Chapter13

_______________ is an example of an internalizing disorder; _______________ is an example of an externalizing disorder. A) Depression; psychosomatic disturbance B) Anxiety; delinquency C) Drug and alcohol abuse; delinquency D) Truancy; psychosomatic disturbance

B) Anxiety; delinquency

When two problems occur together, such as substance abuse and depression, it is referred to as: A) comorbidity. B) coexisting. C) coterminous disorder. D) parallel diagnoses.

B) comorbidity

Many experts endorse a model of depression that suggests individuals who are predisposed toward internalizing problems will develop depression when they are exposed to chronic or acute stressors. This is called: A) emotion-focused coping. B) the diathesis-stress model. C) epidemiology. D) problem behavior theory

B) the diathesis-stress model

Depression is the most common internalizing disorder of adolescence and afflicts approximately: A) 25% of individuals B) 10% of individuals C) 50% of individuals D) 65% of individuals

A) 25% of individuals

Peter's parents are worried that their son is drinking too much. They think his alcohol use might turn into a long-term problem. Which theory best illustrates the nature of adolescent drug use? A) Many problems experienced by adolescents are relatively transitory in nature. B) Adolescent alcohol use is the first sign of long-term problems with drugs. C) Adolescent alcohol use is a clear indication of permissive parenting techniques. D) None of the above are true.

A) Many problems experienced by adolescents are relatively transitory in nature.

Which of the following statements about adolescent cigarette use is true? A) The 70% increase in the price of cigarettes between 1997 and 2001 has led to a sharp decrease in the percentage of smoking adolescents. B) Antismoking campaigns have contributed to the steady decline of cigarette use among adolescents. C) The most effective way to reduce adolescent smoking has been to enforce laws that restrict sales of cigarettes to minors. D) Despite changes in tobacco industry policies, the percentage of smoking adolescents has remained stable over 2 decades.

A) The 70% increase in the price of cigarettes between 1997 and 2001 has led to a sharp decrease in the percentage of smoking adolescents.

Which drugs are the most commonly used and abused among adolescents? A) alcohol and nicotine B) marijuana and alcohol C) nicotine and marijuana D) alcohol and cocaine

A) alcohol and nicotine

Alcohol and marijuana are considered ______ drugs because they are almost always used before harder drugs. A) gateway B) passage C) ritual D) experimental

A) gateway

According to the textbook, which of the following is the main reason experts advise against applying the term "psychopath" to people under 18? A) most young people who engage in antisocial behavior as teenagers do no continue to do so after their mid-20s B) those with a "psychopath" label are likely to receive lesser sentences C) it is very rare for youths to exhibit any psychopathic traits D) none of the above—experts encourage the use of psychopaths as another dimension of antisociality.

A) most young people who engage in antisocial behavior as teenagers do no continue to do so after their mid-20s

Evaluations of drug prevention programs have found that: A) these programs are largely ineffective. B) these programs are more effective for changing adolescents' sexual behaviors than their drug use. C) scare tactics are more effective in changing behavior than rational information. D) random drug testing in schools has been the only effective strategy for reducing adolescents' use of drugs

A) these programs are largely ineffective

Which statement about the familial influences on an adolescent's drug and alcohol use is false? A) Distant, hostile, and conflicted family relations are risk factors for developing substance abuse problems. B) An indulgent, permissive parenting style is a protective factor against developing substance abuse problems. C) An uninvolved, neglecting-rejecting parenting style is a risk factor for developing substance abuse problems. D) There are both genetic and family-environmental influences on development of adolescent substance abuse problems

B) An indulgent, permissive parenting style is a protective factor against developing substance abuse problems.

Which scenario best represents adolescent alcohol use in today's society? A) Dahlia started using alcohol at age 17 and by age 19 had stopped drinking completely. B) Brian first tried alcohol as an early adolescent and now, at 17, uses it only occasionally. C) Julia, a high school senior, has never tried alcohol. D) Michael, a 13-year-old, drinks alcohol almost every day with his friends.

B) Brian first tried alcohol as an early adolescent and now, at 17, uses it only occasionally.

Both Yvette and Becky have parents who are currently getting divorced. Yvette also has to move into a different house. Which adolescent is at higher risk for developing psychological problems? A) Becky B) Yvette C) Both girls have high risk. D) This cannot be predicted

B) Yvette

According to recent research, what percent of adolescents have attempted suicide? A) fewer than 1% of both males and females B) approximately 10% of females and 5% of males C) approximately 5% of females and 10% of males D) approximately 20% of females and 25% of males

B) approximately 10% of females and 5% of males

The neurotransmitter associated with the experience of pleasure that is implicated in substance abuse problems is known as: A) serotonin B) dopamine C) acetylcholine D) norepinephrine

B) dopamine

Evaluations of adolescent treatment programs suggest: A) placing adolescents who experiment with drugs into treatment programs has been effective in preventing escalation to drug abuse. B) drug treatment programs for adolescent substance abuse are more effective when the adolescent's family is involved in therapy with the adolescent. C) the most effective programs are those that deal with substance abusing adolescents in a private setting, away from their families and friends. D) most substance abuse treatment programs for adolescents have strict admission guidelines so they only accept adolescents who are seriously abusing drugs

B) drug treatment programs for adolescent substance abuse are more effective when the adolescent's family is involved in therapy with the adolescent.

Which of the following is not a diagnostic criteria for substance abuse? A) recurrent substance use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home B) experimentation with substances before the age of 13 C) recurrent substance use in situations in which it is physically hazardous D) recurrent substance-related legal problems

B) experimentation with substances before the age of 13

individuals under the age of 18 account for approximately _____ of violent crime in the United States. A) one-quarter B) one-sixth C) one-half D) two-thirds

B) one-sixth

Research on problem behaviors suggests that: A) most delinquents are serious drug users. B) risky behaviors cluster together in different ways for different adolescents. C) the problem behaviors that adults disapprove of are considered by adolescents to be normative, not problematic. D) risky behaviors are more likely to be noticed as clustering together in studies of children than in studies of adolescents

B) risky behaviors cluster together in different ways for different adolescents

When contrasting life-course-persistent offenders with adolescent-limited offenders, researchers agree that: A) both types of offenders have similar antecedents but different outcomes. B) the causes and consequences of the two are very different. C) although males and females are equally as likely to be adolescent-limited offenders, males are more likely to be life-course-persistent offenders. D) the risk factors for life-course-persistent offenders differ for males and females

B) the causes and consequences of the two are very different.

Carol has just learned that her son, Mike, has been caught shoplifting for the fifth time. Carol told the police that Mike is just reacting to the stress of going through puberty. How accurate is Carol's idea? A) Carol is probably correct; adolescence is a very confusing time. B) Adolescent stress can only be part of the problem. There must be some problems at home as well. C) Carol is incorrect. Problem behavior is virtually never a direct consequence of going through the normative adolescent changes. D) Mike's problem behavior is difficult to trace to just one cause. .

C) Carol is incorrect. Problem behavior is virtually never a direct consequence of going through the normative adolescent changes

Jim and his mom are in an argument because his mom found out that Jim has smoked marijuana. Jim's defense is, "Half the senior class is doing it!" How accurate is Jim's statement? A) It is very inaccurate—only 10% of high school seniors have tried marijuana. B) It is inaccurate—half of Americans have tried marijuana, not half of high school seniors. C) It is almost accurate—about 43% of all high school seniors have tried marijuana. D) Statistics about marijuana use are too inconsistent to know.

C) It is almost accurate—about 43% of all high school seniors have tried marijuana

Denise has just been caught vandalizing for the fourth time this year. What is probably true of her early home and school life? A) Her problems have emerged only during adolescence. B) Her early home and school life were average. C) She probably had problems at home and school at an early age. D) Home and school life have not been shown to be connected to delinquency.

C) She probably had problems at home and school at an early age.

Which of the following is a likely reason that Black youngsters have a lower rate of drinking than their White counterparts? A) They don't have money to purchase alcohol. B) They are biologically unable to process alcohol. C) Their parents are less likely to drink and tolerate drinking. D) Their celebrity role models do not drink

C) Their parents are less likely to drink and tolerate drinking.

Dara suffers from depression. What type of disorder does depression reflect? A) an externalizing disorder B) a psychosomatic disorder C) an internalizing disorder D) a personality disorder

C) an internalizing disorder

The biologically based psychological disorder characterized by impulsiveness, inattentiveness, restlessness, and inappropriately high levels of activity is called: A) schizophrenia. B) nervosa. C) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. D) oppositional defiant disorder.

C) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Christi suffers from depression. She also gets in fights at school to express her anger and sadness. Christi's problems fall into which category? A) internalizing disorder B) externalizing disorder C) comorbidity D) substance abuse

C) comorbidity

Research shows that the enormous sums of money spent by tobacco companies on marketing cigarettes to teenagers are: A) pretty much a waste because the marketing strategies have little effect on adolescents. B) unnecessary because adolescents would smoke even without the extensive advertising. C) effective in persuading adolescents that smoking is a pleasurable activity. D) important in getting adolescents to stop smoking because these companies now are required to sponsor antismoking ads.

C) effective in persuading adolescents that smoking is a pleasurable activity

According to the textbook, all of the following are factors that affect an individual's vulnerability to the negative effects of stress, except: A) number of stressors. B) internal or external resources. C) emotional reactivity. D) coping strategies.

C) emotional reactivity

The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately antagonistic is called: A) attention deficit disorder. B) negative affectivity. C) hostile attributional bias. D) oppositional defiant disorder.

C) hostile attributional bias

One explanation for girls' greater susceptibility to internalizing problems such as depression emphasizes their greater orientation toward and sensitivity to interpersonal relationships. Specifically, gender differences in the level of the hormone ________ may play a role in making females both more invested in close relationships, and more vulnerable to adverse consequences of interpersonal problems. A) dopamine B) serotonin C) oxytocin D) leptin

C) oxytocin

Psychologists make a distinction between the term ________, which indicates a physical addiction to a substance, and ________, which indicates that the use of a particular substance causes problems in an individual's life. A) substance use; substance abuse B) substance dependence; substance use C) substance dependence; substance abuse D) substance abuse; substance dependence

C) substance dependence; substance abuse

Which of the following is not a category of externalizing problems during adolescence? A) conduct disorder B) delinquency C) substance use D) aggression

C) substance use

Which of the following adolescent problems is likely to be resolved by adulthood? A) substance abuse B) delinquency C) unemployment D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Which of the following individuals is most likely to engage in risk-taking behaviors? A) Marco, who is tolerant of deviance B) Karen, who is not highly connected to school or to a religious institution C) Patrick, who is very liberal in his social views D) All of the above

D) All of the above

Who is the most likely to be a victim of a violent crime? A) Jeffrey, a Black adolescent living in the suburbs B) Rose, an elderly White woman living in a large city C) Elaine, a White adolescent living in the country D) Mitch, a Hispanic adolescent living in the inner city

D) Mitch, a Hispanic adolescent living in the inner city

Which of the following is the best explanation of problem behavior during adolescence? A) Problem behavior is the result of the hormonal changes that accompany puberty. B) Problem behavior is a manifestation of an inherent need to rebel against authority that is common during adolescence. C) Problem behavior results from having an identity crisis. D) Problem behavior is likely to be a sign that something is wrong

D) Problem behavior is likely to be a sign that something is wrong.

______ strategies are more effective in situations that are clearly uncontrollable; ______ strategies generally result in better adjustment, less depression, and fewer behavior problems. A) Primary; primary B) Primary; secondary C) Secondary; secondary D) Secondary; primary

D) Secondary; primary

According to social control theory, delinquency is caused by: A) unconventionality in the adolescent's personality. B) an inherited predisposition toward deviance. C) biologically based differences in arousal and sensation-seeking. D) a lack of bonds to the family, the school, or the workplace.

D) a lack of bonds to the family, the school, or the workplace

Researchers have found all of the following with regard to problem behavior in adolescence, except: A) adolescents often exhibit one specific problem, such as depression, without exhibiting any others. B) adolescents may exhibit more than one problem within the same general category, such as depression and anxiety. C) adolescents may exhibit both internalizing and externalizing problems, such as depression and delinquency. D) adolescents with severe behavior problems are likely to have followed similar pathways to deviance, most typically with similar family problems.

D) adolescents with severe behavior problems are likely to have followed similar pathways to deviance, most typically with similar family problems

Which type of treatment program has been most effective for serious chronic juvenile offenders? A) psychotherapy and group therapy B) diversion programs C) boot camps that group antisocial youth together D) evidence-based practices

D) evidence-based practices

Antisocial behavior in adolescence can take all but which of the following forms? A) overt antisocial behavior B) covert antisocial behavior C) authority conflict behavior D) implicit antisocial behavior

D) implicit antisocial behavior

According to the textbook, young people who abuse alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs are more likely as adults to experience all of the following except: A) physical health problems B) unemployment C) out-of-wedlock childbearing D) increases in externalizing behaviors

D) increases in externalizing behaviors

Studies comparing the consequences of drug exposure during adolescence and adulthood have found all of the following except? A) the increased vulnerability of the adolescent brain to the addicting effects of alcohol is compounded by the fact that adolescents don't feel the negative consequences of drinking as profoundly as adults do B) studies comparing juvenile rodents with adult rodents find that juveniles can drink more than adults before they become tired or have their reflexes slow C) the consequences of drinking too much (otherwise known as a hangover) are less intense among juveniles than adults D) juveniles don't feel the positive effects of alcohol as profoundly as adults do

D) juveniles don't feel the positive effects of alcohol as profoundly as adults do

Which prevention program is most likely to be successful? A) one that focuses on community-wide intervention aimed at adolescents B) one that focuses on social competence training C) one that focuses on community-wide intervention aimed at parents and teachers D) one that focuses on all of the above-mentioned components

D) one that focuses on all of the above-mentioned components

Studies of adolescent drug use suggest that: A) a large majority of adolescents have serious drug dependence problems. B) a large majority of adolescents use hard drugs. C) drug and alcohol use are the underlying cause of many adolescents' problems. D) the drug of choice among adolescents is alcohol

D) the drug of choice among adolescents is alcohol.

In general, the earlier an adolescent's criminal career begins: A) the easier it is for that person to be treated. B) the more likely the adolescent is to stop the criminal behavior on his or her own. C) the less likely he or she is to be arrested. D) the more likely he or she is to become a chronic offender.

D) the more likely he or she is to become a chronic offender