chapter 8 sociology
It wasn't until the __________ census that people were allowed to officially identify with 2 or more races.
2000
According to the text, who is MOST likely to rely on Social Security benefits?
Black women over the age of 65
_______________ refers to the dispersal, typically involuntary, of a racial or ethnic population from its traditional homeland and over a wide geographic area.
Diaspora
____________ is defined on the basis of some real or presumed cultural characteristic, such as language or religion.
Ethnicity
To show genetically based racial differences in intelligence in the early 1900s, what test was used?
IQ tests
Which statement regarding individual and institutional discrimination is true?
Institutional discrimination is harder to detect compared to individual discrimination
Carol is a 22-year-old African American female who has been passed over for a promotion for 5 years at her company. She feels as if her age, race, and sex have prevented her from climbing the executive ladder. This is an example of which concept?
Intersectionality
___________________ is the idea that members of a minority group are affected by the nature of their position in other systems or forms of social inequality.
Intersectionality
How old is the concept of race?
It goes back to ancient history
The civil rights movement, which took place in the 1950s and 1960s, ended the _________________ laws.
Jim Crow
The minority group is in a subordinate position in terms of wealth, power, and prestige, while a majority group is in the dominant position on those dimensions. This definition of group categories comes from sociologist:
Max Weber
Which of the statements is FALSE in regard to prejudice and discrimination?
One can't discriminate without holding prejudicial attitudes.
4_______ is based on some real or presumed physical or biological characteristic, such as skin or hair color.
Race
According to the science of race, how many races are there?
Since race is a socially constructed category, there is not a scientifically specific answer that is correct
________________ refers to the belief that racial differences were the result of evolutionary differences among the races.
Social Darwinism
The U.S. Census Bureau has estimated that in 2043, the non-Hispanic white population will be in the minority when compared to the combined nonwhite population groups in the United States but will still be the largest single category. This is called:
a majority-minority population
When immigrants come to the United States, many of them feel compelled to give up their native language in order to learn English. This is an example of ______________________.
assimilation
Prejudice is a(n) _______________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ______________.
attitude; action
Mary is a waitress who refuses to wait on black customers. This is an example of:
discrimination
John is very proud of his Italian and French background. Therefore, it can be said that John is very proud of his ___________________
ethnicity
The name of the movement that notoriously argued for genetic improvements to the human population through scientific manipulation is:
eugenics
A classic argument in sociology is, "If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences." The text author uses this to demonstrate that:
even though majority and minority statuses are socially constructed, they are treated as "objective"
true/false A bank has a history of giving low-interest loans to whites and charging high-interest loans to minority groups. This is an example of individual racism.
false
true/false A racial group is defined primary by cultural characteristics.
false
true/false Ethnic cleansing is defined as the establishment by the minority group of policies that allow or require the forcible removal of people of another racial group.
false
true/false Globalization plays little role in the creation of ethnic identity.
false
true/false John believes that people who have a Latino background are lazy. This would be referred to as discrimination
false
true/false Philadelphia is a city where many religions are practiced and many different types of languages are spoken. This is an example of segregation.
false
true/false Racism involves defining a majority group as a race and attributing negative characteristics to that group.
false
true/false Racism is found only in societies where there are majorities of white people.
false
true/false Today, genocide is no longer being practiced within nation-states.
false
Which of the following does NOT explain the link between economic disadvantage and racism?
genetic superiority
The Holocaust is an example of ___________________.
genocide
Research indicates that prejudice and racism at the individual level _________________.
has been decreasing
Neo-Nazis and the Ku Klux Klan are examples of __________________.
hate groups
When hospitals give preferential treatment to whites as opposed to members of minority groups, this is referred to as:
institutional discrimination
Marco grew up in Puerto Rico and considers himself Hispanic. He is also gay and in his late 30s. Marco's experiences are not only affected by his ethnicity but by his membership in multiple categories, a concept called:
intersectionality
__________ is when many different cultural groups coexist in a society without any of the groups losing their unique qualities.
pluralism
After the successes of the civil rights movement, several social movements arose in the late 1960s and early 1970s that promoted pride in one's racial identity. These movements were called:
power movements
While historical explanations of race favored __________ explanations, contemporary explanations of race tend to base explanations on ___________.
pseudoscientific; cultural factors
Gregor Mendel's work on genetics and heredity during the nineteenth century led to the idea that:
races could be distinguished from one another on the basis of genetic makeup
African Americans and Asians are defined primarily as a:
racial group
When a minority group is defined as a race and then negative characteristics are attributed to that group, it is called:
racism
During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, folk ideas about race were supplemented with _____________ justifications for treating people of other races differently.
scientific
During the 1950s, blacks and whites had separate bathroom facilities, attended separate schools, and used different water fountains. This is an example of ________________.
segregation
While we tend to think of differences between minority and majority statuses as being objective, these are really differences of ___________.
social definitions
When Latinos and blacks are portrayed in violent video games as criminals and members of gangs, this is an example of _________________:
stereotypes
Paul Gilroy argues that in trying to understand global flows based on race, we should focus on
the Black Atlantic
When interviewed for a news story about racial tensions, Leo denies that he or any of his friends are racist. When he is with his family, however, Leo tells racist jokes and says that immigrants, "Should all speak English if they live in my country!"
the disparity between front stage and back stage behavior
true/false A racial group is defined primarily by physical characteristics, whereas an ethnic group is defined primarily by cultural characteristics.
true
true/false A stereotype is a generalization about an entire category of people.
true
true/false An example of assimilation would be Asian immigrants who come to the United States and give up their cultural traditions.
true
true/false An example of genocide occurred when American Indians were killed in large numbers by the white settlers in the period of westward expansion.
true
true/false As social characteristics, ideas about race and ethnicity flow across borders effortlessly.
true
true/false Because the day-to-day operations of institutions work in racist ways that are largely invisible, it is easier to blame individuals as largely responsible for perpetuating prejudice and discrimination.
true
true/false Diaspora refers to the dispersal, typically involuntary, of a racial or ethnic group from its traditional homeland.
true
true/false Discrimination can exist in a culture even if there are no prejudiced people.
true
true/false In a global context, prejudice and discrimination can be thought of as operating as a factor of the Global North and Global South.
true
true/false Institutional discrimination can be found within the educational and health care systems.
true
true/false Institutional discrimination is harder to detect when compared to individual discrimination.
true
true/false New Mexico and Texas are two states which have a majority-minority population.
true
true/false People who are French would be considered an ethnic group.
true
true/false Prejudice is an attitude and discrimination is an action.
true
true/false The term "racism" can be used to refer to negative attitudes or treatment on the basis of race or ethnicity.
true
true/false Whites are a racial group.
true
The lines between racial and ethnic groups are:
vague and unclear
When a set of ideas that reflects the point of view of a white person is accepted as the taken for granted understanding of how to interpret culture, it is referred to as:
white racial frame
In a study where identical resumes were sent to potential employers with the only the names of the job applicant varying,
white sounding names got 50% more callbacks
When Irish immigrants came to the United States in the early 1900s, many whites called them names and treated them in a negative manner. This is an example of _______________.
xenophobia