Neurotransmitters, CNS, PNS

GABA,

INHIBITORY Calms the brain and controls anxiety, Alcohol makes it more active.

Dopamine

INHIBITORY mediates pleasure in the brain, released during pleasurable situations such as food, sex, several drugs, or satisfying habits. Known for its role in addiction.

endorphin's

INHIBITORY released from pituitary gland during periods of strenuous exercise, pain, and orgasm. they help relieve pain and increase pleasure.

Alcohol

Inhibitory neurotransmitters Gaba binds to its receptors , the cell is less likely to fire. Other neurotransmitter glutamate acts as the brains General purpose excitatory neurotransmitter. Alcohol delivery a double sedative punch. First it interacts with Gaba receptors to make them even more inhibitory. Second it binds to glutamate receptors preventing glutamate from exciting the cell. Effects frontal lobe in memory formation decision making and impulse control

Ecstasy

Mimics serotonin and is taken up buy serotonin transporters. Transporter becomes confused and works in reverse transporting real serotonin out of the cell. Serotonin becomes trapped in synaptic cleft binding over and over again over stimulating the cell. Interacts with reward pathways in the brain.

Marijuana

THC mimics an andamine and binds to cannabinoid receptors. Innovation is turned off and dopamine is dumped into the synapse. Andamien breaks down very quickly THC does not, it is involved in removing short term memory, also slows down movement making you feel relaxed and calm.

GABA and Glycine

the major inhibitory neurotransmitters in the CNS.

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine

the most important neurotransmitters in the PNS.

neuromodulators can diffuse to another synapse and are a type of NT.

what is the difference between neurotransmitters and neuromodulators?

neuromodulators

when more than one chemical is released into the synaptic cleft along with neurotransmitters. those chemicals are neuromodulators. they can have various effects at the synapse, alter the rate of NT release from the presynaptic cell., alter the response of the postsynaptic cell to the NT.

glycine,

inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. when receptors are activated chloride enters neuron causing IPSP. can improve sleep quality.

neurotransmitters

A chemical secreted by a neuron from the synaptic knob into the synaptic cleft of a synapse.

LSD

Acts exclusively on serotonin neurons. LSD chemically resembles serotonin and Alex its effects by binding to serotonin receptors. There are several types of Serotonin receptors in the brain with specific functions. LSD May inhibit receptors or excite them and that is why LSD has complex sensory effects. LSD and other hallucinogens excite the Locus coeruleus, it branches to many different sensory areas in brain. Feeling of wakefulness and evoking a startle response to unexpected stimuli.

Cocaine

Cocaine blocks dopamine transporters blocking dopamine reuptake. Leaving dopamine trapped in synaptic cleft finding again and again over stimulating the cell.

Methamphetamine

Dopamine Transporters remove dopamine from the synaptic cleft. Because meth mimics dopamine it is taken into the cell by dopamine transports. Meth enters the dopamine vesicles and forces dopamine out. Excess dopamine causes Transporters to work in reverse pumping dopamine out of the cell and into synapse, binding again and again, overstimulating the cell.

epinephrine/ norepinephrine

EXCITATORY 1-also called adrenaline, keeps you alert and focused. Part of flight/ fight response. causes smooth muscle relaxation in airways and contraction in arterioles. 2-stress hormone that increases blood pressure, heart rate, and glucose from energy stores. synthesized from dopamine.

Acetylcholine,

EXCITATORY in PNS this neurotransmitter is a major part of the autonomic nervous system and works to activate muscles.

Serotonin,

EXCITATORY neurotransmitter responsible for maintaining mood balance, deficit leads to depression. also responsible for sleepiness and appetite.

Glutamine,

EXCITATORY responsible for learning and memory, the most common and most potent excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS.

Describe the structure and function of 2 types of synapses.

Electrical Synapse- Very Rare, requires direct physical contact between pre- and post- synaptic cells at gap junctions. An action potential in the presynaptic cell is always propagated to the next cell. Found the the brain and ciliary ganglia of the PNS. Chemical Synapse- the action potential from the presynaptic neuron may or may not release enough neurotransmitters to bring the postsynaptic cell to threshold. Neurotransmitters can be both Excitatory and inhibitory. the effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane depends on the properties of the receptor, not on the nature of nt.

Heroin

Linux natural opiates and binds to opiate receptors turning off dopamine inhibition. Dopamine floods the synapse producing feelings of sedation and well-being. Neurons with opiate receptors are in parts of the brain responsible for transmission of pain signals stress response and emotional attachment.

Excitatory neurotransmitters

lead to changes that generate an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron.

Inhibitory neurotransmitters

tend to block the changes that cause an action potential to be generated in a postsynaptic neuron.