chapter 8 sociology

It wasn't until the __________ census that people were allowed to officially identify with 2 or more races.

2000

According to the text, who is MOST likely to rely on Social Security benefits?

Black women over the age of 65

_______________ refers to the dispersal, typically involuntary, of a racial or ethnic population from its traditional homeland and over a wide geographic area.

Diaspora

____________ is defined on the basis of some real or presumed cultural characteristic, such as language or religion.

Ethnicity

To show genetically based racial differences in intelligence in the early 1900s, what test was used?

IQ tests

Which statement regarding individual and institutional discrimination is true?

Institutional discrimination is harder to detect compared to individual discrimination

Carol is a 22-year-old African American female who has been passed over for a promotion for 5 years at her company. She feels as if her age, race, and sex have prevented her from climbing the executive ladder. This is an example of which concept?

Intersectionality

___________________ is the idea that members of a minority group are affected by the nature of their position in other systems or forms of social inequality.

Intersectionality

How old is the concept of race?

It goes back to ancient history

The civil rights movement, which took place in the 1950s and 1960s, ended the _________________ laws.

Jim Crow

The minority group is in a subordinate position in terms of wealth, power, and prestige, while a majority group is in the dominant position on those dimensions. This definition of group categories comes from sociologist:

Max Weber

Which of the statements is FALSE in regard to prejudice and discrimination?

One can't discriminate without holding prejudicial attitudes.

4_______ is based on some real or presumed physical or biological characteristic, such as skin or hair color.

Race

According to the science of race, how many races are there?

Since race is a socially constructed category, there is not a scientifically specific answer that is correct

________________ refers to the belief that racial differences were the result of evolutionary differences among the races.

Social Darwinism

The U.S. Census Bureau has estimated that in 2043, the non-Hispanic white population will be in the minority when compared to the combined nonwhite population groups in the United States but will still be the largest single category. This is called:

a majority-minority population

When immigrants come to the United States, many of them feel compelled to give up their native language in order to learn English. This is an example of ______________________.

assimilation

Prejudice is a(n) _______________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ______________.

attitude; action

Mary is a waitress who refuses to wait on black customers. This is an example of:

discrimination

John is very proud of his Italian and French background. Therefore, it can be said that John is very proud of his ___________________

ethnicity

The name of the movement that notoriously argued for genetic improvements to the human population through scientific manipulation is:

eugenics

A classic argument in sociology is, "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." The text author uses this to demonstrate that:

even though majority and minority statuses are socially constructed, they are treated as "objective"

true/false A bank has a history of giving low-interest loans to whites and charging high-interest loans to minority groups. This is an example of individual racism.

false

true/false A racial group is defined primary by cultural characteristics.

false

true/false Ethnic cleansing is defined as the establishment by the minority group of policies that allow or require the forcible removal of people of another racial group.

false

true/false Globalization plays little role in the creation of ethnic identity.

false

true/false John believes that people who have a Latino background are lazy. This would be referred to as discrimination

false

true/false Philadelphia is a city where many religions are practiced and many different types of languages are spoken. This is an example of segregation.

false

true/false Racism involves defining a majority group as a race and attributing negative characteristics to that group.

false

true/false Racism is found only in societies where there are majorities of white people.

false

true/false Today, genocide is no longer being practiced within nation-states.

false

Which of the following does NOT explain the link between economic disadvantage and racism?

genetic superiority

The Holocaust is an example of ___________________.

genocide

Research indicates that prejudice and racism at the individual level _________________.

has been decreasing

Neo-Nazis and the Ku Klux Klan are examples of __________________.

hate groups

When hospitals give preferential treatment to whites as opposed to members of minority groups, this is referred to as:

institutional discrimination

Marco grew up in Puerto Rico and considers himself Hispanic. He is also gay and in his late 30s. Marco's experiences are not only affected by his ethnicity but by his membership in multiple categories, a concept called:

intersectionality

__________ is when many different cultural groups coexist in a society without any of the groups losing their unique qualities.

pluralism

After the successes of the civil rights movement, several social movements arose in the late 1960s and early 1970s that promoted pride in one's racial identity. These movements were called:

power movements

While historical explanations of race favored __________ explanations, contemporary explanations of race tend to base explanations on ___________.

pseudoscientific; cultural factors

Gregor Mendel's work on genetics and heredity during the nineteenth century led to the idea that:

races could be distinguished from one another on the basis of genetic makeup

African Americans and Asians are defined primarily as a:

racial group

When a minority group is defined as a race and then negative characteristics are attributed to that group, it is called:

racism

During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, folk ideas about race were supplemented with _____________ justifications for treating people of other races differently.

scientific

During the 1950s, blacks and whites had separate bathroom facilities, attended separate schools, and used different water fountains. This is an example of ________________.

segregation

While we tend to think of differences between minority and majority statuses as being objective, these are really differences of ___________.

social definitions

When Latinos and blacks are portrayed in violent video games as criminals and members of gangs, this is an example of _________________:

stereotypes

Paul Gilroy argues that in trying to understand global flows based on race, we should focus on

the Black Atlantic

When interviewed for a news story about racial tensions, Leo denies that he or any of his friends are racist. When he is with his family, however, Leo tells racist jokes and says that immigrants, "Should all speak English if they live in my country!"

the disparity between front stage and back stage behavior

true/false A racial group is defined primarily by physical characteristics, whereas an ethnic group is defined primarily by cultural characteristics.

true

true/false A stereotype is a generalization about an entire category of people.

true

true/false An example of assimilation would be Asian immigrants who come to the United States and give up their cultural traditions.

true

true/false An example of genocide occurred when American Indians were killed in large numbers by the white settlers in the period of westward expansion.

true

true/false As social characteristics, ideas about race and ethnicity flow across borders effortlessly.

true

true/false Because the day-to-day operations of institutions work in racist ways that are largely invisible, it is easier to blame individuals as largely responsible for perpetuating prejudice and discrimination.

true

true/false Diaspora refers to the dispersal, typically involuntary, of a racial or ethnic group from its traditional homeland.

true

true/false Discrimination can exist in a culture even if there are no prejudiced people.

true

true/false In a global context, prejudice and discrimination can be thought of as operating as a factor of the Global North and Global South.

true

true/false Institutional discrimination can be found within the educational and health care systems.

true

true/false Institutional discrimination is harder to detect when compared to individual discrimination.

true

true/false New Mexico and Texas are two states which have a majority-minority population.

true

true/false People who are French would be considered an ethnic group.

true

true/false Prejudice is an attitude and discrimination is an action.

true

true/false The term "racism" can be used to refer to negative attitudes or treatment on the basis of race or ethnicity.

true

true/false Whites are a racial group.

true

The lines between racial and ethnic groups are:

vague and unclear

When a set of ideas that reflects the point of view of a white person is accepted as the taken for granted understanding of how to interpret culture, it is referred to as:

white racial frame

In a study where identical resumes were sent to potential employers with the only the names of the job applicant varying,

white sounding names got 50% more callbacks

When Irish immigrants came to the United States in the early 1900s, many whites called them names and treated them in a negative manner. This is an example of _______________.

xenophobia