question 7.13: In Obergefell vs. Hodges (2016): a) state laws forbidding gay marriage were declared unconstitutional. b) laws protecting gays and lesbians from hate crimes were enforced in every state. c) sodomy laws were overturned and deemed unconstitutional. d) abortion became a protected constitutional right.

a) state laws forbidding gay marriage were declared unconstitutional. b) laws protecting gays and lesbians from hate crimes were enforced in every state. c) sodomy laws were overturned and deemed unconstitutional. d) abortion became a protected constitutional right.

Question 7.09: Bem's model of sexual orientation proposes that: a) the familiar becomes erotic. b) parental rearing is the cause of gender atypical behavior that leads to homosexuality. c) most gender non-conforming boys will not bond with gender conforming boys during childhood and thus boys become mysterious to gender nonconforming boys. d) gender conforming boys will have a higher likelihood of becoming gay if they have a close relationship with their fathers.

a) the familiar becomes erotic. b) parental rearing is the cause of gender atypical behavior that leads to homosexuality. c) most gender non-conforming boys will not bond with gender conforming boys during childhood and thus boys become mysterious to gender nonconforming boys. d) gender conforming boys will have a higher likelihood of becoming gay if they have a close relationship with their fathers.

Verbal abuse

anti-gay graffiti, name-calling, harassment

monosexual

assumed that a person has a static sexual orientation that defines them throughout their entire lifespan

bisexual ("bi")

attracted to both men and women

heterosexual ("straight")

attraction to someone of the opposite sex

homosexual ("gay")

attraction to someone of the same sex

Pansexual

attraction toward persons of all gender identities and biological sexes

Practice

immature individuals learn from more mature members of their species how to have sex through same-sex activity. Observed in fruit flies as well as humans, such as the Muria, discussed in Chapter One

gender nonconformity

individuals expressing behavior and attitudes consistently characteristic of the opposite sex

fraternal birth order (FBO) effect

intriguing fact that on average, gay men have more older brothers (but not sisters) than do heterosexual men

femme

lesbians that look, dress and act in ways that are considered more traditionally feminine

butch

lesbians that look, dress and act in ways that reject femininity and are more traditionally masculine

homophobia

o describe the attitude of those individuals who express a consistent pattern of prejudice toward gays and lesbians

Balanced polymorphism

the trait is retained because it co-occurs with some other adaptive trait

Biodiversity

the vitality of a biological system is a direct consequence of the diversity it contains. Diversity increases the stability and resilience of a species

gay

usually refers to homosexual men

Gay bashing

verbal and/or emotional denigration or physical violence against gays and lesbians

Hate crimes

crimes motivated by prejudice against a social group, such as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or queer (LGBTQ) people

vector models

depicting homosexuality and heterosexuality as independently operative continuums, such vector models presented sexual orientation in more accurate and nuanced ways.

asexuality

describes those who are attracted to neither gender

AIDS epidemic

first recognized in 1981, it has led to the deaths of more than 25 million people, making it one of the most destructive diseases in recorded history.

Hate crime

gay bashing, physical assault, sexual assault

Discriminatory actions

gays/lesbians denied employment, housing, medical care, ability to serve in the military

queer

people who are not heteronormative or gender-binary and who aim to transcend traditional gender roles

lesbian

refers to homosexual women

prenatal hormone theory

sexual orientation reflects brain differentiation that occurs in response to circulating levels of androgens in the prenatal environment

androphilic

sexually attracted to men

gynephilic

sexually attracted to women

top

someone who assumed a more masculine role and preferred an insertive role in sex versus a

bottom

someone who took on a more feminine role and preferred a receptive role in sex

Kin selection

sometimes referred to as "the good uncle effect," the idea is that by engaging in SSB, more resources are available for the children of one's siblings, which enhances their chances of survival and indirectly pass on your DNA. The main group for which this has been proposed are humans, but the support is somewhat weak

gender role strain

tension that develops when the expectations that accompany one's gender role have negative consequences for the individual