Chapters 13-16 (Test 4)

How many women are there in the workforce today?

58.6%, compared to 71.2% of men

What is Lithium used for?

A mood stabilizer used to control mood swings in patients with bipolar disorders. Can be used to help bring patients out of a current manic or depressive episode. High levels in blood can be toxic and cause kidney and thyroid gland complications

Positive Psychology

A social and intellectual movement within the discipline of psychology that focuses on human strengths and how people can flourish and be successful.

Growth

Growth (0-14): period of general physical and mental growth - Prevocational (0-3) - no interest or concern with vocations - Fantasy (4-10) - fantasy is basis for vocational thinking - Interest (11-12) - vocational thought is based on likes and dislikes - Capacity (13-14) - ability becomes the basis for vocational thought

Who studies human behavior in the workplace?

Industrial/Organizational Psychologist John Holland

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Marked by persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions)

What are Holland's 6 personal orientations?

Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional

Maintenance

(45-65): continuation in one's chosen occupation

What does research say about choosing a career?

- Be cautious about choosing a career based solely on the basis of salary. Meaning and purpose, rather than money, lead to happiness and well-being. - Career choice is a developmental process that extends throughout life. Experts predict the average person will have 10 careers over their life time.

Decline

- Decline (65+): adaptation to leaving the workforce - Deceleration (65-70) - period of declining vocational activity - Retirement (71+) - a cessation of vocational activity

Beck's Theory of Depression

- Depression is caused by "errors" in thinking. - Depression-prone people tend to 1. Blame their setbacks on personal inadequacies without considering circumstantial explanations 2. Focus Selectively on negative events while ignoring positive ones 3. Make unduly pessimistic projections about the future 4. Draw negative conclusions about their worth as person based on insignificant events

Criteria for Abnormal Behavior

- Deviance - Maladaptive Behavior - Personal Distress

Establishment

- Establishment (25-44): individuals seek to enter permanent occupation - Trial (25-30) - period of some work change due to unsatisfactory choices - Stabilization (31-44) - period of stable work in a given occupational field

Exploration

- Exploration (15-24): general exploration of work - Tentative (15-17) - needs, interests, capacities, values, and opportunities become bases for tentative occupational decisions - Transition (18-21) - reality increasingly becomes basis for vocational thought and action - Trial (22-24) - first trial job is entered after individual has made an initial vocational commitment

Super's Model of Career Choice

- Growth Stage: 0-14. A period of general physical and mental growth - Exploration Stage: 15-24. General exploration of work - Establishment stage: 25-44. Individual seeks to enter a permanent occupation - Maintenance Stage: 45-65. Continuation in one's chosen occupation. - Decline Stage: 65+ Adaptation leaving workforce

What are some different resources for information on employment?

- Occupational Outlook Handbook - Online Research - For Psychology: pamphlets or books by the APA, Marky Lloyd's Careers in Psychology website - Occupational Interest Inventories: measure your interests as they relate to various jobs or careers. Two types: Strong Interest Inventory (SII) and Self-Directed Search (SDS). These measure your job satisfaction, not your success.

Occupational Stress and Causes

- Over 75% of workers claim their job is stressful. - Average workweek is now between 48-60 hours a week. - Lack of privacy, high noise levels, unusual hours, the pressure of deadlines, lack of control over he's work, inadequate resources to do a job. - Fear of being downsized, healthcare benefits, office politics, conflict with coworkers - Having to adapt to technology, physical safety, sexual harassment, sex discrimination, etc.

Holland's Theory of Vocational Choice

- People are characterized into 6 personality types called personal orientations. - Occupations can be characterized into 6 ideal work environments - People flourish when their personality type is matched with a work environment that is congruent with their abilities, interests, etc. - Work environment is a broad term because it can be an occupation, field of study, educational program, college, etc.

Social Theme

- Prefers educational, helping, or religious careers. Enjoys social involvement, church, music, reading, and dramatics. Is cooperative, friendly, helpful, insightful, persuasive, and responsible - Settings: School and college classrooms, psychiatrist office, religious meetings, mental institutions, rec centers - Careers: counselor, nurse, teacher, social worker, minister, sociologist

Conventional Theme

- Prefers orderly, systematic, concrete tasks with verbal and mathematical data. Sees self as conformist and having clerical and numeric skills - Settings: bank, post office, file room, business office - Careers: banker, accountant, timekeeper, financial counselor, receptionist`

Artistic Theme

- Prefers unsystematic tasks or artistic projects: painting, writing, or drama. Perceives self as imaginative, expressive, and independent. - Setting theater, concert hall, library, radio or TV studio Careers: sculptor, actor, designer, musician, author, editor

Fredrickson's Broaden and Build Theory

- Proposes that positive emotions broaden people's outlooks and then they build subsequent learning to develop future emotional and intellectual resources

What are the most common psychological disorders?

- Substance Disorders - Anxiety Disorders (including OCD) - Depressive & Bipolar Disorders

Work Related Trends

- Technology is changing the nature of work - New Work Attitudes: have self-direction, self- management, up-to-date knowledge and skills, flexibility, and mobility - Lifelong Learning is a necessity. - Independent workers are increasing: companies are downsizing, so many are choosing to hire out their skills and work for companies by contract. - The boundaries between work and home are breaking down. - The highest job growth will occur in the professional and service occupations. - Job sharing is becoming more common.

Which model is thought of as the best way to explain abnormal behavior?

- The medical model which proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease.

Epidemiology

- The study of the distibution of mental or physical disorders in a population. - The study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare.

Realistic Theme

- Values concrete and physical tasks, Perceives self as having mechanical skills and lacking social skills - Settings: concrete, physical tasks requiring mechanical skills, persistence, and physical movement - Careers: machine operator, pilot, draftsperson, engineer

Enterprising Theme

- Values political and economic achievements, supervision, and leadership. Enjoys leadership control, verbal expressions, recognition, and power. Perceives self as extraverted, sociable, happy, assertive, popular, and self-confident. - Settings: courtroom, politcal rally, car sales room, real estate firm, advertising company - Careers: realtor, politician, attorney, salesperson

Investigative Theme

- Wants to solve intellectual, scientific, and mathematical problems. Sees self as analytical, critical, curious, introspective, and methodical. - Settings: research lab, work group of scientists - Careers: Marine Biologist, Computer programmer, clinical psychologist, architect, dentist

Systematic Desensitization

- a behavior therapy used to reduce clients' anxiety responses through counterconditioning - the goal is to weaken the association between the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response of anxiety.

Antianxiety Drugs

- relieve tension, apprehension, and nervousness - valium, xanax, and other benzodiazepine family drugs

Exposure Therapy

clients are confronted with situations that they fear so that they learn that these situations are really harmless

Diagnosis

distinguishing one illness from another

Behavior Therapies

involve the application of the principles of learning to direct efforts to change clients' maladaptive behaviors

Psychiatrists

physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders

Biomedical Therapies

physiological interventions intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders

Clinical Psychologists and Counseling Psychologists

specialize in the diagnosis and treatment and psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems

Etiology

the apparent causation and developmental history of an illness

Prevalence

the percentage of a population that exhibits a disorder during a specified period

Lifetime Prevalence

the percentage of people having a specific disorder at any time in their lives - recent studies show 51%

Psychopharmacotherapy

the treatment of mental disorders with medication

Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments

use varied combinations of verbal interventions and behavior modification techniques to help clients change maladaptive patterns of thinking.

Antipsychotic Drugs

used to gradually reduce psychotic symptoms, including hyperactivity, mental confusion, hallucinations, and delusions

Cognitive Therapy

uses specific strategies to correct habitual thinking errors that underlie various types of disorders

Therapist/Psychiatrist/Psychologist

Therapist: broader version of psychologist as they can be counselors, life coaches, etc. Psychiatrist: MD, can prescribe medication Psychologist: diagnoses mental disorders, provides therapy

Positive Subjective Experiences

The positive, but private feelings and thoughts people have about themselves and the events in their lives

Social Skills Training

a behavior therapy designed to improve interpersonal skills that emphasizes modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and shaping

Aversion Therapy

a behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response. ex: alcoholics have had drug induced nausea paired with their favorite drinks hoping to create a conditioned aversion to alcohol.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

a biomedical treatment in which electric shock is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions

Prognosis

a forecast about the probably course of an illness

Undoing Hypothesis

posits that positive emotions aid the mind and the body by recovering a sense of balance and flexibility following an episode experiencing negative emotion