chapters 8, 9, and 10

David Pearce (page 143)

" A more moderate conception of 'environmental economics' has proved to be much more palatable to economists and policy-makers and it was boosted by the 1989 publication of a book by English economist David Pearce entitled Blueprint for a Green Economy. Although Pearce died in 2005 his legacy was honoured with the publication in 2012 of a book entitled The New Blueprint for a Green Economy by Edward Barbier and Anil Markandya." "studied at both Oxford University and London School of Economics. He had a range of academic positions before beginning a long tenure at University College London, where he undertook his work in environmental economics. In 1989 he was appointed to the Global 500 Roll of Honour by the United Nations Environment Programme."

thomas berry and brian swimmers (page 136)

" However, McKibben and others14 argue that a growing awareness of this new era of co-dependence could also make us finally see the folly in trying to assert a perceived superiority over the non-human domain. Rather than exert a mastery over nature, we will be obliged to figure out how to ensure mutual coexistence and, according to Thomas Berry, this will give us a stronger appreciation for remarkable evolution of life on Earth. Berry and Brian Swimme worked collaboratively for ten years on ways of telling the story of the universe in order to engender a much deeper appreciation for the evolution of life on Earth and Swimme has continued that work with a wide range of books and videos. Starting with the big bang that created our expanding universe, we share a deep 'kinship' with all the planet's lifeforms and, according to Berry and Swimme scientific accounts of The Universe Story eventually lead us to the conclusion that we belong to a 'communion of subjects'. There is no need for us to deny our own subjectivity or self-interest, the argument goes, but we need to acknowledge that other forms of life have their own subjective interests in order to work through the requirements of coexistence." thomas berry had a long career in both western and Asian cultural and religious studies when he met Brian Swimme in 1982. He worked for 20 years as the Director of the Riversdale Centre for Religious Research and served as President of the American Teillhard Association (1975-87). Berry introduced Swimme to the work of French theologian and philosopher Teillhard de Chardin, while Swimme was able to bring his studies in mathematics and cosmology into their decade-long collaboration that resulted in the publication of The Universe Story"

jean lave and etienne wenger (page 164)

" are an unusual pairing in that Lave studied social anthropology at Harvard University before going to work at the University of California at Berkeley (UCB), while Geneva-born Wenger studied computer science before coming to work in that area at UCB. Lave and Wenger met in UCB's Institute for Research of Learning" "As discussed in Chapter 9, new communication technologies enable us to participate in a host of 'virtual' 'communities of practice'. According to the anthropologists who coined the term, Jean Lave and Étienne Wenger, such communities will only endure if key participants share core values and beliefs. In contrast to more ephemeral networks, communities of practice seek to enact shared beliefs and values"

kenneth boulding (page 142)

" born in Liverpool and educated at Oxford University, Boulding moved to the USA after the Second World War and became a US citizen in 1948. He argued that economics and sociology should be seen as a single field of social science. As a member of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) he was a persistent advocate for peace and non-violence." first economist to argue that economic theory and practice needed to come to terms with limits to human use of natural resources on spaceship earth yet a commitment to growth continues to lie at the heart of mainstream economics

communities of practice (page 153)

" is a term coined by anthropologists Jean Lave and Étienne Wenger in 1991 to refer to the ways in which people learn particular crafts. However, it soon gained a much wider meaning and Wenger has said that it can refer to 'groups of people who share a concern or passion for something they do and learn how to do it better as they interact regularly'." "In 1991, anthropologists Jean Lave and Étienne Wenger coined the term 'communities of practice' to refer to consciously created communities of people who share a passion for certain practices and a desire to help each other refine their related knowledge and skills. While they initially used the term to refer people interested in particular 'crafts' they subsequently widened the meaning to include any kind of practice and noted that people do not need to meet in person to form a community of practice."

ecological flows (page 125)

" is a term used in this book to refer to the movement of water, nutrients and other materials through local and global ecosystems" "This concept helps us to travel back and forth between local and global dimensions of environmental sustainability. The concept of the biosphere is important for understanding the limits to growth at a global level and it is interesting that the term has only really been in use since the 1920s. If we are going to work with the notion of the biosphere in order to better understand global limits we need to consider why it was introduced and how it is being used. The word 'biodiversity' is an even more recent invention which has gained considerable traction in conservation policies and in public education work. However, the two terms 'biosphere' and 'biodiversity' are rather abstract and seemingly remote for many people. How can such concepts be brought home to more people and how can they help people think more critically about their personal and professional practices? The concept of 'ecosystem services' has been introduced to highlight the extent to which we humans depend on functioning ecosystems for our own survival and wellbeing and while it is a rather human-centred way of valuing nature it can bring otherwise hidden dependencies into view."

herman daly (page 143)

" was born in 1938 and as an academic economist he published a collection of writings under the title Toward a Steady-State Economy in 1973. He worked in the World Bank from 1988 to 1994 before returning to academia. Between 1992 and 2008 he was honoured with a string of international awards for his lifetime of work on 'ecological economics'."

robert louis stevenson (page 166)

"(1850-94) is the author of some of the most popular classics of Scottish literature, including reasure Island, TKidnapped and The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. The son of devout Presbyterian parents who expected their talented son to become a respected lawyer, Stevenson instead adopted a rather Bohemian lifestyle and made a name for himself as a travel writer." "we might take solace from the rather counter-intuitive sentiment expressed by Robert Louis Stevenson when he said: 'To travel hopefully ... is better than to arrive"

carlo petrine (page 164)

"(b. 1949) had been a political activist in Rome for many years before he got involved in food politics through the campaign to block the opening of an outlet of McDonald's hamburger chain near the city's famous Spanish Steps in the early 1980s. He initiated the formation of the Slow Food movement in Italy in 1986 and helped to write a manifesto for launching the international Slow Food movement in 1989"

tim jackson (page 143)

"(b. 1957) first rose to prominence with work on 'preventative environmental management' after spending five years in the Stockholm Environmental Institute. This led to subsequent influential work on sustainable consumption. While he was serving as the Economics Commissioner on the UK Sustainable Development Commission he authored a rather controversial report that was subsequently published as Prosperity Without Growth (2009). As well as being professor of sustainable development at the University of Surrey he has won awards as the author of radio drama scripts performed on BBC radio"

brian swimmers (page 167)

"- in 1982. Berry introduced Swimme to the philosophy of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin and they worked together for ten years to write The Universe Story in 1992."

thomas berry (page 167)

"1914-2009) was a vastly experienced theological scholar when he met the much younger mathematician with an interest in the origins of the cosmos"

startling statistics (page 126)

"200 species of plants or animals are becoming extinct each year. ■ From 2000 to 2010 global forest cover was reduced by 5.2 billion hectares ■ 52 per cent of land used for agriculture globally is affected by moderate to severe oil erosion. ■ Water tables are falling in China, India and underneath the Great Plains of the USA ■ A coral bleaching event in 2005 affected 90 per cent of coral reefs in the Caribbean"

ladakh (page 146)

"A more populist account of the economics of happiness is presented in a film put together by the well-known critic of western models of development Helena Norberg Hodge (2012). Norberg Hodge spent 35 years living as an out-sider in the Himalayan province of Ladakh before she became a globe-trotting environmental activist and writer, driven in large measure by her alarm about increasing incursions into Ladakh by global corporations. The film features inter-views with many of the world's leading green economists. However, the most telling scenes may be those which focus on a visit to London by a delegation of Ladakhi women. Not surprisingly the women are amazed at all the goods on display in glitzy Oxford Street shops. However, they are less impressed when Norberg Hodge takes them to see the mountains of trash in a waste disposal facility and they are positively alarmed when she takes them to visit old people living in an aged-care facility. They are visibly saddened when they meet a man who spends his days lying in bed watching television with no family to visit him. These scenes alone raise many questions about the social and personal costs of 'modern' economic development." "s a region in northern India that lies between the Kunlun Range in the north and the Himalayan Range in the south. A rather remote area, it is known as the 'land of high passes'."

coral bleaching (page 127)

"An increasing concern arises from an increasing frequency and intensity of coral bleaching events globally. The Great Barrier Reef near Australia has experienced severe bleaching for two years in a row in 2016 and 2017, killing up to 50 per cent of the coral.5 The increase in coral bleaching is associated with the onset of global climate chang" "refers to the loss of pigmented microscopic algae normally residing in coral colonies, caused by excessive heat or acidification of the sea. Coral reefs struggle to survive repeated bleaching"

ursula good enough (page 167)

"If we can revere how things are, and can find a way to express gratitude for our existence, then we should be able to figure out, with a great deal of work and good will, how to share the Earth with one another and with other creatures, how to restore and preserve its elegance and grace." "studied zoology at Columbia University before completing her Ph.D. at Harvard University in 1969. She was an associate professor in biology at Harvard before taking up a position at Washington University in 1978. Highly regarded for her textbooks in genetics, her 1998 book The Sacred Depths of Nature is considered to be the seminal text of the 'religious naturalism' movement."

desertification (page 127)

"In 2012 it was noted that the world is continuing to lose around 12 million hectares of arable land in the process known as desertification.4 The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification notes that 52 per cent of all land used for agriculture is either moderately or severely affected by soil erosion with direct consequences for around 1.5 billion people. Of particular concern is the southward expansion of Africa's Sahara Desert" "refers to the conversion of land that can be used for agriculture into desert."

water table (page 127)

"Increasing use of groundwater supplies for agriculture is causing an alarming fall in underground water tables. There is particular concern about falling water tables in India, China and beneath the Great Plains of USA, while the use of aquifers for irrigation in Saudi Arabia and Iran threatens to make them dependent on importing freshwater. It is estimated that 70 per cent of freshwater available to humans is currently being used for irrigation" "refers to the boundary between dry ground and ground that is saturated with water that has penetrated into the ground."

ecological flows/carbon sinks (page 129)

"It has subsequently become popular to think about various cycles that link local systems into wider cycles of things like water and nutrients. Such cycles can be represented diagrammatically and this enables the viewer to visualise the flow of otherwise hidden elements such as nitrogen or carbon between land, sea and atmosphere. This also helps us see that the flows can result in imbalances so that farmers and gardeners know that soils can easily lose their life-enhancing balance of carbon compounds, phosphates and nitrogen. The onset of global climate change has focused increasing attention on 'the carbon cycle' as represented in Figure 8.1, and this has popularised associated concepts such as 'carbon sinks'. The point about flows and cycles is that they are dynamic and terms such as 'storage' or 'sinks' can be a little misleading. However, they help to highlight problems of imbalances within a cycle.In the case of the carbon cycle, human activity is altering the balance between carbon 'stored' in the form of marine and terrestrial plant matter and fossil fuels within the lithosphere compared to the carbon 'stored' in the form of greenhouse"gases in the atmosphere. We can take steps to return atmospheric carbon to land- and sea-based 'carbon sinks' yet we also need to understand that human activity is continuing to accelerate the flow of carbon back into the atmosphere. The accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere alters the movement of solar energy to the surface of the planet and back out again and we understand that it is the interaction between the flows of carbon and energy that has rather profound consequences for the global climate and the weather patterns that we experience locally. A diagrammatic representation of the carbon cycle enables the viewer to see how he/she is personally linked into the largely unseen movements of carbon atoms and this can help to make sense of concerns about increasing emissions of CO2. All such diagrams simplify the functioning of complex natural systems, however they provide a good entry point for understanding connections between the local and the global"

Rachel Carson/Silent Spring (page 128)

"Rachel Carson's famous book — Silent Spring — helped a lot of people under-stand the links between local impacts and their widespread, even global, consequences. Climate scientists are now helping a new generation understand that localised activities are resulting in global warming and the onset of unpredict-able climate change; noting that localised human activity can trigger extreme weather events at remote locations. We understand linkages between the local and the global by understanding the functioning of 'ecological flows"

some global achievements (page 127)

"The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, which was first formulated in the Iranian city of Ramsar in 1971, has helped to protect and restore around over 200 billion hectares of wetlands globally. As of May 2013 there were 2,123 registered Ramsar wetlands covering 208.38 million hectares in and across 167 nations." " As mentioned in Chapter 4, a 1987 protocol for phasing out the use of the gases responsible for the appearance of holes in the global ozone layer has been effective and an international Treaty on Persistent Organic Pollutants came into effect in 2000, targeting the use of nine damaging POPs" " A Convention on Biological Diversity came into effect in 1992 and a Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources came into effect in 2001. As of 2013, 193 nations were listed as parties to the convention on protecting biodiversity." " A Global Environment Facility was established in 1991 to raise money for environmental conservation projects in poor nations. By 2013 it had 183 participating nations with 3,215 projects in 165 countries" " A UN Convention to Combat Desertification was established in 1994 and by 2012 it had 192 participating nations. It was a focus for discussion at the Rio+20 'Earth Summit' held in Rio de Janeiro in 2012" " A UN agreement to establish rules for fishing in international waters came into effect in 2001. Unfortunately, the agreement had the cumbersome name of Agreement for the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks and major fishing nations have largely ignored its existence."

following the flows of water (page 130)

"The hydrological cycle is a particularly good starting point for understanding ecological flows because we can all visualise the movement of water into and out of our bodies and into and out of the households in which we live." "Individual molecules might travel vast distances within various cloud formations before returning to the surface as precipitation and once they get into the sea they might again travel vast distances within the 'global conveyor belt' of ocean currents" "An Australian poet, Michael Patterson, once recalled a time when he was standing beside a small mountain stream that he knew to be a source of the Clarence River in northern New South Wales, Australia. As he bent down to take a sip of water from the fresh stream he imagined how he might travel with the moving water to arrive at the coastal city of Grafton. It then struck him that he might not stop at Grafton because the very water that was passing his lips might just as well end up in the mouth of a distant whale and he contemplated the thought that he was metaphorically kissing the lips of whales'.8 Global fisheries are in trouble — as we will see in Chapter 13 — yet the movement of water links us to them in ways we rarely imagine."

evidence based policy (page 147)

"The international move to 'evidence-based policy' - which began in the early 1980s - has undoubtedly helped to make policy-makers more accountable for the decisions they make. Making policy-making more transparent reduces the dangers of political corruption or the arbitrary use of political power and influence. However, the emphasis on 'evidence' has encouraged the illusion that policy-making is a rather technical process that deals only with 'objective' facts in order to achieve practical outcomes. Of course, 'evidence' can come in many forms but 'evidence-based policy' tends to favour supposedly unbiased facts and figures over perceptions, feelings or sentiment." "was popularised by the UK Labour government led by Tony Blair in the late 1990s before being picked up by governments all over the world. It is based on the view that good policy needs to be based on rigorously researched 'objective' evidence"

entering a new phase in the history of humanity (page 167)

"The suggestion - most commonly attributed to Paul Crutzen - that we have entered the new era in the history of life on Earth has attracted very strong interest. Efforts are underway to officially endorse the argument that we have seen the end of the Cenozoic era, which endured for the last 65 million years, and have entered the Anthropocene era, in which a single species - i.e. Homo sapiens - has already changed the conditions of life for all other living things. This is a scary thought and yet a number of writers have suggested that the big evolutionary picture of life on Planet Earth can actually be a source of great inspiration. A key argument is that evolution has imparted on living systems a tendency towards self-organisation.6 It is rather ironic that the big picture of evolution starts with the very, very small because microbiologist Lynn Margulis has been given credit for a revolution in thinking about evolution when her studies of micro-organisms - reported in the early 1970s - showed a tendency towards cooperation and self-organisation (see Phipps 2012). In 1994 the theologian Thomas Berry and mathematician/cosmologist Brian Swimme released a book which argued that the biggest picture of all - i.e. the story of the creation of our universe and the evolution of life on our planet - can inspire us to feel a deep sense of solidarity with all other forms of life. The emergence of human consciousness, the authors argued, is part of that unfolding story and Berry has suggested that we might eventually learn to think of life on Earth as a 'communion of subjects rather than a collection of objects'. Earlier, Berry had written: 'To learn how to live graciously together would make us worthy of this unique, beautiful blue planet that evolved in its present splendour over some billions of years.'"

herman daly and tim jackson (page 143)

"US economist Herman Daly took up the battle in the late 1970s with the suggestion that we need to move from growth economics to 'steady-state' economics but even when he was appointed to a position in the World Bank he was not able to seriously shake the commitment to growth. UK academic and government adviser Tim Jackson tried a different tack in 2009 when he argued passionately that the time has come to decouple 'prosperity' and 'growth' because conventional economic theory and practice has not been able to improve social equity on a global scale. In 2016 the esteemed environmentalist David Suzuki released a YouTube video to argue that as long as it treats nature as an 'externality' economics is a form of 'brain damage' while Ozzie Zehner earlier tried to refocus the priorities of the environmental movement by arguing that 'We don't have an energy crisis; we have a consumption crisis.'3 While efforts to dislodge growth from the heart of conventional economic theory and practice have had little success, the concerns expressed by Suzuki have been picked up in the emerging field of 'environmental economics'"

social inclusion (page 162)

"became a policy orientation of the Blair Labour government after leader Tony Blair gave a famous speech titled 'Bringing Britain Together' in London in 1997. The government established a special Social Inclusion Unit. The government's ability to build a more inclusive society did not live up to Blair's rhetoric but the 'social inclusion agenda' had a significant influence on public policy in many other countries." see also BLAIR LABOUR GOVERNMENT

gross national happiness index (page 146)

"began as a casual remark by the nation's Dragon King Jigme Singye Wangchuk in 1972 when he said that 'gross national happiness' will be the best measure of the nation's attempt to modernise its economy. The idea was picked up by the nation's newly formed Centre for Bhutan Studies in 1999 and a mix of quantitative and qualitative measures have subsequently been used in the development of Bhutan's Five Year Plan." "The search for alternatives to GDP as a measure of economic success has focused global attention on the tiny Himalayan nation of Bhutan which has adopted a Gross National Happiness index for guiding the nation's develop-ment. Until recently Bhutan was only loosely integrated into the global economy and it remains to be seen if Bhutanese will continue to value the emphasis on national happiness over the consumerist allure of a more fully integrated economy. However, growing concerns about the social and personal impacts of hyperconsumption - discussed in Chapter 3 - have put the achievement of happiness on the agenda of economists and policy-makers in a range of highly developed nations. According to Washington-based Brookings Institution researcher Carol Graham (2011), the 'pursuit of happiness' is a founding goal of the USA as a nation - being enshrined in the nation's constitution - and she has argued that the time has come to revisit this goal as a framework for economic policy and practice. Noting that 'happiness' is a far more emotive term than something like 'wellbeing', Graham suggests that conversations about the pursuit of happiness should frame policy development more often. She notes that such conversations may rarely result in consensus about what is required for happiness to prosper but she argues that the dialogues in themselves will ensure that economic development policy is properly embedded within social development polic"

blair labour government (page 162)

"came into being after the British elections of 1997 when Tony Blair became the youngest British prime minister since 1812. Initially seen as a breath of fresh air, the government lost popularity when it decided to support the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003" "In the late 1990s Anthony Giddens became an enthusiastic supporter of the Blair Labour government's 'social inclusion agenda' and he suggested that old forms of adversary politics might give way to new forms of social consensus. The Blair government failed to live up to the promise of its early rhetoric and politics has continued resumed normal transmission. Giddens resumed his scholarship on individual agency in a world of growing risk and he became convinced that conditions for social life had changed more radically that he and Beck had imagined in their 1994 collaboration (see box). New communication technologies, he has argued, increase both the possibility and the imperative to make a life of our own in a runaway world. Given his early work on structure and agency, Giddens is aware that individuals have limited abilities to shape their own lives. However, we have unprecedented opportunities to share stories and insights and thus become more conscious of the challenges and opportunities that we face."

mitchell thomashow (page 133)

"contributed a book Bringing the Biosphere Home (2002).10 Thomashow argued that all people have embodied interactions with the bio-sphere through the food we eat, the water we drink, our felt experiences of weather and seasons. We need to extend our embodied perception to a wider understanding of how the biosphere operates, he argued, in order to 'assess [my] own action and practices and those of my neighbors'11 in relation to biospheric wellbeing." was the chair of environmental studies at antioch university new england. he left antioch to take up the position of director of unity college maine, and in 2011 he became director of the second nature presidential fellows program which aims to bring a comprehensive sustainability agenda to US colleges and universities

bill mckibben (page 136)

"discovered a passion for journalism by becoming editor of the Harvard University student newspaper during his time at the prestigious university. He has combined his career as a freelance journalist with the position of Schumann Distinguished Scholar at the liberal arts Middlebury College in Vermont. He founded the climate change action organisation 350.org in 2007 and was called the 'world's best environmental journalist' by Time Magazine in 2009. In 2013 he won the international Gandhi Peace Prize." "While non-human nature can be more resilient than we might have imagined, US environmental writer Bill McKibben (1989) has argued that human activities have altered the conditions of life for all other animals and plants on Planet Earth, no matter how remote they might seem to be from the centres of human settlements. Pollutants produced locally can be carried far and wide by wind and water currents and the onset of human-induced climate change makes it even more apparent that nothing can escape our influence (McKibben 2010). According to McKibben, we have already witnessed the 'end of nature' to the extent that it cannot exist independently of us humans. This means that we have a greater responsibility than ever before for the fate of all other plants and animals on our planet in what some have dubbed the Anthropocene era.13"

freya matthews (page 126)

"established her reputation as an ecophilospher with the books The Ecological Self (1991) and Ecology and Democracy (1996). She was associate professor in philosophy at Melbourne's La Trobe University in 2008 and is a co-editor of the PAN Philosophy, Activism and Nature journal" "It is not enough to support the creation and maintenance of nature reserves or parks for city-dwellers have more encounters with 'wild' nature than they might think and this brings us to the notion of 'reinhabiting reality' proposed by ecophilosopher Freya Mathews."

john dryzek (page 148)

"has applied the principles of deliberative democracy to the formulation of environment policy. The upsurge in environmental awareness that began in western countries in the 1970s has led to a variety of environmental-isms, Dryzek argues, and environmental pragmatists have very different assumptions and values compared to those who may be driven by radical green philosophies. Even those who disparage environmentalism have their own assumptions and values when it comes to considerations of human responsibilities for the non-human environment; no one has a values-neutral position on the environment. However, prevailing political processes rarely even try to bridge the gaps between competing environmental 'discourses', Dryzek argues. The starting point should be genuine respect for the diversity of views and approaches - even within the environment movement - so that efforts can be made to find some common ground. Of course, policy formation cannot be inhibited by the difficulties involved in reaching a consensus. However, the advocates of deliberative democracy argue that a deliberative process is likely to reduce polarisations in policy-making debates and also reduce resistance to the final outcomes" "in government and politics at the University of Maryland, near Washington, DC. He has been Head of the Department of Politics at both the University of Oregon and the University of Melbourne. He is currently the Centenary Professor in the Centre for Deliberative Democracy and Global Governance at the University of Canberra."

genuine progress indicator (page 146)

"is a term that was coined by the US organisation Redefining Progress in 1995. The GPI is probably the most prominent attempt to develop an alternative to the narrow income-based GDP index. It draws on the work of a range of economists - including Herman Daly and Marilyn Waring - and appears to have been taken most seriously in Canada." "Sustainability scholars have long focused on the shortcomings of GDP as the indicator of choice for measuring the economic performance of nations and regions. A lot of work has gone into replacing GDP with something like a Genuine Progress Indicator and the OECD is supporting such initiatives. The Canadian Index of Wellbeing is seen as being a good model and other nations have been encouraged to undertake processes of consultation to develop an equivalent of their own. A key concept here is to shift the focus from production to the improvement of social 'wellbeing'."

brookings institution (page 146)

"n is a Washington-based think-tank that specialises in social science research, especially in economics, urban planning, governance, foreign policy and global economy. It was formed in 1916."

individualisation (page 158)

"refers to the widespread observation that individual people are increasingly being expected to attend to their own needs and desires rather than look to the state, community or society." "The process of 'individualisation' - which was discussed in Chapter 3 in relation to the perception that we can all consume our way individually towards health and happiness - has undermined traditional modes of social action. H"

sociology of community (page 152)

"the idea of community has divided western sociologists ever since Emile Durkheim criticised the seminal book on the topic by Ferdinand Tönnies in the early years of the twentieth century. There has never been a consensus on what community really means but a range of sociologists have argued that there has been a turn to community in a world of growing uncertainty." "The word 'community' is often used simplistically in literature on sustainable development. For example, the term 'community engagement' often implies that there is a clearly identifiable community that needs to be educated or worked with. The word may be seen as being interchangeable with words like neighbourhood or town; it is still treated as a 'given' in a world of global flows."

glandomenico malone (page 147)

"was born in 1932 and educated in Italy and the USA, where he gained his Ph.D. in statistics in 1964. In 1986 he became Professor of Policy Analysis at the European University Institute in Florence." " leading critic of narrow and technical appro"

lynn margulis (page 167)

"was born in 1938 and gained her Ph.D. in botany at the University of California in Berkeley in 1963. She published her first theoretical work on the origins of symbiotic eukaryotic cells in 1966 while working as a young academic at the University of Boston in 1966 but she had to show fierce determination to continue this work against strong opposition. Eventually she was recognised for her role in shifting the focus of evolution to the emergence of symbiotic micro-organisms"

ulrich beck (page 160)

"was born in 1944 in a German province which became part of Poland at the end of the Second World War. He studied at the University of Munich where he went on to have a long and distinguished academic career. His work on the risk society was published in German in 1986 and in English in 1992." "The pre-eminent English sociologist Anthony Giddens undoubtedly knew of the work that Ulrich Beck was undertaking on the rise of the 'risk society' in the 1980s because he was thinking along similar lines. However, Beck's work was not translated into English until the early 1990s and around this time the US-born, UK-based sociologist Scott Lash facilitated a dialogue between Beck and Giddens which led to the publication in 1994 of the influential book entitled Reflexive Modernization. Giddens and Beck had come to similar conclusions about the demise of old social institutions in a world of accelerating global flows and both had focused on the destabilising influences of the risks associated with such global flows. Beck probably encouraged Giddens to focus more on the ecological dimensions of rising global risk but they shared optimism about how the shifting relationships between self and society might promote deeper reflection about risk and responsibility. Beck, in particular, had focused on the processes of 'individualisation' that were discussed in Chapter 3, yet they both argued that individuals have greater opportunities to become the authors of their own stories. In later work, both have used the term 'runaway world' and Beck has suggested that we all face the need to find a 'life of one's own in a runaway world'"

stuart hill (page 160)

"was born in England and educated in England and Canada. He worked at McGill University in Montreal before taking up the position of Foundation Chair in Social Ecology at the University of Western Sydney in 1996" "At the other extreme, individuals can decide that personal action is insignificant and worthless. Inaction is irresponsible while effective action is elusive and this poses deep dilemmas that Stuart Hill - the leading advocate of the Social Ecology model of sustainability - has addressed with his work on 'meaningful change'.1 No individual action should be dismissed as being insigni- ficant, Hill has argued, as long as it is part of a broader action plan. However, in Hill's view, personal action only becomes meaningful if it can be sustained, and for this reason individuals need to build up a body of sustainable practices. At the same time, it is easy to become complacent or rather unimaginative about what we think we can achieve and in workshops on meaningful action, Hill challenges his audiences to think boldly and imaginatively about big change projects that might not seem realistic or feasible. A"

anthony giddens (page 158)

"was born in London in 1936. He studied at the University of Hull, London School of Economics and King's College, Cambridge. He established his reputation as a leading sociologist in the 1970s with the books Capitalism and Modern Social Theory (1971) and New Rules of Sociological Method (1976)." " At the same time, it is important to understand the limits to individual action and a starting point for this is the pioneering work of English sociologist Anthony Giddens on 'structure and agency', which notes that individual beliefs, attitudes and practices are largely shaped by those of the societies into which those individuals are born."

nikolas rose (page 157)

"was born in London in 1947. Originally trained in biology, he studied political theory at London School of Economics. He has held senior academic positions at Goldsmiths College, University of London, London School of Economics and King's College, London. His sociological work is heavily influenced by the work of Michel Foucault." "has argued that it has become critically impor-tant for individuals to create the communities that can give each of us a sense of belonging and purpose and this suggests that the construction of society begins with individuals rather than the society shaping the emergence of mature individuals."

doreen massey (page 149)

"was born in Manchester and spent much of her childhood in a council housing estate before going on to study at Oxford University and the University of Pennsylvania. She worked at the Centre for Environment Studies in London until it was closed by the Thatcher government in 1979. She went on to become a professor in geography at the Open University, retiring in 2009." "has pointed out that it can also force people to openly negotiate terms for peaceful coexistence and this, in turn, can create more tolerant and culturally diverse local communities. There are some obvious benefits for people living in multicultural local communities - such as access to a diversity of foods and other cultural products (see Photo 9.2). What may be less appreciated is that a diversity of past experiences may give the community an increased capacity to adapt to changing circumstances. In Australia, for example, migrant communities often have more experience in growing their own food and they are at the forefront of many local community garden projects"

paul hawken (page 163)

"was born in San Francisco in 1946 and attended both San Francisco State University and the University of California at Berkeley without completing a degree. He left university to work in the burgeoning civil rights movement. He established his reputation as an environmental writer with the 1983 book The Next Economy" "New communication technologies make it easier to build the global movement for sustainable living that Paul Hawken has called the largest movement in the history of humanity (2007)."

hannah arendt (page 165)

"was born into a secular Jewish family in Hanover. She studied philosophy at the University of Marburg where she had a romantic relationship with her teacher and mentor Martin Heidegger. She left Germany for Czechoslovakia in 1933 and lived for a while in Paris where she worked with Jewish refugees from the Nazi regime which stripped her of her German citizenship in 1937. She moved to New York in 1941 where she worked as a leading political theorist until her death in 1975. She came to public attention when she covered the 1963 trial of former Nazi functionary Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem for The New Yorker magazine" "also had a close encounter with the Nazi Holocaust and although there is no evidence of direct contact between these two Holocaust refugees their work on hope in dark times complements each other. While Bloch wrote on the transformational power of 'educated hope' Arendt stressed the need to take collective responsibility for things that might be done in our name and, according to Claus Wrangel, the 'political force' of hope for Arendt 'depends on the possibility of acting out-of-hope; to step outside the moment of hope, to change the present rather than remain hopefully in it"

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (page 143)

"was developing the argument that the Second Law of Thermodynamics - essentially indicating that useable energy slowly disperses - imposes unacknowledged limits on economic growth. In suggesting that economics must become more aware of 'biophysical constraints', Georgescue-Roegen is widely seen as being a 'father' of 'ecological economics'." born in "in Romania and educated in mathematics at Bucharest University. He won a scholarship to study in Paris and also spent time in London before returning to Bucharest University. He was professor of economics at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, where he mentored Herman Daly as a student."

geelong's memory bank (page 163)

"was set up in July 2008 as part of a larger community art project called 'Connecting Identities'. It is a repository for a host of short 'digital stories' curated by film-maker Malcolm McKinnon." "The author's research on community art in Australia has highlighted the fact that digital storytelling technologies and techniques have greatly increased the capacity for people to create and share short stories based on lived experiences. These might end up in local repositories - as was the case in the creation of a Memory Bank of community history stories in the fast-changing Australian regional city of Geelong in 2009 - or they might be shared widely through social media outlets such as YouTube. Not everyone has the capacity to turn fragments of a story into a compelling video narrative and some digital stories are more finely crafted than most. However, there seems to be an appealing immediacy and accessibility about this mode of storytelling, as shown by the global popularity of YouTube. Particular YouTube clips can suddenly 'go viral' bringing individual people and their stories to the attention of a worldwide audience, if only fleetingly"

ernst bloch (page 165)

"was the son of a Jewish railway worker who studied and taught philosophy before fleeing Germany to escape the Nazi regime in 1934. He lived in exile in the USA from 1938-48 where he worked on the manuscript for his epic work The Principle of Hope. As a committed Marxist he returned to East Germany (German Democratic Republic) in 1949 to take a position at the University of Leipzig. He fell out with the GDR regime over the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956 and was forced to resign his university position in 1957. He went to live in West Germany in 1962 where he actively supported the youth 'radicalisation' of the 1960s" "The German philosopher of Jewish descent, Ernst Bloch faced overwhelming despair when he narrowly escaped the Nazi Holocaust in his homeland, and he used that experience to subsequently create a seminal body of work on the 'principles of hope'. Hope that is not built on deep reflection amounts to little more than 'enervating escapism' he wrote, while 'educated hope' is not content to accept the world as it appears. 'Only thinking directed towards changing the world and informing the desire to change it does not confront the future ... as embarrassment and the past as spell', he argued.4"

revaluing the commons (page 133)

UNESCO - biosphere reserves garret hardin -- self interest enclosure laws US, Canada, Australia March 1974 group of season women in northern indian village of reni chip movement maine lobstermen's association global commons antartica's extraordinarty biodiversità the commons

functional diversity (page 131)

a term used by ecologists which refers to the level of diversity required by a biological community to make it resilient to disturbance or capable of change and adaptation "The notion of 'functional diversity' is particularly important here because it is not diversity per se that serves biological communities well but rather the presence of sufficient diversity to enable the community to respond to changes or disturbances. For example, particular species may cope better than others with floods or fires or the arrival of new species from elsewhere and ecologists note that 'hybridisation' often occurs in areas where one kind of ecosystem overlaps with another and new 'hybrid' species might be able to move into an area where there has been a major disturbance of some kind. Australian forests are well adapted to fire partly because there are high levels of hybridisation among the prevailing eucalypt trees"

social inclusion agenda (page 148)

blair government: "soon after being elected as UK Prime Minster in 1997, Tony Blair announced that his government would reduce poverty by focusing on factors which prevent some people and communities from participating fully in British society. He established a Social Exclusion unit in his own office and continued to pursue a social inclusion agenda during his ten years as prime minister." "promises to put a broader framework around otherwise narrow framing of economic development. While the Blair government had limited success in implementing this agenda, it immediately posed important questions about the kinds of barriers that make it harder for some people and groups to achieve personal or social success compared to others. This, in turn, focuses attention on the complex needs of people and groups who feel socially excluded. It also highlights the need to sometimes slow down the development of economic and/or social policy in order to ensure that such complex needs are at least considered."

UNESCO (page 132)

emerged as an idea at a conference of national education ministers held in england in 1942. it was formalized at a UN-sponsored conference held in 1945 and by the end of 1946 it had the active support of 30 national governments "In 1971, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) set up a Man and the Biosphere Programme to foster interdisciplinary research on ecosystem conservation. More broadly the programme aimed to popu-larise understanding of the concept of the biosphere and this eventually led to the setting up of 'biosphere reserves' in a wide range of countries in order to protect the planet's biodiversity. UNESCO reports that there are now 621 such reserves in 117 countries, with 12 of them straddling national borders. They now operate as a World Network of Biosphere Reserves."

Maslow (page 159)

hierarchy of human needs: "was developed by the American psychologist in the 1960s. Although criticised for positing a rather inflexible relationship between diverse and intersecting needs, the concept of basic and 'higher' needs has stood the test of time." "The suggestion that we need to look inside ourselves to find a sense of self-worth touches on Abraham Maslow's deci-sion to make 'self-actualisation' the top of his pyramid of needs. As Epicurus put it, 'If you live according to opinions you will never be rich.' However, self-actualisation underplays the fact that our very sense of self is strongly influenced by prevailing cultural beliefs and practices."

gaia (page 132)

in greek mythology gaia was personification or primordial being of earth, seen as being the mother of all. james lovelock's way of thinking about the biosphere as a single living system came to be known as the gaia hypothesis single, self-regulating living system 2006 book the revenue of gaia

resilient nature (page 134)

international emphasis wilderness protection Robert Macfarlane "wild places" british isles tim low (australian animals and plants) both insist nature is often more resilient than we imagine photographer sergei gaschaks

vichealth (page 161)

is a government funded health promotion agency in victoria, australia. its innovative work has included the funding of community artwork to foster social inclusion and personal wellbeing.

ecosystem services (page 132)

is a term used to refer to all the benefits humans derive from the presence of healthy ecosystems "Humans depend on functioning ecosystems for food and many other 'natural resources', clean water and the balance of oxygen in the atmosphere. Plant com-munities can reduce soil erosion, water run-off and flooding, and coastal erosion caused by tides and storm surges. Many of our medicines and pharmaceutical products come from particular plants and animals — many of them in endangered tropical forests — and we enjoy nature for recreation or for what might be called 'spiritual renewal'. The term 'ecosystem services' has been coined to refer to all the benefits humans derive from the existence of biodiversity and functioning ecosystems"

relocalisation (page 144)

of economic policies and practices is a better established discourse in france than in the english-speaking world although it gained traction in the UK through the promotion of the concept of food miles. it lies at the heart of the transition towns movement initiated in the UK by Rob Hopkins based on permaculture design principles invented in australia "The emphasis in environmental economics on highlighting hitherto uncosted environmental impacts of production and transport has stimulated an interest in a degree of relocalisation of production, exchange and waste disposal. This includes efforts to reduce the 'food miles' in the transportation of food from sites of production to consumption that, in turn, has stimulated international interest in 'farmers' markets'. Other manifestations of relocalisation include localised recycling systems; the creation of urban 'hubs' to reduce use travel distances in cities; and the creation of local currencies aimed at encouraging people to purchase goods and services from local enterprises"

encountering wildness story

page 138

biodiversity (a problem)

pages 132-133 mitchel thomashow

deforestation (page 127)

refers to the removal of forests to make way for other forms of human land use "The UN Food and Agricultural Organisation has noted that global loss of forest cover was at its highest levels in the 1990s. Since then rates of deforestation have declined and some areas have been reforested (sometimes with plantation timber). Yet from 2000 to 2010 the annual loss of forest cover was still an alarming 5.2 million hectares per year with the biggest losses affecting tropical forests in Africa and South America"

Karl polanyi (page 141)

was born in vienna of hungarian parents. his expertise covered economic history, economic anthropology, political economy and historical sociology. he gained a position at columbia university in 1947 but after 1953 had to base himself in canada after his wife was denied a visa to the USA because of her past as a communist "The Social Ecology model of sustainability moves the functioning of the economy into the social domain rather than allow it to sit outside, or even above,1 the func-tioning of society. Although this is seen as a rather radical move by many economists it harks back to the influential work of the Hungarian economist Karl Polanyi in the 1940s, in which he argued that economics must be embedded in culture and society. The social framing of economics helps to create a stronger link between economic development and the social equity outcomes of that development and this, in turn, links back to the considerations of both intragenerational and inter-generational equity that are highlighted in two of the nine RMIT Sustainability Principles. Focusing on the social outcomes of economic development also brings into play the principle that prevention is better than cure because it can be difficult and expensive to wind back economic developments that are having harmful social consequences for significant numbers of people. A focus on equity suggests that economic planning needs to have social inclusion as an important benchmark and this imperative needs to be a starting consideration"