Chapter 9: Adolescents
50. Consistent with the immigrant paradox discussed in another chapter of the textbook, which of the following statements is true? A. Susceptibility to peer pressure is higher among relatively more acculturated Latino adolescents than their less acculturated peers. B. Susceptibility to peer pressure is higher among Latino adolescents who were born abroad than Latino adolescents born in the United States. C. Research shows that more acculturated adolescents engage in lower rates of delinquency. D. Susceptibility to peer pressure is lower among relatively more acculturated Latino adolescents than their less acculturated peers.
A. Susceptibility to peer pressure is higher among relatively more acculturated Latino adolescents than their less acculturated peers.
44. According to the results from the Steinberg and colleagues' study, who would be most likely to settle for $750 tomorrow than receive $1,000 a year from now? A. 10- to 11-year-olds B. 14- to 15-year-olds C. 16- to 17-year-olds D. 22- to 25-year-olds
A. 10- to 11-year-olds
92. Adam is known for scoring high on moral disengagement assessments. Which of the following is probably true? A. Adam is likely to engage in delinquency and aggression. B. Adam is likely to engage in prosocial behavior. C. Adam is likely to have authoritative parents. D. Adam is likely to abuse substances.
A. Adam is likely to engage in delinquency and aggression.
17. Which of the following is not a characteristic of an adolescent's growing emotional autonomy? A. Adolescents become more likely to believe that their life would have been better if they had their friends' parents. B. Adolescents become less likely to hold onto idealized pictures of their parents. C. Adolescents become more likely to appreciate that their parents may act differently with their own friends than they do with their children. D. When something goes wrong, adolescents become less likely to assume that their parents will "make everything better" and become more likely to rely on themselves to straighten things out.
A. Adolescents become more likely to believe that their life would have been better if they had their friends' parents.
Who would argue that the physical changes of puberty cause substantial disruption and conflict inside the family system? A. Anna Freud B. Erik Erikson C. Laurence Steinberg D. Susan Harter
A. Anna Freud
4. Which statement about autonomy in adolescence is false? A. Autonomy is closely related to adolescent rebellion. B. The growth of autonomy during adolescence is gradual and progressive. C. The growth of autonomy during adolescence is relatively un-dramatic. D. The development of adolescent autonomy is often misunderstood.
A. Autonomy is closely related to adolescent rebellion.
78. The dominant perspective of moral development is grounded in _____ theory. A. Piaget's cognitive B. Watson's behavioral C. Bronfenbrenner's ecological D. Freud's psychoanalytic
A. Piaget's cognitive
40. When researchers use brain-imaging technology to investigate patterns of adolescent brain activation, what do they find? A. Researchers find that regions of the brain that are especially sensitive to rewards are more intensely activated during early and middle adolescence than adulthood. B. Researchers find that regions of the brain that are especially sensitive to rewards are less activated during early and middle adolescence than adulthood. C. Researchers find that regions of the brain that are sensitive to punishment are more intensely activated during early and middle adolescence than adulthood. D. Researchers find that regions of the brain that block the ability to perceive rewards are more intensely activated during early and middle adolescence than adulthood.
A. Researchers find that regions of the brain that are especially sensitive to rewards are more intensely activated during early and middle adolescence than adulthood.
55. For which of the following questions is an adolescent most likely to turn to outside experts for advice? A. What steps do I need to take to get admitted to college? B. Does this outfit look nice? C. Are my friends really nerds? D. Is the University of Michigan a fun place to go to college?
A. What steps do I need to take to get admitted to college?
75. According to research presented in the textbook, which individuals are likely to have earlier expectations for autonomy than Asian families? A. White parents B. White adolescents C. White adolescents and their parents D. None of the above. Asian adolescents and their parents have earlier expectations for autonomy than White adolescents and their parents.
A. White parents
37. When Lenny gets frustrated or upset, he turns to his peers rather than his parents for support. As a matter of fact, Lenny relies on his peers more than his parents for most things. Lenny is probably from: A. a permissive home. B. an authoritarian home. C. an authoritative home. D. an autocratic home.
A. a permissive home.
91. Individuals are more likely to engage in risky behavior when they see the behavior as: A. a personal choice rather than an ethical dilemma. B. an ethical dilemma rather than a personal choice. C. a private issue rather than a personal choice. D. something they are entitled to, rather than an ethical issue.
A. a personal choice rather than an ethical dilemma.
56. In early and middle adolescence, adolescents become more _____ with respect to parents, and more _____ with respect to peers. A. autonomous; conformist B. conformist; autonomous C. autonomous; autonomous D. conformist; conformist
A. autonomous; conformist
2. Cara hates that her mother always asks her where she is going and who she is hanging out with. Cara's attempts to keep secrets are her attempt to establish: A. autonomy. B. independence. C. maturity. D. self-reliance.
A. autonomy.
12. Jane has decided not to go along with her friends and drink after school. She realizes that this is wrong, and decides not to give in to the peer pressure. What type of autonomy is Jane exhibiting? A. behavioral B. emotional C. cognitive D. None of the above.
A. behavioral
11. Which of the following aspects of autonomy involves the capacity to make independent decisions and follow through with them? A. behavioral autonomy B. psychosocial autonomy C. emotional autonomy D. cognitive autonomy
A. behavioral autonomy
20. In classical psychoanalytic theories, the process of separation that occurs during early adolescence is referred to as: A. detachment. B. separation anxiety. C. distinction. D. individuation.
A. detachment.
16. Karen's parents have noticed that throughout Karen's adolescent years, their relationship has transformed. What type of autonomy is Karen expressing? A. emotional B. cognitive C. behavioral D. None of the above.
A. emotional
68. Research suggests that adolescents _________ are the most likely to be susceptible to peer pressure. A. from families in which parents are strict and make decisions for their adolescents B. whose parents encourage autonomy C. who have positive regard for their parents D. from authoritative homes that encourage independent decision making
A. from families in which parents are strict and make decisions for their adolescents
69. According to research cited in the textbook, susceptibility to antisocial peer pressure is _____ among relatively _____ acculturated Latino adolescents than their _____ acculturated peers. A. higher; more; less B. higher; less; more C. lower; more; less D. none of the above options are true
A. higher; more; less
61. During childhood, boys and girls are: A. highly oriented toward their parents and far less oriented toward their peers. B. less oriented toward their parents and far more oriented toward their peers. C. highly oriented toward their peers and far less oriented toward their teachers. D. highly oriented toward their peers and far less oriented toward their parents.
A. highly oriented toward their parents and far less oriented toward their peers.
54. If an adolescent is making a decision regarding long-term occupational plans, he or she is likely to go to ___________ for advice. A. his or her parents B. a friend C. an acquaintance D. no one
A. his or her parents
25. Tyler's parents comment that his first year in college has been very good for him because he has learned to accept responsibility for his actions. Tyler's parents are describing: A. individuation. B. crystallization. C. specification. D. psychosocial moratorium.
A. individuation.
33. Emotional autonomy develops best when parents encourage _______ and _______. A. individuation; emotional closeness B. individuation; emotional distance C. detachment; emotional distance D. independence; interdependence
A. individuation; emotional closeness
80. As a child, Joe doesn't understand that he simply cannot take the things he wants. As he gets older, he begins to understand the concept of ownership. This change is an example of: A. moral development. B. peer pressure. C. self-reliance. D. detachment.
A. moral development.
49. Mark is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues, however, is Mark most likely to side with his friends and against his parents? A. on how to wear his hair B. on the issue of capital punishment C. on the choice of religious preference D. on the value of a college education
A. on how to wear his hair
31. Which of the following events have researchers suggested is one of the most important triggers of the individuation process? A. puberty B. identity development C. detaching from parents D. seeing parents as people
A. puberty
47. Many individuals have argued that older adolescents should have the right to seek health care services without parental knowledge or consent because: A. the basic cognitive abilities that are most likely necessary to make these kinds of decisions are typically fully developed by the age of 16. B. have more rights than younger adolescents. C. are at an age where they could legally become emancipated. D. are more sexually active than younger adolescents.
A. the basic cognitive abilities that are most likely necessary to make these kinds of decisions are typically fully developed by the age of 16
100. During late adolescence, individuals define their religious beliefs based on: A. their own system of personal religious beliefs. B. the teachings of their parents. C. the beliefs of their peers. D. this question is difficult to answer because adolescents are private about their religious beliefs.
A. their own system of personal religious beliefs.
7. According to the textbook, many young people find it frustrating that: A. they feel emotionally independent but have to abide by their parents' rules as long as they are being supported economically. B. their parents expect them to be so autonomous and independent at such a young age. C. they are economically independent, but still rely on parents for approval regarding religious and political issues. D. they are working the same jobs as some adults, but have less freedom and more supervision than the adults.
A. they feel emotionally independent but have to abide by their parents' rules as long as they are being supported economically.
29. As individuals transition from adolescence into adulthood and progress through the process of individuation, they increasingly: A. view lying to their parents as unacceptable. B. improve their techniques for lying to parents without being detected. C. view lying to their parents as desirable. D. become worse liars.
A. view lying to their parents as unacceptable.
86. Research suggests that the majority of adolescents probably function at which of the following moral reasoning levels? A. principled B. conventional C. postconventional D. preconventional
B. conventional
95. Which of the following individuals is not especially likely to be engaged in volunteerism? A. Ashley, whose parents actively volunteer in the community B. Joshua, who is a male adolescent C. Nancy, who is actively involved in neighborhood church D. Carolyn, who scores high on measures of extroversion
B. Joshua, who is a male adolescent
38. Michelle's parents believe in relaxed rules and guidelines. They believe that rules and regulations will inhibit Michelle's discovery of herself as a person. In what way is this parental philosophy not likely to affect Michelle? A. Michelle will be emotionally detached from her parents. B. Michelle will be genuinely autonomous. C. Michelle will be psychosocially dependent on her friends. D. Michelle's social life will be important to her.
B. Michelle will be genuinely autonomous.
90. According to the textbook, which of the following statements about moral reasoning and moral behavior is not true? A. In tests measuring moral reasoning, assessments are made in a social vacuum, but such vacuums don't exist in the real world. B. Moral behavior and moral reasoning always go hand in hand. C. Situational factors influence moral choices. D. All of the above are true.
B. Moral behavior and moral reasoning always go hand in hand.
Critics of Kohlberg's theory have asserted that reasoning about hypothetical moral problems in an advanced way is not the same as behaving morally. Furthermore, critics have also argued that reasoning about hypothetical life-and-death situations does not tell us very much about the ways people reason in day-to-day problems. What has recent research studies addressing these concerns found? A. These critics are correct in noting that there is little relationship between moral reasoning and moral behavior. B. Research has indicated that people reason about life-and-death dilemmas in ways that parallel their reasoning about moral dilemmas they encounter in their daily lives. Also, in general, an individual's moral reasoning is indeed related to an individual's moral behavior. C. People who reason at higher stages of moral thought are more tolerant of others' misbehavior; however, the way people reasoning about abstract, hypothetical situations is not related to the ways that people actually behave in real life day-to-day problems. D. Research has indicated that people who reason at higher stages do not necessarily behave in more moral ways; however, the reasoning behind life-and-death dilemmas is absolutely the same as the reasoning behind the problems that people encounter in everyday life.
B. Research has indicated that people reason about life-and-death dilemmas in ways that parallel their reasoning about moral dilemmas they encounter in their daily lives. Also, in general, an individual's moral reasoning is indeed related to an individual's moral behavior.
27. Which statement concerning adolescents' ability to see their parents as people is false? A. This aspect of emotional autonomy may not develop until early adulthood. B. This aspect of emotional autonomy develops later in adolescents' relations with their mothers than with their fathers. C. During high school, adolescents have difficulty seeing their parents as individuals beyond their role as parents. D. Fifteen-year-olds are not much better than 10-year-olds at seeing their parents as people.
B. This aspect of emotional autonomy develops later in adolescents' relations with their mothers than with their fathers.
36. Kristie believes that her parents are too strict and has decided not to abide by their rules. She refuses to do her chores around the house and breaks curfew every night. Kristie is probably from: A. a permissive home. B. an authoritarian home. C. an authoritative home. D. an autocratic home.
B. an authoritarian home.
1. The psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of independence is called: A. autocracy. B. autonomy. C. detachment. D. morality.
B. autonomy.
41. Before Shirley fills out her course registration for fall semester, she asks her parents which courses they think she should take. Shirley also consults the guidance counselor at school as well as some of her close friends. She weighs their suggestions, then enrolls in the courses that seem best suited to her educational goals. Which type of autonomy is Shirley expressing? A. cognitive autonomy B. behavioral autonomy C. emotional autonomy D. psychosocial autonomy
B. behavioral autonomy
84. A person who obeys the rules because of a sense of social obligation to behave in certain ways is functioning at which level of moral development? A. principled B. conventional C. postconventional D. preconventional
B. conventional
89. Mark complains to his mother that there is nothing wrong with drinking a little beer because, "Everyone my age does it once in a while and I'll be a social outcast if I don't have a drink." Mark's level of moral development would be described as: A. preconventional stage. B. conventional stage. C. postconventional stage. D. anticonventional stage.
B. conventional stage
26. Viggo says to his friends, "You know, sometimes my Dad is wrong and I tell him so and I give him my opinion. I didn't use to do that when I was younger—I used to think that everything he said was right." Viggo is demonstrating: A. individuation. B. de-idealization of parents. C. seeing parents as people. D. nondependence.
B. de-idealization of parent
30. Recent research indicates that _______ has negative effects on adolescents' mental health, whereas _________ has positive effects. A. detachment; nondependency B. detachment; individuation C. individuation; nondependency D. individuation; detachment
B. detachment; individuation
10. Peter is noticing changes in the expression of affection and distribution of power in his relationships with his parents. He is less likely to rush to them with a problem, and is spending more time with his friends. What type of autonomy is developing with Peter? A. behavioral B. emotional C. cognitive D. None of the above.
B. emotional
98. Which of the following is not a shift that is noticed in the political thinking of adolescents as they mature? A. increased abstraction B. increased authoritarianism C. movement away from obedience D. greater use of principles
B. increased authoritarianism
76. All of the following are characteristics of the development of cognitive autonomy, except: A. increasingly abstract ways to think about moral, political, ideological, and religious issues. B. increasing emotional distance from parents. C. beliefs that are increasingly rooted in general principles that have an ideological basis. D. beliefs that are increasingly founded in the individual's own values.
B. increasing emotional distance from parents.
In contrast to the psychoanalytic perspective, many researchers today assert that a late adolescent who is gradually and progressively sharpening his/her sense of self as autonomous, competent, and separate from one's parents is developing a sense of: A. autonomy. B. individuation. C. self-evaluation. D. morality.
B. individuation.
60. One recent brain imaging study that was investigating individual differences in susceptibility to peer pressure found that individuals who showed a heightened sensitivity to social rejection were: A. more likely to be influenced by their emotions when making important decisions. B. less able to resist peer influences. C. less likely to be influenced by their emotions when making important decisions. D. more able to resist peer influences.
B. less able to resist peer influences.
65. The sexual behavior of adolescents who have talked about sex with their parents is ________ compared to the sexual behavior of adolescents who have not talked to their parents about sex. A. more influenced by peer pressure B. less influenced by peer pressure C. more influenced by drug use D. less influenced by drug use
B. less influenced by peer pressure
62. As children approach adolescence, children become somewhat _____ oriented toward their parents; and _____ oriented toward their peers, and peer pressure begins to _____. A. more; less; subside B. less; more; escalate C. more; more; decline D. less; less; decrease
B. less; more; escalate
48. Researchers who oppose trying juvenile offenders as adults in criminal court typically base their arguments on findings that: A. the legal age of majority is 18. B. mature decision making is the product of both cognitive abilities, which mature around 16 years of age, and psychosocial factors, which are still developing in young adulthood. C. no juvenile can think as maturely as an adult. D. there is consensus that juveniles do not have sufficiently good decision-making skills to understand right from wrong.
B. mature decision making is the product of both cognitive abilities, which mature around 16 years of age, and psychosocial factors, which are still developing in young adulthood.
32. During late adolescence and the college years, students who live away from home report all but which of the following? A. better communication with their parents B. more strained family relationships C. higher levels of satisfaction with their family relationship D. more affection for parents
B. more strained family relationships
45. Parents who use a lot of psychological control are best characterized as being: A. emotionally close and permissive. B. overprotective and intrusive. C. emotionally distant and critical. D. intrusive and emotionally distant.
B. overprotective and intrusive.
72. Craig is easily persuaded by his friends to engage in illegal and antisocial behaviors. If you had to guess, which style of parenting do you think Craig's mom and dad utilize? A. authoritarian B. permissive C. authoritative D. autocratic
B. permissive
83. According to Kohlberg, at which level of moral reasoning would someone who saw society's rules and conventions as relative and subject be at? A. preconventional B. postconventional C. current conventional D. This description does not match one of Kohlberg's levels.
B. postconventional
82. Postconventional reasoning can also be referred to as: A. emotional reasoning. B. principled moral reasoning. C. self-reliant reasoning. D. autonomous reasoning.
B. principled moral reasoning.
19. Which of the following parenting behaviors encourages healthy adolescent development and behavior? A. having rigidly enforced rules B. providing a family environment that is characterized by close family relationships C. taking the time to make frequent "check-in" calls to their adolescent's cell phone D. providing few guidelines so the adolescent is "forced" to develop, and internalize, their own standards for behavior
B. providing a family environment that is characterized by close family relationships
9. All of the following are reasons stated in the textbook to explain why adolescent autonomy has attracted the attention of developmental psychologists, except: A. the physical changes of early adolescence trigger changes in the adolescent's emotional relationships at home. B. puberty sets up a situation of the adolescent's increasing emotional dependence on the family. C. the cognitive changes of adolescence provide the foundation for changes in the adolescent's thinking about social, moral, and ethical problems. D. changes in social roles raise concerns about independence relating to increased responsibility and self-reliance.
B. puberty sets up a situation of the adolescent's increasing emotional dependence on the family.
6. The paradox of adolescent autonomy is that: A. adolescents today are more economically dependent than in previous times, yet have fewer responsibilities than their peers in previous eras. B. whereas adolescents today are expected to be increasingly autonomous psychologically and socially, they are now less autonomous economically. C. whereas adolescence extends longer today than it did in previous eras, today's adolescents are more autonomous than in previous times. D. as autonomy increases in adolescence, "storm and stress" decrease.
B. whereas adolescents today are expected to be increasingly autonomous psychologically and socially, they are now less autonomous economically.
58. At which of the following ages would you expect susceptibility to peer pressure, especially for delinquent behaviors, to be the greatest? A. 8 years B. 11 years C. 14 years D. 19 years
C. 14 years
18. Which of the following behaviors is characteristic of increased emotional autonomy among adolescents? A. Adolescents are eager to get their parents help and advice with problems. B. Adolescents feel their parents are all-knowing and all-powerful. C. Adolescents are able to see their parents as people. D. Adolescents have difficulty sympathizing with their parents' problems.
C. Adolescents are able to see their parents as people.
21. Which of the following statements about autonomy is false? A. Adolescents are less emotionally dependent on their parents than they were as children. B. Children are closer to their parents than adolescents. C. An absence of conflict between an adolescent and his or her parents indicates a delay in autonomy development. D. In general, adolescents get along very well with their parents.
C. An absence of conflict between an adolescent and his or her parents indicates a delay in autonomy development.
15. Why is early adolescence a time during which parents' knowledge of their adolescent's behavior declines? A. Parents are less likely to supervise their adolescent children during this period. B. Adolescents become less likely to spontaneously disclose information to their parents. C. Both A and B are true. D. Neither A nor B is true. Parents are more likely to be privy to their child's behavior and whereabouts during early adolescence than earlier and later time-points.
C. Both A and B are true.
57. Which statement about conformity to peers is most true? A. Conformity is higher during later adolescence. B. Conformity is low when the behavior in question is antisocial. C. Conformity is higher during early and middle adolescence than later adolescence, especially when the behavior in question is antisocial. D. Conformity to peers is low during early and middle adolescence.
C. Conformity is higher during early and middle adolescence than later adolescence, especially when the behavior in question is antisocial.
23. Which statement regarding autonomy development would not fit with Anna Freud's theory? A. The physical changes of puberty cause substantial disruption in the family system. B. Detachment in adolescence is a result of tensions between family members. C. Emotional autonomy during adolescence involves a transformation of family relationships. D. Intrapsychic conflicts that have been repressed since early childhood are reawakened at early adolescence by the resurgence of sexual impulses.
C. Emotional autonomy during adolescence involves a transformation of family relationships.
96. Which of the following statements concerning volunteerism is false? A. Engaging in community service leads to short-term gains in social responsibility. B. Engaging in community service increases the importance individuals place on helping others. C. Engaging in community service has a long-lasting positive impact even when it is part of a school mandated service-learning program. D. Engaging in community service leads to increased commitment to tolerance, equal opportunity, and cultural diversity.
C. Engaging in community service has a long-lasting positive impact even when it is part of a school mandated service-learning program.
5. According to the textbook, many writers have suggested that an adolescent's desire for autonomy may actually have an evolutionary basis, which reflects: A. adolescents' competiveness with their same-sex parent. B. an individual's desire to live in an environment with the least amount of competition for key resources. C. an individual's desire to increase his or her opportunity to find a non-familial mate to reproduce with. D. a genetically based desire to distance oneself from close relatives.
C. an individual's desire to increase his or her opportunity to find a non-familial mate to reproduce with.
35. Which of the following types of parenting promotes healthy emotional autonomy in adolescents? A. authoritarian B. autocratic C. authoritative D. permissive
C. authoritative
34. Healthy individuation and positive mental health are fostered by _____ family relationships. A. constraining B. authoritarian C. close D. distant
C. close
67. Over the course of adolescence, individuals come to _____ prosocial acts that are done for _____ reasons. A. respect; self-serving B. seek out; non-biased C. devalue; self-serving D. devalue; humanitarian
C. devalue; self-serving
14. Which of the following types of autonomy refers to that aspect of independence related to changes in an individual's close relationships? A. behavioral autonomy B. psychosocial autonomy C. emotional autonomy D. cognitive autonomy
C. emotional autonomy
As Barbara moves into adolescence, her relationship with her mother and father changes. She is becoming less dependent on them and more dependent on herself. She also realizes that her parents are not always right. Which type of autonomy is Barbara expressing? A. behavioral autonomy B. psychosocial autonomy C. emotional autonomy D. cognitive autonomy
C. emotional autonomy
73. Feldman and her colleagues have found evidence for consistent variations in autonomy expectations as a function of: A. gender. B. birth order. C. ethnicity. D. All of the above.
C. ethnicity.
3. Whereas _________ refers to individuals' capacity to behave on their own, ___________ has emotional and cognitive as well as behavioral components. A. independence; self-sufficiency B. autonomy; independence C. independence; autonomy D. autonomy; self-sufficiency
C. independence; autonomy
53. Albert always follows the clothing trends his friends start at school. Carl ignores the trends at school and strictly adheres to his parents' guidelines for dressing. Which adolescent is genuinely autonomous? A. Albert B. Carl C. neither Albert nor Carl D. both Albert and Carl
C. neither Albert nor Carl
74. Research studies have generally indicated that the extent to which parents grant their children autonomy depends on the constellation of sons and daughters in the home and: A. their children's IQ. B. the family's financial situation. C. parents' attitudes toward sex roles. D. whether the home is a single-parent family.
C. parents' attitudes toward sex roles.
51. Peers usually have more influence than parents on matters of: A. work. B. education. C. personal taste. D. admired personal qualities.
C. personal taste.
77. Which of the following is an example of cognitive autonomy? A. establishing more adult-like relationships with family members B. relying less on your parents for emotional support C. refusing to cheat on an exam even when the teacher is not in the room D. seeking the advice of others when faced with a serious question
C. refusing to cheat on an exam even when the teacher is not in the room
28. According to one study of 10- to 15-year-olds, which aspect of emotional autonomy does not increase over the period of adolescence? A. individuation B. de-idealization of parents C. seeing parents as people D. nondependence
C. seeing parents as people
59. According to one experiment, when confronted with false evidence: A. is most often seen in the antisocial behavior of girls during early and middle adolescence. B. is higher among less acculturated Latino adolescents than among their more acculturated peers. C. significantly more young adolescents (12-16) than young adults will give a false confession. D. occurs early in adolescence because pressure by the peer group is strong enough to make even the most autonomous adolescent comply.
C. significantly more young adolescents (12-16) than young adults will give a false confession.
64. When asked what a guilty person should do when being interrogated by police, younger adolescents are more likely than older adolescents to say: A. the person should remain silent. B. the person should give the police misleading information. C. the person should confess. D. the person should blame someone else.
C. the person should confess.
85. According to Kohlberg's theory, the most important thing is: A. whether an individual, for example, believes that Heinz should have stolen the drug. B. how long the individual took to respond to the moral dilemma. C. the reasoning behind an individual's response. D. an individual's choice of words in his or her response.
C. the reasoning behind an individual's response.
63. Typically, adolescents who rebel against their parents or authorities do so because: A. they are asserting their independence from their parents. B. they are asserting their personal individuality. C. they are conforming to their peers. D. they are more emotionally mature than their non-rebellious counterparts.
C. they are conforming to their peers.
70. Which of the following adolescents (all are the same age) would have a heightened susceptibility to peer pressure? A. Steven, a male adolescent B. Paul, an Asian adolescent C. Annie, an adolescent from a single-parent family D. All of these youths are likely to appear relatively more susceptible to peer pressure.
D. All of these youths are likely to appear relatively more susceptible to peer pressure.
94. Which adolescent would probably score lowest on measures of prosocial moral reasoning? A. Latonya, who scores high on both typically masculine and feminine traits B. Talya, who scores high on femininity C. Michael, who scores high on femininity D. Randy, who scores high on masculinity
D. Randy, who scores high on masculinity
46. Between early and late adolescence, individuals improve in their ability to: A. imagine and analyze the consequences of their decisions. B. seek and evaluate the advice of others. C. make deliberate decisions that are not influenced by their emotions. D. All of the above are true.
D. All of the above are true.
99. According to a recent analysis of data from a sample of nationally representative high school seniors, which of the following trends in regard to adolescents' civic engagement and political participation is true? A. Since 1990, there has been a steady increase in the proportion of young people who report participating in community service activities. B. Since 1990, there has been a decrease in the proportion of young people who report participating in conventional civic activities (example: voting, contracting elected officials). C. Since 1990, the proportion of young people who engage in alternative political activities (e.g., boycotts, demonstrations) has fluctuated. D. All of the above are true.
D. All of the above are true.
Between middle and late adolescence, individuals become: A. more likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with a decision. B. more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices. C. more likely to control their impulses. D. All of the above are true.
D. All of the above are true.
79. Individuals who reason at higher levels of moral thought are thought to: A. be less likely to commit antisocial acts. B. less likely to cheat. C. to be more tolerant. D. All of the above responses are true.
D. All of the above responses are true.
97. In contrast to younger adolescents, older adolescents: A. are more likely to be Republicans than Democrats. B. are more likely to believe in autocratic rule and take an acquiescent stance toward government. C. are equally as likely to be influenced by their living environment. D. are more likely to challenge authority and argue that laws should be reexamined.
D. are more likely to challenge authority and argue that laws should be reexamined.
87. More advanced levels of moral reasoning are indicative of which parenting style? A. authoritarian B. permissive C. neglectful D. authoritative
D. authoritative
66. Adolescents who have less positive relationships with their parents are more likely to do all but which of the following? A. spend time with friends in unsupervised settings B. hang out with negative peers C. be highly peer-oriented D. be influenced by friends who perform well in school
D. be influenced by friends who perform well in school
93. Researchers have found that scoring higher on measures of prosocial moral reasoning: A. correlates positively with prosocial behavior, but not with attitudes toward helping others. B. correlates positively with attitudes toward helping others, but not with actual prosocial behavior. C. correlates positively with both sympathy and empathy, but not with actual prosocial behavior. D. correlates positively with prosocial behavior and is related to being more sympathetic and empathic.
D. correlates positively with prosocial behavior and is related to being more sympathetic and empathic.
71. During late adolescence, the susceptibility to peer pressure _________ A. remains stable. B. increases. C. changes in form. D. decreases.
D. decreases.
52. Carrie's parents have repeatedly told her not to pierce her belly button despite her argument that all of her friends are getting their belly buttons pierced. Carrie's urge to pierce her navel probably stems from: A. her desire to rebel against her parents. B. her need to express her true identity. C. her desire to be a true individual. D. her desire to conform to her peers.
D. her desire to conform to her peers.
39. Which of the following types of households creates adolescents who do not develop healthy autonomy, have difficulty complying with rules, and are usually dependent on their friends? A. authoritarian B. autocratic C. authoritative D. permissive
D. permissive
81. According to Kohlberg, reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called: A. principled. B. conventional. C. postconventional. D. preconventional.
D. preconventional
8. Issues of autonomy: A. are typically resolved during toddlerhood. B. are typically resolved during adolescence. C. are typically resolved in early adulthood. D. recur throughout the life span.
D. recur throughout the life span.
42. With age, adolescents become more likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with the decisions they make and more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices, and not just the immediate ones. According to the textbook, these improvements seem to be due to all of the following except: A. the decline in the extent to which decisions are influenced by their potential to produce an immediate reward. B. the increase in the ability to give equal weight to the potential costs and benefits of a decision. C. the increase in the ability to control their impulses. D. the increase in the probability that decision making is influenced by emotions.
D. the increase in the probability that decision making is influenced by emotions.