Chapter 9
Which structure was not affected by surgery in H.M.?
Cingulate gyrus
Which experimental result implicates sleep in the consolidation of declarative memories?
Cues, present during learning, provided during slow-wave sleep increase hippocampal activity and improve memory for object locations the next day.
Which of the following was a consequence of H.M.'s surgery?
His declarative memory was impaired.
Which of the following is true of long-term potentiation?
It has been implicated in spatial memory in mice with their NMDA receptors knocked out genetically.
Which famous scientist is known for work with dogs and the discovery of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
Place cells are neurons that fire only when an organism is:
Located in a particular place in its local environment
The hippocampal formation is contained within the
Medial Temporal Lobe.
What receptor is important for both long-term potentiation and learning?
NMDA
Which of the following is not true of declarative memory?
Only semantic memory contributes to autobiographical memory.
Repeating a series of words or numbers over and over in your head in order to remember them
Phonological loop
Which of the following is not an example of skill learning?
Remembering where you learned to swim
The cerebellum and brainstem are associated with which type of memory?
Skeletal muscle responses
The pathway that connects the postrhinal cortex, medial entorhinal cortex, and hippocampal formation is associated with:
Spatial memory and spatial cognitive mapping
Semantic knowledge can be impaired by damage to which brain region?
The anterior temporal lobes
A dog salivates at the sight and smell of food. A scientist starts ringing a bell just before the food is presented. What will likely happen if the scientist repeats the procedure many times?
The dog will be conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell.
Which of the following is true of declarative memory?
The posterior parietal cortex and prefrontal cortex are important for encoding and retrieval.
A rat enters a maze and heads to the left. The rat is shocked once it reaches the end of the left fork of the maze. What is most likely to happen the next time the rat enters the maze?
There is an increased probability that the rat will head to the right.
Where are semantic memories stored?
They are distributed throughout the brain.
Completing the mental rotation task
Visuospatial sketchpad
Explaining to your friend where to find your phone in your house when you forgot to bring it to work
Visuospatial sketchpad
Giving directions on how to get to the grocery store to your cousin who is visiting from out of town
Visuospatial sketchpad
New neurons tend to have
a short lifespan
Nondeclarative, or implicit, memory is subdivided into which categories?
all of the above Classical conditioning Perceptual priming Skills
The hippocampus appears to be important for
all of the above the retrieval phase of recent episodic memories. providing an index that points to locations of memories distributed over the cortex. the encoding phase of episodic memory. the storage phase of episodic memory.
Loss of memory for information acquired after damage or trauma is called
anterograde amnesia
What is the term for when an individual's recollection of the past is affected by their current knowledge and beliefs?
bias
H. M., the memory patient described in a mini-lecture and your text, underwent the following surgical procedure
bilateral removal of the hippocampus and temporal lobes.
If we take an evolutionary perspective on the hippocampus, it would make sense to assume that
both spatial and episodic memories are needed for survival.
An example of an episodic memory is
buying your very first car.
The NMDA receptor present in many postsynaptic membranes is normally blocked by magnesium ions. When the postsynaptic neuron is repeatedly stimulated and depolarized, _____ ions can pass into the neuron, resulting in structural changes to the neuron.
calcium
Encoding of memory involves
changes in the strength and/or number of synaptic connections between neurons.
Place cells in the hippocampus of rodents and humans supports the
cognitive map theory
In Pavlov's experiment with salivating dogs, salivating after the ringing of the bell alone is the:
conditioned response
The process in which a short-term memory transitions into a long-term memory is called
consolidation
_____ involves the activation of the hippocampus for stabilizing some memories.
consolidation
Which type of evidence for functional localization is obtained using a PET scan or and fMRI?
correlational evidence
Although it has been years and years since Johnny studied dinosaurs in school, when shown a picture of a stegosaurus, he can still tell you that the stegosaurus was a large herbivore with plates running along its back. This is an example of
declarative memory
You are able to list the names of your first-, second-, and third-grade teachers. This is an example of
declarative memory
When a presynaptic neuron fires at a high-frequency, what happens to the postsynaptic neuron?
depolarization
Which of the following does not involve memory?
detection of visual stimuli
Remembering the specific details of breaking your arm while playing football in 7th grade is an example of a(n) ___________ memory, a kind of declarative long-term memory.
episodic
The knowledge of autobiographical facts are which type of memory?
episodic
Retrograde amnesia affects
episodic memories made before a traumatic event such as a head injury.
memories for events
episodic memory
Episodic memories are about ______, whereas semantic memories are about facts.
events
Episodic memories are about ______.
events
Episodic memories are about _____, whereas semantic memories are about _______.
events, facts
Life episodes and facts are categorized as which type of memory?
explicit
______________ are memories that can be consciously recalled and expressed.
explicit memories
Episodic memories are about events, whereas semantic memories are about
facts
Semantic memories are about _____.
facts
Which of the following structures play an important role in short-term memory or temporary memory?
frontal lobes
Object recognition and memory is linked with the pathway that connects the perirhinal cortex to the lateral entorhinal cortex to the
hippocampal formation
As seen in both animals with food-caching behavior and in humans who must acquire a detailed cognitive map of an area, the ______ is able to increase in volume over time.
hippocampus
Experiments on spatial memory show that bilateral lesions to the _____ impair the ability to navigate in an environment.
hippocampus
Neurogenesis occurs in the
hippocampus
Which of the following was largely unaffected after the memory patient H. M.'s surgery?
implicit memory
Changes in dendritic morphology
imply the addition or subtraction of synapses.
Nondeclarative memory
includes priming, conditioning, and skill learning.
Consolidation
involves the activation of the hippocampus for stabilizing some memories.
An example of an implicit memory is
knowing how to brush your hair.
An example of an explicit memory is
knowing that Austin is the capital of Texas.
An example of a semantic memory is
knowing that the Mayflower landed on Plymouth Rock.
Consolidation is the process in which short-term memory transitions into
long-term memory
A 70-year-old woman is asked what she did on her 16th birthday. She answers that she had a party and received her first car as a gift. This is an example of
long-term memory.
"Cells that fire together wire together," suggests that
memories are formed when synaptic associations grow stronger and tend to persist.
Procedural memories are
memories for how to perform skills or habits.
Semantic memories are
memories of facts about the outside world.
In the comparative studies discussed in a lecture, the hippocampus implicated in
memory for places
Sally witnesses a mugging and is asked to appear in court. While on the witness stand, she avidly swears that she saw Mr. Jones committing the crime. Sally actually saw Mr. Jones at the grocery store only 10 minutes before the mugging took place. Mr. Jones did not commit the mugging. Sally is suffering from_____.
misattribution
This is the term for when an individual attributes an idea or recollection to the wrong source:
misattribution
You haven't ridden a bicycle in 6 years, yet when your friend invites you to go cycling and you get on the bike, your body automatically starts to balance and pedal. This is an example of
non-declarative memory
You sit on the couch to enjoy a relaxing afternoon of knitting. You pick up the needles and your hands start to move, seemingly without much effort. This is an example of
non-declarative memory
Which of the following would be regarded as examples of explicit learning?
none of the answers is correct
A rat enters a t-shaped maze and heads to the left. The rat is shocked once it reaches the end of the left fork of the maze. Afterward, there is an increased probability that the rat will head to the right. This is an example of what kind of learning?
operant conditioning
In a delayed non-match-to-sample test,
performance in monkeys is disrupted by medial temporal lobe lesions.
Remembering a grocery list by repeating over and over while you drive to the store
phonological loop
The circuitry of the striatum is thought to be important in which type of memory?
procedural
Memory for how to do something
procedural memory
Episodic memories can be either vague and without context (called familiarity), or richly detailed, called
recollection
A lesion on the medial prefrontal cortex would most likely result in the inability to distinguish between
relevant and irrelevant memories.
Studies on memory show that without NMDA-R, animals seem to be unable to
remember specifics of a task
Damage to the anterior temporal lobes in humans will result in impairment of which type of knowledge?
semantic
Knowing that the first president of the United States was George Washington is a _______ memory.
semantic
Explicit memory is subdivided into which two categories?
semantic episodic
Memories for facts
semantic memory
You search online for the phone number to your dentist, dial it, then cannot remember the number once you hang up. This is an example of
short-term memory
A gradual improvement in performance due to repeated practice is called
skill learning
Place cells and grid cells are involved in which type of memory?
spatial
The cognitive map theory states that hippocampus of a human is involved with both episodic and _____ memories.
spatial
Classical conditioning pairs stimulus with
stimulus
According to scientist Donald Hebb, when neuron A fires repeatedly to neuron B, their connection is
strengthened
Hebbian systems display the characteristic of
strengthened connections through neural firing, and weakened connections through lack of neural firing.
When two cells in your brain are active at the same time, the connection between them ____.
strengthens
Most neuroscientists believe that memory storage depends on changes at the _____, the tiny connection between brain cells.
synapses
The hippocampus is located on the medial edge of the:
temporal lobe
Emotional memory is associate with which region of the brain?
the amygdala
Emotional events may be more likely to be remembered due to the connection between
the amygdala and the hippocampal formation.
Anterograde amnesia affects
the forming of new episodic memories.
Repeating a series of words or numbers over and over in your head in order to remember them requires
the phonological loop
The medial prefrontal cortex, used for reasoning and planning ahead, is also used when determining
the value of stimuli
In Pavlov's experiment with salivating dogs, salivation at the presentation of food is the
unconditioned response
In Pavlov's experiment with salivating dogs, the presentation of food is the
unconditioned stimulus.
Implicit memory refers to memories that are
unconscious motor or emotional memories.
In the Morris water maze task, rats are attempting to find the hidden platform using
visual cues and spatial memory.
The theory of "7 +/- 2" describes the capacity of which type of memory?
working
Memory that lasts for seconds or minutes
working memory
The theory of "7 +/- 2"
working memory
Which type of memory lasts for only seconds, or perhaps a few minutes?
working memory