Chapter 9, SmartBook 8

According to the Kaiser Family Foundation, what were insurance costs for addiction and overdose services in the United States in 2016?

$2.3 billion

Based on prices in early 2018, the average smoker would spend as much as ______ on cigarettes over the course of a year.

$3,600

Which of the following statements about substances added to cigarettes are true?

- Some cigarette additives can increase the addicting properties of nicotine. - Sugar is among the additives used in cigarettes. - Cigarette additives include substances called humectants, which keep the tobacco from drying out.

While some cigarettes are touted as "healthier" because they contain less tar or nicotine than regular cigarettes, any potential benefits are usually negated because smokers of such "healthier" cigarettes engage in which of the following behaviors?

- They inhale up to 8 times more nicotine than is printed on label. - They inhale more deeply and take more puffs from light cigarettes. - They compensate by smoking a greater number of cigarettes.

1. Can contain as much tobacco as a whole pack of cigarettes 2. Chemical constituents of the compound mixed with tobacco may be dangerous. 3. Contains almost twice as much tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide as conventional cigarettes 4. Contains up to four time more nicotine and twice as much tar as conventional cigarettes 5. Highly addictive 6. Increased risk of oral cancer 7. Made with form of tobacco different from conventional U.S. cigarettes 8. White or red patches can appear inside the mouth

- cigars and pipes - clove cigarettes - clove cigarettes - bidis - smokeless (spit) tobacco - smokeless (spit) tobacco and cigars and pipes - bidis - smokeless (spit) tobacco

Which of the following are traits associated with compulsive exercising?

- obsessive-compulsive symptoms - use of another way to "purge" - excessive preoccupation with body image

Which of the following are characteristics of pathological gambling according to the American Psychiatric Association?

- preoccupation with gambling - using gambling to escape problems - unsuccessful efforts to cut back or quit

disulfiram (Antabuse) naltrexone (ReVia, Depade) acamprosate (Campral)

- stops the breakdown of acetaldehyde and causes patients to feel ill when they drink - binds to a brain pleasure center to reduce the craving for alcohol - appears to act on brain pathways to help patients maintain abstinence

Which of the following are reasons that people in the United States have for wanting to keep illegal drugs illegal?

-Legalizing drugs might expose more people to abuse and dependence. -Drugs would be more socially acceptable if they were legalized. -Allowing easier access to drugs might increase drug use among children

What happens when club drugs are mixed with alcohol?

-Respiratory arrest and death can occur. -Sedation and loss of consciousness can occur. -The effects are unpredictable.

Which of the following are examples of common club drugs?

-Rohypnol -GHB

Which of the following are behaviors of compulsive buyers or shoppers?

-They buy more than they can afford. -They feel distressed over their actions -They tend to purchase expensive items.

People under the influence of drugs, including alcohol, are more likely to be involved in which of the following?

-car accidents -acts of violence -unsafe sex

What are risks associated with drug misuse?

-intoxication -exposure to unknown ingredients -legal consequences

Which of the following are common CNS stimulants?

-nicotine -caffiene -amphetamines -cocaine

Which of the following are short-term side effects of depressants?

-reduced anxiety -slurred speech -drowsiness

Which of the following are true about the group of drugs known as amphetamines?

-they are stimulants. -they are also known as uppers -they affect the central nervous system.

What was legal BAC (blood alcohol content) in all 50 states in 2018?

.08

At what BAC can the effects of alcohol begin to be felt?

0.03% to 0.05%

Physical effects of alcohol are felt as early as a blood alcohol concentration of

0.03-0.05%.

A driver with a blood alcohol of ________ would be considered over the legal limit in the United States.

0.08%

Janis has been drinking at a party and is starting to stagger when she walks. Her speech is slurred. Her blood alcohol concentration is most likely in the range of

0.10% - 0.15%.

How many ounces of alcohol are contained in a standard drink?

0.6

Matt quit smoking, Paul did not. How long will it take for Matt's risk of dying from lung cancer to drop to half of the risk that Paul faces?

10 years

You prefer to drink only in safe social settings and only to a limited amount. Which beverage would provide you with the LEAST quantity of ethyl alcohol?

16-ounce mixed drink made with 2 ounces of 80-proof rum

Emmanuel weighs 150 pounds and he has normal liver function. It will take him approximately ________ hours to metabolize one standard drink.

2

Sam has decided to quit smoking. It's been 12 hours since his last cigarette and he has been experiencing physical withdrawal symptoms. How soon can he expect these physical symptoms to stop?

2 to 3 days

You've just consumed three 12-ounce ales that were labeled as having 8% alcohol. How much alcohol have you consumed?

2.88 ounces of alcohol

An 80-proof beverage contains ________ alcohol.

40 percent

An alcoholic beverage is 80 proof. How much alcohol does it contain by volume?

40%

A person who meets ________ of the DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorder would be categorized as having a moderate substance use disorder.

5

Studies show the smokers of "light" cigarettes inhale up to ______ times as much tar and nicotine as printed on the cigarette label.

8

As of 2017, more than ______ of Americans live in cities and towns that ban or restrict smoking in public places, such as restaurants and bars.

80%

Which statement is correct regarding metabolism of alcohol?

A small portion of ingested alcohol is not metabolized and is excreted unchanged through the breath, urine and sweat.

Which statement is FALSE regarding the relationship between alcohol and aggression?

About 35% of all arrests happen for drug and alcohol related offenses.

Which statement BEST describes teenagers who smoke?

About half of those who ever smoke daily progress to nicotine dependence.

Those who consume more than two drinks per day are at greater risk of liver damage when taking which of the following OTC medications?

Acetaminophen Ibuprofen Aspirin

Which statement BEST describes alcohol use among African Americans?

African Americans are more likely than members of other racial or ethnic groups to be victims of alcohol-related homicides, criminal assaults, and injuries.

Which statement best describes alcohol's effects on the body at higher concentrations?

Alcohol is a depressant on the central nervous system.

Which of the following statements about alcohol poisoning is true?

Alcohol poisoning can cause death.

Which is a classic characteristic of alcoholism?

Alcoholics require a larger quantity of alcohol to feel its effects.

Volunteering at which of the following organizations can help advance anti-tobacco efforts?

American Heart Association American Cancer Association American Lung Association

Members of which racial/ethnic group are LEAST likely to drink alcohol compared to other groups?

American Indians and Alaska Natives

Which racial/ethnic group has the highest rate of alcohol use disorder?

American Indians and Alaska Natives

Which best represents state dependence?

An individual who learned information in a drug-induced state has difficulty recalling it when the drug wears off.

Which of the following statements about gender and ethnic differences in alcohol abusers is accurate?

As a group, Asian American have lower-than-average rates of alcohol abuse.

Which of the following are strategies you can adopt to create a more smoke-free environment in your community?

Ask local businesses to adopt nonsmoking policies. Vote for candidates who support anti-smoking regulations.

Which of the following are examples of amphetamines?

Benzedrine Dexedrine crystal meth methamphetamine

Which statement is correct regarding bidis?

Bidis contain up to four times more nicotine than U.S. cigarettes.

Which is true regarding fetal alcohol syndrome?

Both physical and mental impairments are characteristics of FAS.

Which of the following statements about a hangover is true?

Brain waves are slower for up to 16 hours after BAC drops to 0.0%

Cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, ephedrine, and caffeine are classified as ----- stimulants.

CNS

Barbiturates belong in which of the following drug categories?

CNS depressants

Which is the BEST description of the effect of carbonation on the body's absorption of alcohol?

Carbonation speeds the absorption rate, increasing impairment.

Which statement is correct regarding cigar smoking?

Cigars are most popular among African American males.

Jackson has become addicted to cocaine. His mode of delivery is via intravenous injection. Which harm reduction strategy is likely to provide the greatest benefit for him?

Direct him to the local syringe exchange program.

Which statement is correct regarding e-cigarettes?

E-cigarettes produce nanoparticles linked to inflammation.

Sandra and Steve both smoke; they have two children, 6-year-old Callie and 10-month-old Evan. Which member of the household is likely most at risk from thirdhand smoke?

Evan

Which statement about fortified wine is true?

Extra alcohol is added during fermentation.

True or false: Non-alcohol forms of drug abuse account for more serious social and psychological problems than alcohol use.

False

True or false: Chronic drinkers and non-drinkers metabolize alcohol at the same rate.

False, Chronic drinkers metabolize alcohol at a more rapid rate than non-drinkers.

True or false: Men are less likely than women to develop an alcohol use disorder.

False, Men are more likely than women to misuse alcohol and to develop an alcohol use disorder.

True or false: Smoking tobacco using a hookah, which cools the smoke before it enters the lungs, is safer than smoking cigarettes.

False, Recall that hookah smoking carries the same risks as cigarette use.

True or false: It is common for motion pictures to depict smokers as poor and less educated when in truth American smokers are most often successful and well educated.

False, Recall that smokers tend to be poor and have less education.

True or false: The most widely used illegal drug in the United States is cocaine.

False, weed is

During the winemaking process, sugars from fruit react with yeast to create ethanol. This process is called

Fermintation

Which of the following statements are true about the depiction of smoking in the media?

Films typically show smokers as male and successful. The National Cancer Institute has found a link between showing smoking in the media and young people starting to smoke.

Which drug is NOT a hallucinogen?

GHB

Brian has been gambling at a local casino and was thrown out for a violent outburst after losing a substantial sum of money. He is deeply in debt and has now opted for online gambling. Which statement is correct?

His risk of suicide is 20 times greater than the risk in the general population.

Which statement regarding gender differences in the metabolism of alcohol is correct?

Hormonal fluctuations may affect the rate of metabolism of alcohol in women.

Which of the following statements about nonsmokers' exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is accurate?

In rooms where people are smoking, carbon monoxide levels can exceed those permitted by federal air quality standards for outside air.

Which statement about acute alcoholic pancreatitis is FALSE?

Inflammation of the liver is its primary symptom.

Which is the best description of a psychoactive drug?

Intoxication is a primary effect.

Which statement about PCP is TRUE?

It alters proprioception.

Which of the following is one of the negative effects of LSD?

It can cause severe panic reactions.

Which of the following statements are true of psychosis?

It can include delusions. It is characterized by a distortion of reality.

Which statement is correct regarding hashish?

It contains 2-5 times more THC than contained in flowering tops.

Which statement BEST describes Alcoholics Anonymous?

It encourages verbalization of responsibility for the addiction.

How does the drug disulfiram work?

It inhibits the breakdown of acetaldehyde.

Which of the following statements regarding the chemical properties of alcohol is TRUE?

It is a broad category of organic compounds made from a variety of natural substances.

Which is correct regarding pulmonary heart disease?

It is a disorder of the right side of the heart.

Nicotine impacts the human body in which of the following ways?

It is a stimulant in low doses. It has a strong influence on mood. It can increase alertness in adults.

Which statement about methadone is TRUE?

It is a synthetic substitute for heroin and used in medical addiction treatment programs.

Which of the following best defines drug?

It is any non-food chemical designed to affect the structure or function of the body.

Which of the following statements are correct about alcohol use related to injuries and violence?

It is involved in the majority of attempted suicides. It more than triples the risk of fatal injuries during leisure activities.

Which of the following statements about compulsive exercising is true?

It is often accompanied by other psychiatric disorders such as bulimia.

The immediate effects nicotine has on the body include which of the following?

It stimulates the cerebral cortex. It leads to the discharge of adrenaline. It inhibits urine formation.

Based solely on statistical probability from demographic studies, which individual has the greatest likelihood of being a smoker?

Kanye, a 47-year-old biracial man whose highest education level is a GED

Which of the following statements comparing alcohol use among men and women is true?

Men are more likely than women to drink alcohol.

Which statement is correct regarding the relationship between gender and alcoholism?

Men tend to become alcoholic at younger ages than women.

How does the body absorb alcohol?

Most of the ingested alcohol is absorbed into the small intestine. About 20% is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream.

Which of the following statements about nicotine replacement products is accurate?

Nicotine replacement products come in several forms, including patches, gum, and lozenges.

Which of the following best describes the effects of smoking during pregnancy?

Obesity and hyperactivity later in life occur more frequently in children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy.

Which statement is true regarding alcoholics in the United States?

Over half of alcoholics require some sort of treatment program to help them attain sobriety.

According to the American Psychiatric Association, which statement is correct?

Over half of compulsive gamblers commit crimes to support their habit.

What are recommended ways of helping friends who have a problem with alcohol?

Provide them with treatment information. Do not enable their drinking. Be direct and honest.

Which statement about addiction is FALSE?

Research suggests that addiction is caused by a single genetic abnormality.

Which of the following is a stimulant with amphetamine-like effects that is used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Ritalin

What is the term for activities that tobacco users habitually associate with using tobacco?

Secondary reinforcers

Which statement about nicotine and addiction is true?

Some researchers believe nicotine is the more physically addictive than cocaine and heroin.

Which of the following is the name of a type of synthetic marijuana that is sold as "herbal incense"?

Spice

Which statement is correct regarding spit tobacco?

Spit tobacco has its highest rate of use in the 18-26 age group.

Your friend is very drunk, you are sober. You want to be helpful. Which action is most productive in the short term?

Stay close by and monitor them to be ready to help if they stop breathing.

Which of the following increase a person's chances of permanently abstaining from tobacco use, whether trying to quit tobacco cold turkey or simply tapering off?

Support from others, Regular exercise

Which is correct regarding alcoholism among white men?

The condition often begins with heavy drinking in the teens or twenties, developing clear signs of alcoholism by the late thirties.

Which of the following are characteristics of a hookah?

The hookah is typically used for smoking flavored tobacco. Tobacco smoke passes through a hose.

Which of the following statements about spit tobacco is accurate?

The nicotine in spit tobacco is absorbed through the gums.

Jennifer has been ramping up her running in preparation for a marathon. She is proud of the weight she has lost and she's now down to 103 pounds. She's 5'6" tall and her friends think she's getting a bit too thin. She recently was diagnosed with a stress fracture in her leg. She's reluctant to stop running, but her doctor insists she needs to take a 6 week break to allow her leg to heal and has recommended she try to regain some weight and get back up to at least 115 pounds. She decides she'll just "cut back a bit" on running instead, and she continues to try to train despite the pain. Which statement is correct?

The pattern described is indicative of an addictive behavior.

Which of the following usually occurs as a person's BAC reaches 0.2%?

The person becomes unable to function physically or psychologically.

Which BEST describes the relationship between coronary heart disease and smoking?

The risks of CHD disease decrease rapidly when a person stops smoking.

Which of the following are true of cirrhosis?

The treatment requires the person to stop drinking alcohol. Those with cirrhosis who continue to drink alcohol have a 50% chance of surviving five or more years.

Which statement regarding drugs and their social impact is FALSE?

There are plenty of treatment facilities available to help addicts quit, but they remain underutilized.

Ami has seasonal allergies. You're out for dinner, and as she is finishing her second glass of wine, she remembers that it's time for her next dose of Benadryl. Why are you concerned about her taking it in combination with her alcohol?

There is an increased risk for CNS depression.

What is the current understanding regarding the health benefits of small amounts of alcohol intake?

There is no definitive evidence that drinking any amount of alcohol at any age has any health benefits.

When considering tobacco use, young people commonly believe which of the following?

They can stop using tobacco at any time. They are invincible. They are too healthy to be susceptible to tobacco's dangers.

Which of the following are characteristics of bidis, small cigarettes imported from India?

They contain up to four times the nicotine found in U.S. cigarettes. They are often flavored, such as chocolate or mint.

What has the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency determined about environmental tobacco smoke?

They have designated it a Class A carcinogen.

Which of the following potential reproductive problems are associated with women who smoke?

They have more painful menstrual cramps. They have an increased risk of cervical cancer. They have trouble getting pregnant.

Young people with which of the following characteristics are more likely to use tobacco?

They have peers who smoke.

Which is true regarding caffeinated alcoholic beverages?

They may contribute to a higher alcohol intake when compared to non-caffeinated alcoholic beverages.

Sam purchased what he thought was cocaine from a local dealer. Unbeknownst to him, the dealer had sold him an inert white powder. Sam had never tried cocaine before, and when he inhaled the powder he felt a sense of euphoria within minutes. Which statement is correct?

This is an example of a placebo effect.

Steven has been spending 3 hours a day 7 days a week working out. He has noticed that his back is chronically in pain. Despite these symptoms, Steven is insistent on continuing his routine. Which is the correct interpretation of his behavior?

This likely indicates addictive behavior.

Jane was given a dose of flunitrazepam at a dance club when she was attending a rave. Which statement is correct regarding this substance?

This substance is 10 times more potent than Valium and has no approved medical uses.

Which of the following are true of binge drinkers in the United States?

Those who are under age 21 consume more than 90% of their alcohol while binge drinking. They caused more than half of the 90,000 alcohol-related deaths in 2010. They account for more than half of the alcohol consumed by adults.

What are reasons that young people begin using tobacco?

To emulate a favorite athlete To help control weight To fit in and look cool

True or false: Psychosis can occur as a result of amphetamine use.

True, Amphetamine use can lead to a temporary state of paranoid psychosis.

True or false: The popularity of LSD stems from its "mind-expanding" nature.

True, LSD is a hallucinogen and can create subjective and unusual dimensions of awareness.

True or false: Almost all smokers try more than once to quit before they succeed.

True,Recall that almost all smokers do make at least one attempt to quit before they succeed.

Which is the BEST strategy for protecting yourself if you suspect another driver is drunk?

Turn off at the earliest opportunity.

Which of the following are names of synthetic recreational drugs marketed as stimulants with properties like those of cocaine or amphetamine?

White Rush bath salts

Which of the following statements regarding women and alcoholism are true?

Women tend to become alcoholic at later ages. Women alcoholics have higher death rates than male alcoholics.

Health issues faced by women who smoke include which of the following?

Women who smoke and use oral contraceptives are more likely to suffer blood clots. Women smokers are at greater risk of lung cancer than men. Women who smoke have a higher risk for osteoporosis.

Which interaction best illustrates codependent behavior?

You call your parents to cancel a Sunday brunch and tell them that your boyfriend has the flu, when the real reason is that he was hung over.

You went to a frat party where they were serving beer from a keg. You drank over the course of the party and thankfully did not try to drive home because your friend had a portable breathalyzer test that showed you had a BAC of 0.20%. Which description is likely to be most accurate about your condition at the party?

You were severely impaired, and it will take 10-20 hours for you to metabolize the alcohol.

In most states, if you are convicted of a DUI, which of the following is true?

You will have a criminal record for life.

A tranquilizer is

a CNS depressant that reduces tension and anxiety.

Based on education level, the person MOST likely to smoke is someone with

a GED.

Which of the following terms refers to any chemical substance that affects the processes of the mind and body?

a drug

What is a psychoactive drug?

a drug that can alter a person's consciousness or experience

A characteristic of taking LSD is that ______ can occur even after the drug's chemical effects have worn off.

a flashback

The pleasing effects of a drug, usually felt soon after the drug is taken, are referred to as

a high

When a plaque completely blocks a coronary artery, the result is

a myocardial infarction.

Which of the following best describes a compulsive gambler?

a person who cannot control the urge to gamble, even when confronting financial and personal disaster

Which of the following describe forms of smokeless tobacco?

a pouch of aged tobacco held between the cheek and gum powdered cured tobacco formed into a lozenge sucked on by the user powdered cured tobacco inhaled through the nose

During every study session in the library, Frieda takes a break to go outside and smoke. Freida's smoke break is an example of

a secondary reinforcer.

Newer studies indicate that moderate drinking is associated with which of the following health effects?

a small reduction of heart function in elderly women

All of the following are long-term consequences of chronic alcohol use EXCEPT

a strengthened cardiac muscle

How much alcohol is contained in a standard drink?

about 0.6 ounces

Which of the following are effects of CNS stimulants?

accelerated heart rate greater muscular tension increased blood pressure

Tobacco smoke contains hundreds of harmful chemical substances, including which of the following?

acetone, found in nail polish remover toluene, an industrial solvent hexamine, a lighter fluid

Which of the following terms is used in many contexts to describe a dysfunction of the brain systems that are related to reward, motivation, and memory?

addiction

Which of the following are examples of drugs classified as inhalants?

aerosols nitrites solvents

What term does the DSM-5 use when diagnosing behavior related to alcohol consumption?

alcohol use disorder

Which of the following refers to cognitive and behavioral problems seen in children who appear physically normal but whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy?

alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder

Severe alcohol use disorder that involves physical tolerance to alcohol and withdrawal symptoms is also called

alcoholism

Which is responsible for the effects of psychoactive drugs?

altered neurotransmitter concentration

Which cigarette additive is used to enhance nicotine absorption?

ammonia

Which of the following is a synthetic chemical that is a potent central nervous system stimulant?

amphetamine

Quitting tobacco results in which of the following immediate health benefits, regardless of age or gender?

an improved sense of taste a decrease in blood pressure a sharper sense of smell

What is the primary use for opioids?

analgesia

A(n) ________ is a drug that produces a loss of sensation with or without a loss of consciousness.

anesthetic

Which of the following terms refers to a drug that produces a loss of sensation with or without a loss of consciousness?

anesthetic

Which of the following are effects of consuming caffeine in higher doses?

anxiety irritability nervousness

An opioid is

any of several natural or synthetic drugs that relieve pain and cause drowsiness or euphoria.

Methanol and isopropyl alcohol are types of alcohol that

are highly toxic can cause death

Nonsmokers exposed to ETS have a higher risk of which of the following?

asthma symptoms lung cancer heart disease

Cardiovascular disease caused by the formation of arterial plaques is known as

atherosclerosis

Which of the following drugs, when combined with alcohol, can lead to increased depression of the central nervous system, increasing the risk of death?

barbiturates Benadryl codeine

The American Psychiatric Association lists ten characteristic behaviors of pathological gambling and recognizes it as a(n)

behavioral addiction.

Of the following factors, which would cause someone to have to a higher blood alcohol concentration (BAC)?

being a women

Which is NOT a risk factor for drug use?

being assertive

Which drug is NOT a CNS stimulant?

benzodiazepines

Periodically drinking alcohol to the point of severe intoxication is known as

binge drinking.

A recent smoking cessation drug called Chantix helps people quit by

blocking the pleasant effects of nicotine. reducing nicotine cravings.

After a person drinks to the point of losing consciousness,

blood alcohol content (BAC) can continue to rise while the person is passed out.

The fact that women often experience adverse physical effects of chronic drinking sooner and become intoxicated at lower doses of alcohol than men is explained by differences in

body chemistry.

Which beverage has the highest concentration of alcohol?

brandy

Lung cancer, the cause of which is directly tied to smoking cigarettes, has overtaken ---- cancer as the leading cause of cancer deaths in women.

breast

Which of the following is the most popular psychoactive drug?

caffeine

Found in coffee and tea, the most popular psychoactive drug is

caffeine.

Compared to nonsmokers, cigar smokers have increased risks of which of the following health problems?

cancer of the larynx Pancreatic cancer Heart disease

Smoking indoors can fill rooms with levels of ______ that exceed those permitted by Federal Air Quality Standards for air outdoors.

carbon monoxide

What deadly gas found in automobile exhaust is found in cigarette smoke in concentrations that are 400 times greater than is considered safe in industrial workplaces?

carbon monoxide

Which ingredient in tobacco smoke seriously depletes the body's supply of oxygen?

carbon monoxide

Compared to regular cigarettes, clove cigarettes contain twice as much of which of the following?

carbon monoxide tar nicotine

Which of the following will increase the rate of alcohol absorption into the bloodstream?

carbonation

Which of the following increases the rate at which the body absorbs alcohol?

carbonation in a beverage beverages with artificial sweeteners NOT: highly concentrated alcoholic beverages, This decreases the rate of absorption.

At least 69 chemicals are linked to the development of cancer. Some are known to directly cause cancer. These are known as

carcinogens.

Many food-grade substances are found in cigarettes. While these are safe for ingestion under normal circumstances, when burned and inhaled they can form dangerous

carcinogens.

An episode of binge drinking is accompanied by an increased risk of ________ within 24 hours of the binge drinking.

cardiac arrhythmia

Which of the following might result in more harsh DUI penalties?

causing personal injury, history of DUI convictions, having a BAC significantly higher than the legal limit

Which of the following happens within 24 hours of quitting smoking?

chance of heart attack decreases

Chronic heavy alcohol use can lead to which of the following?

changes in brain structure loss of brain function

The APA (American Psychiatric Association) defines "addiction" as

chronic brain disease that causes compulsive substance use. NOT: physical and psychological symptoms that follow interrupted use because, Addiction involves dependence but it is not part of the APA definition.

The brown, sticky mass that is created when the chemical particles in tobacco smoke condense is called

cigarette tar.

The mechanism by which mucus is carried from the lungs to the mouth is accomplished by hairlike structures called

cilia

Leah took Dexadrine to help her study for upcoming final exams. She found out the week after exams that she is pregnant. What risk is associated with this class of drug use in pregnancy?

cleft palate

In the 1980s, its high price made ______ a status drug, but its ability to produce a quick high is what keeps it popular.

cocaine

A chemical that causes cancer only in combination with another chemical is called a

cocarcinogen.

Substances that do not cause cancer themselves but become carcinogenic when combined with chemicals are known as

cocarcinogens

Substances that do not cause cancer themselves but become carcinogenic when combined with chemicals are known as

cocarcinogens.

Often an alcoholic is allowed to continue drinking because a spouse, other family members, and friends deny that there is a problem or provide cover for the alcoholic's behavior. People who enable an alcoholic in this way are exhibiting ______ behavior.

codependent

Al's blood alcohol concentration is measured at 0.35%. What is his likely condition?

coma

The relationship between drugs and crime is

complex.

A person who cannot control the urge to gamble, even in the face of financial and personal ruin, is a(n) ______ gambler.

compulsive

An obsession with shopping that significantly interferes with the functioning of the individual is termed _____________ spending or buying.

compulsive

For many tobacco users, going more than 40 minutes without a dose of nicotine leads to

concentration difficulties. irritability. feelings of edginess.

Which is NOT an effect of marijuana?

constriction of blood vessels in the eyes

What is the largest single cause of death for cigarette smokers?

coronary heart disease

Which is the MOST widespread single cause of death for smokers?

coronary heart disease

The greatest single cause of death among cigarette smokers is

coronary heart disease.

Symptoms experienced by nonsmokers who are regularly exposed to ETS include

coughing. eye irritation. headaches.

Which is NOT a risk of amphetamine use during pregnancy?

delayed birth

Which symptom associated with alcohol withdrawal is considered a medical emergency?

delirium tremens

A medical emergency that involves an alcohol-dependent person suffering from confusion, disorientation, seizures and hallucinations brought on by the reduction of alcohol intake is called

delirium tremens.

Which of the following are long-term effects of using amphetamines at high doses?

delusions paranoia hallucinations

Which of the following are long-term effects of using amphetamines at high doses? sedation

delusions paranoia hallucinations

Which of the following is a type of drug that decreases nervous or muscular activity and causes drowsiness or sleep?

depressant

Alcoholics are much more likely than nonalcoholics to suffer from which of the following mental disorders?

depression panic disorder schizophrenia

Lynette, a regular smoker, has not had a cigarette for an hour. Which symptom is she MOST likely to experience?

difficulty concentrating

Which can be effects of alcohol abuse on home life?

domestic violence marital discord child abuse

Which term defines the relationship between the amount of drug taken and the type and intensity of the resulting effect?

dose-response function

All of the following increase the rate of alcohol absorption EXCEPT

drinking hard liquor.

Which is a sign of a serious alcohol use disorder?

drinking in the morning

Which of the following are signs that someone may have a serious problem with alcohol?

drinking secretively feeling uncomfortable in situations where alcohol is not served using alcohol to self-medicate and dull negative feelings drinking alone

Which of the following is true regarding addiction?

eating can be addictive for some people.

Bill has just taken ephedrine. What physiological response will he experience?

elevated heart rate

A trained counselor, accessed via a telephone quitline, can help a caller with a personal quitting strategy that usually includes

emotional support. changes in daily habits. nicotine replacement therapy.

The FDA has the legal authority to which of the following?

enforce stricter rules on tobacco sales and marketing make it more difficult for minors to purchase tobacco products specify the amount of nicotine allowed in tobacco products

The smoke that enters the atmosphere from the burning of tobacco and from exhalation is called

environmental tobacco smoke.

Females are _____ likely as men to eventually become addicted to drugs.

equally

Smokers are more likely to develop which of the following health issues?

erectile dysfunction reduced fertility peptic ulcers

Chronic alcohol consumption may increase the risk of which of the following types of cancer?

esophagus liver oral

What is the psychoactive ingredient in alcoholic beverages?

ethyl alcohol

The intoxicating ingredient in fermented or distilled beverages is known as

ethyl alcohol.

Which of the following behaviors have no effect on the rate of alcohol metabolism?

exercising falling asleep taking other drugs drinking coffee

Which is NOT among the criteria for a substance use disorder according to the DSM-5 definition?

failure to develop substance tolerance

Which of the following are common effects of heavy episodic drinking among college students?

falling behind in school work increased frequency of unprotected sex an increased likelihood of drunk driving

True or false: Addictions are related to drugs only.

false, addictions can occur with non-drug activities, such as gambling or exercise.

Huffing is the term used for inhaling fumes from a plastic bag.

false.

It is unusual for someone addicted to prescription painkillers to shift to heroin as a drug of choice.

false.

Methadone is used to prevent withdrawal reactions in addicts who are being treated for opioid addictions.

false.

The view that addiction is based in brain chemistry implies that people are not responsible for their addictive behaviors.

false.

A 15-year-old girl who dates an 18-year-old boy is less likely to use drugs.

false?

Addiction always follows substance misuse.

false?

Drug use is inversely correlated with injury risk.

false?

Ephedrine is an FDA-approved, prescription medication for weight loss.

false?

A characteristic group of birth defects caused by excessive alcohol consumption by the mother is called ---- alcohol syndrome.

fetal

Infants born to mothers who drink during pregnancy are at risk of

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.

Which is associated with cirrhosis?

fibrous scar tissue in the liver

In some people, primarily those of Asian descent, a buildup of acetaldehyde can occur, which causes a reaction called

flushing syndrome.

What CNS depressant is often used as a "date rape drug"?

gamma hydroxybutyrate

Research indicates that ______ account for as much as 50% to 60% of a person's risk of developing alcoholism.

genetic factors

Nearly one-quarter of regular spit tobacco users suffer from a condition characterized by inflammation and recession of the gums known as

gingivitis

When a person uses smokeless tobacco, nicotine is absorbed through the

gums and lining of the mouth.

LSD, mescaline, and PCP belong to a group of drugs known as ______, which alter perception, feelings, or thoughts.

hallucinogens

Which of the following refers to drugs that alter perception, feelings, or thoughts?

hallucinogens

For some people moderate doses of alcohol may lessen the risk of ______, while higher doses often increase this risk.

heart attack

From the moment they cease to use tobacco, people's risk of which of the following diseases drop?

heart attack lung cancer stroke

Smokers have a higher-than-average probability of

heartburn. fatal stomach ulcers. cancer of the esophagus.

Which of the following terms refers to the subjectively pleasing effects of a drug, usually felt soon after the drug is taken?

high

Which of the following are associated with methamphetamine use?

high-risk sexual activity violent behavior increased rate of STIs

Suspected causes of an alcohol hangover include a combination of which of the following?

hormonal effects dehydration toxic substances

What method of administration is LEAST typically used with opioids?

huffing

Lasting effects on children born to women who smoke during pregnancy include

hyperactivity. emotional instability. obesity.

Which is NOT characteristic of addictive behavior?

impulse control

The effects of cocaine are felt ________ if the route of drug delivery is ________.

in about 20 seconds; IV injection

Which of the following are some common reasons why people have taken LSD?

in order to discuss repressed feelings in the hope of exploring new worlds in order to have a religious experience

Which is a primary reason for using caffeine?

increase alertness

What is a physiological effect of a central nervous system stimulant?

increased blood pressure

Which is the LEAST likely effect of amphetamine use?

increased mental clarity

Which is NOT a primary effect of central nervous system depressants?

increased respiration rate

Which behavior is NOT characteristic of a substance use disorder?

increased sensitivity to the substance

Which of the following best describes reaching a plateau in the dose-response function?

increasing the dose does not increase the drug's effect any further.

What group is perhaps the most vulnerable to the harmful effects of ETS?

infants and children

Mike works as a nurse in a local community hospital. He uses e-cigarettes. He used to smoke but switched because his girlfriend didn't like the exposure to secondhand smoke. Which health concern is MOST significant in Mike's situation?

infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria

In terms of drug abuse, solvents, aerosols, and nitrates are classified as ___________

inhalants

In terms of drug abuse, solvents, aerosols, and nitrates are classified as_______________

inhalants

Because most cigar and pipe smokers do not ______, as a group they have a lower risk of cancer than cigarette smokers.

inhale the smoke

Sam quit smoking cold turkey two days ago. Which withdrawal symptom is he likely to experience in those first two days?

insomnia

Dave, who is normally introverted, has several drinks at a party and subsequently is much more outgoing and likely to initiate contact with new people. This characteristic is consistent with

intoxication

Which of the following are withdrawal symptoms associated with caffeine use?

irritability headaches mild depression

Which of the following are typical legal penalties faced by those who drink and drive?

jail time loss of license confiscation of vehicle

In a social setting, what does alcohol at low levels of BAC typical do?

leads to greater sociability

What is the name of the condition in which white or red patches appear in the mouth?

leukoplakia.

A prolonged period of drinking alcohol may result in damage to the ______ whereby formerly healthy cells are replaced with scar tissue. This condition is known as cirrhosis.

liver

Alcohol is metabolized mainly in the

liver

Which organ is most responsible for the metabolism of alcohol?

liver

Imaging studies of alcoholics have shown alcohol abuse can lead to which of the following?

loss of both white and gray brain matter slowed metabolic rate brain shrinkage

Which of the following are typical effects of alcohol on the body as BAC reaches 0.1%?

loss of visual acuity impairment of speech interference with motor coordination

For older adults, what are the following possible health benefits of drinking moderately?

lower risk of coronary heart disease increase blood levels of HDL

Prenatal exposure to smoking has been linked to which of the following?

lower scores on reading tests, behavioral problems, obesity

What is the term for white blood cells that work to rid the body of foreign particles by engulfing them?

macrophages

Which blood cells are responsible for engulfing foreign particles from the respiratory tract?

macrophages

Which is the most widely used federally illegal drug in the United States?

marijuana

With more than 20 million current users, the most widely used illegal drug in the United States is

marijuana.

Which of the following are widely abused prescription drugs?

medication to treat pain medication to treat ADHD medication to treat anxiety

Nearly half of all alcoholics in the United States suffer cognitive impairments that include which of the following?

memory loss impaired problem solving dementia

Which is NOT in the opioid family of drugs?

mescaline

Which of the following is a common name for a type of amphetamines?

meth

Which of the following are examples of harm reduction strategies as opposed to self-help programs?

methadone maintenance syringe exchange programs testing street drugs for potenc

Tremors, profound fatigue, deep depression, despair, and apathy are all withdrawal symptoms of which of the following?

methamphetamine

Which drug produces brain damage similar to that seen in Parkinson's disease patients and that persists even after drug use ceases?

methamphetamine

Which of the following are associated with methamphetamine use?

methamphetamine

Which of the following is the most addictive form of amphetamine?

methamphetamine

"Ice" is a street name for

methamphetamine.

Which stimulant is used in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

methylphenidate

What is the average life-stage at which Americans begin to smoke or use smokeless tobacco?

mid-teens

People who decide to take up smoking typically ______ the health risks and other consequences associated with tobacco use.

minimize

While a standard drink contains six-tenths of an ounce of alcohol, a typical serving of most alcoholic beverages is larger than this and therefore contains a greater amount of alcohol. This is particularly true of ______ drinks which may include multiple kinds of hard liquor.

mixed

In addition to increased health risks, smoking is associated with which of the following?

more motor vehicle crashes premature wrinkles stained teeth

Alcohol use contributes to more than 40% of which of the following crimes?

murders assaults rapes

Which is NOT a consequence of long-term marijuana use?

muscle weakness

A prolonged and elevated intake of alcohol can lead to the weakening of the heart muscle, a condition known as cardiac

myopathy

Which is LEAST likely to be a negative consequence of chronic amphetamine use?

narcolepsy

Which of the following are symptoms of mild nicotine poisoning that new smokers often experience?

nausea clammy skin dizziness

An alcohol hangover is characterized by which of the following symptoms?

nausea headache fatigue diarrhea

Some side effects associated with the use of Chantix include

nausea vomiting sleep disruptions

Symptoms of excessive use of alcohol include

needing to increase the amount of alcohol to achieve the same effect. using alcohol in situations that are physically risky. reducing important social or recreational activities because of alcohol use.

Once a psychoactive drug reaches the brain, it acts on one or more ______, increasing or decreasing their concentration and action in the brain.

neurotransmitters

Which component in tobacco triggers the release of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine?

nicotine

What are the most widely used smoking cessation products?

nicotine replacements

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, how much alcohol is safe to consume during pregnancy?

no amount is safe

Natural or synthetic drugs that relieve pain and cause drowsiness or euphoria are

opioids.

Which is the LEAST likely route of delivery for cocaine?

oral ingestion

Which is NOT a typical characteristic of a work-addicted individual?

patient and tolerant personality

Wayne, a 15-year-old has been bullied by classmates over the past couple of years because of a tendency to stutter. A friend recently invited him to join in with a new group of boys who are known for partying with alcohol and marijuana. While there are many reasons one might become involved with drugs, which reason is particularly significant in Wayne's case?

peer pressure

What is the primary reason people continue to use tobacco despite the health risks?

physical addiction to nicotine

Which of the following is characteristic of alcoholism?

physical tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, drinking in the morning

One of the ways smoking is suspected of increasing the risk of CHD (coronary heart disease) is by increasing

plaque in the coronary arteries.

Smoking accelerates the development of atherosclerosis, the formation of ______ on the inner walls of the arteries.

plaques

Evidence indicates that long-term marijuana use may result in

poor sperm productivity and quality.

Women who smoke put themselves at greater risk of which of the following?

premature delivery miscarriage ectopic pregnancy

What is the best solution for drug abuse?

prevention

A beverage's ------ value is two times the percentage of concentrated alcohol present in the drink.

proof

Nicotine is a powerful and addictive ______ drug found in tobacco.

psychoactive

The drugs that are most often associated with addiction and that can alter a person's consciousness or experience are ______ drugs.

psychoactive

In which of the following ways can nicotine be classified?

psychoactive drug

Which of the following refers to a severe mental disorder characterized by a distortion of reality with symptoms that can include delusions or hallucinations?

psychosis

Cocaine is one of the most popular recreational drugs because it

quickly produces a feeling of euphoria.

People who misuse alcohol commonly tell themselves they don't have a problem with alcohol or that they need to drink for social reasons. These psychological coping mechanisms are called ______ and ______.

rationalization; denial

People who drive under the influence of alcohol are unable to do so safely as a result of which of the following?

reduced coordination impaired judgment slower reaction times

The characteristic of addictive behaviors that encourages continuation because some aspect of the behavior either produces pleasurable physical or emotional states or relieves negative ones is known as

reinforcement

Which of the following is the characteristic of addictive behavior related to the pleasurable physical or emotional states a drug produces?

reinforcement

Low concentrations of alcohol, in the range of 0.03% to 0.05% BAC, have which effects on the body?

release of inhibitions relaxation lightheadedness

Since the 1980s, more and more local governments have placed smoking ------ in restaurants, workplaces, parks, and other public spaces.

restrictions

More than two-thirds of smokers

say they want to quit completely.

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), otherwise known as ________, is classified by the Environmental Protection Agency as a Class A carcinogen

secondhand smoke

Florence is feeling extremely calm and relaxed and somewhat sleepy. Which of the following best describes her state?

sedation

Which of the following refers to producing a calm, relaxed, and often sleepy state?

sedation

Which is another term for antianxiety agents?

sedative-hypnotics

Central nervous system depressants are also known as

sedative-hypnotics.

What are examples of fortified wine?

sherry and port

The uninhaled smoke from a burning cigarette is called ______ smoke.

sidestream

According to the DSM-5, how many criteria does someone who has a severe alcohol use disorder meet on their alcohol use disorder continuum?

six or more criteria

Smoking has been linked to which of the following cancers?

skin pancreatic bladder cervical

Where is most alcohol absorbed into the bloodstream?

small intestine

Eliminating the habitual cues associated with ______ can be key to being able to quit tobacco use.

smoking

When combined with ______ an intake of five or six drinks daily increases a person's risk of contracting certain cancers by a factor of 50.

smoking tobacco

Which is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

smoking when you study

Who of the following has the highest risk of developing lung cancer?

someone who smokes 1 pack of cigarettes a day

A beverage that contains about six-tenths of an ounce of alcohol is known as a ______ drink.

standard

Which of the following are factors that increase a person's chance of developing lung cancer?

starting to smoke at a young age smoking cigarettes over a long period of time smoking a large number of cigarettes each day

Ritalin is a drug that is a(n) ______ with amphetamine-like effects.

stimulant

A drug that increases nervous or muscular activity is called a(n)

stimulant.

The activity of the nervous or muscular system is sped up by central nervous system

stimulants.

What was a shift in the focus of drug-control policy by the U.S. government in 2010?

stopping the demand for illegal drugs

In addition to CHD, smoking has been linked to which of the following cardiovascular diseases?

stroke pulmonary heart disease aortic aneurysm

Which of the following are appropriate resources to help a student at college deal with an alcohol problem?

student counseling center student health center local chapter of AA

Which of the following are examples of activities that many smokers habitually associate with tobacco use?

studying drinking alcohol drinking coffee

Which term describes a continued use of any substance despite adverse social, psychological, or medical consequences?

substance abuse NOT: physical dependence,Physical dependence on a substance is one of the characteristics of substance abuse.

Symptoms of withdrawal from excessive alcohol use include which of the following?

sweating insomnia hand tremor nausea

Alcohol use triples the chance of fatal injuries associated with which activities?

swimming boating

What is an argument given by proponents of the legalization of drugs such as marijuana?

that many of the social problems associated with drugs are due primarily to their prohibition

In 2009 Congress passed the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, which empowered which federal organization to place limits on tobacco advertising and the amount of nicotine in tobacco products?

the Food and Drug Administration

Which is a characteristic shared by all alcoholic beverages?

the active ingredient

From which organs is alcohol excreted unchanged by the body?

the lungs and sweat glands

Which of the following best describes dose-response function?

the relationship between the amount of a drug taken and the intensity and type of the resulting effect

When a person ingests alcohol, where is the majority of it absorbed?

the small intestine

Which of the following are part of the definition of prescription drug abuse according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse?

the use of a medication just for the experience the use of a medication without a prescription the use of a medication in a way other than prescribed

Which of the following best describes central nervous system depressants?

they cause sedation

Which of the following statements about psychoactive drugs is true?

they produce most of their main effects by acting on brain chemistry.

The drug Chantix works in all of the following ways EXCEPT

to act as a nicotine replacement.

What is the primary purpose of respiratory cilia?

to clear mucus out of the lungs

Which is a medical reason for prescription of barbiturates?

to control seizures

Additives are designed to alter the performance of tobacco products in which of the following ways?

to enhance flavor to expand the airways in the lungs to improve nicotine absorption

What is the purpose of a harm reduction strategy in drug treatment?

to minimize the negative effects of drug use and abuse

A regular drinker who used to experience the effect of alcohol after two drinks now requires at least four to get the same desired effect; this is known as ________.

tolerance

Cara has been drinking heavily for a few years. She now needs to drink about 50% more than she originally needed to experience the same degree of intoxication. This is an example of

tolerance

When an individual notices that he has to take a larger dose of a drug to achieve the same "high," this is a clear indication of

tolerance.

A central nervous system depressant that reduces tension and anxiety is known as a(n)

tranquilizer

Xanax, Valium, and roofies are all examples of

tranquilizers

Central nervous system depressants are also known as

tranquilizers.

The body's response to acetaldehyde is the basis for ________ with the drug disulfiram.

treating alcohol misuse

What are common withdrawal symptoms that alcoholics can experience when they stop drinking or sharply reduce the amount they drink?

trembling hands gastrointestinal upset insomnia

The American Psychiatric Association classifies the severity of a substance use disorder based on the number of substances a person uses.

true

True or false: Men are more likely to try illicit drugs and to die from drug overdose than women.

true

Addiction is a chronic disease that disrupts neurological systems related to reward, motivation, and memory.

true.

Psychoactive drugs exert their effect through action on one or more neurotransmitters.

true.

A primary effect of opioids is a sense of euphoria and restlessness.

true?

Development of a tolerance to a substance implies that a person has reached a threshold quantity of use of the substance and that further increases in consumption or use is not needed.

true?

Methadone poisoning is a leading drug-related reason for emergency department visits.

true?

Among the chemicals present in tobacco smoke that are known to cause cancer are

urethane. benzo(a)pyrene.

Which of the following is the most common characteristic of substance misuse or abuse?

using a substance despite negative social, psychological, or medical consequences

Which are examples of hard liquor?

vodka whiskey tequila

When a heavy drinker does not drink alcohol, he experiences anxiety and tremors. These are symptoms of

withdrawal.

Mike started using marijuana during his sophomore year in high school in an effort to fit in with his friends. After using it for little over a year, he began to need it to relax, and he also had to use more of it to get the same effect. He then started to use cocaine to get the same effect. He noticed that when he was not under the influence of the drug, he felt irritable and anxious. Mike's anxiety and irritability symptoms are related to ________ and are ________ with the use of cocaine.

withdrawal; common