CHEM 104 Final Exam (Hill)

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How much of earth is salt water?

97%

Non-Electrolyte

A substance that dissolved in water to give a solution that does not conduct an electric current

Electrolyte

A substance that is dissolved in solution and some of its molecules split or dissociate into electrically charged atoms or ions

What factor is considered in determining the global warming potential for a particular molecule?

Ability to absorb and re-emit IR radiation

What's the largest size estimate for the Ozone hold over the Antarctic?

About as large as North America

Ozone depletion is a ____ problem

Global

Heterogenous Mixture

Mixture with uneven distribution of different substances; not the same throughout

What does increased intensity of UV radiation yield?

More Ozone production

Pneumonic for Hydrocarbon prefixed

Mother Eats Peanut Butter Methane, Ethane, Propane, Cyclopropane

Ozone Molecule

O3

Which statement is false? O2 is an element Carbon monoxide is a diatomic molecule Air is a Mixture H2O is a compound

Carbone dioxide is a diatomic molecule

Low to moderate risk according to UV index

1-5

Unique Properties of Water (4)

1. Liquid at room temperature 2.High boiling point 3.Expands when frozen 4.Specific heat/absorbs heat well

1ppm =

1mg/L

H2O molecule positive part

2 Hydrogens

Compounds

2 or more elements chemically combined; Completely the same chemical combination throughout

How many tons of ozone is made and used daily?

300,000,000 tons

A Calorie is defined as...

4.184 J Therefore 1 cal = 1000 Cal

High risk value according to UV index

6-11+

How much of the earth is water?

71%

Composition of Air

78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% Argon and CO2

Which color in the rainbow has the shortest wavelength?

Blue

In forming a solution the solute ___ other substances that are called solvents

Dissolves

Wavelength

Distance between successful peaks; Expressed in nanometers (nm)

Which type of water may be considered pure?

Distilled Water

Ozone in our atmosphere is important because it ... A. absorbs some IR radiation. B. destroys trees. C. reacts with excess CO2. D. reflects IR radiation. E. No answer because all the options above are not correct

E. None are correct

Ionic Bond

Gaining/Losing an electron to another atom

A gasolines octane rating is a measure of the...

Gasoline's resistance to causing knocking in a vehicle's engine

Valence Electrons

The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom; these are the electrons involved in forming bonds

What is Kinetic Energy?

The energy of motion

What is Potential Energy?

The energy stored in the chemical bonds (Fossil fuels=example)

Radiant Energy

The entire collection of different wavelengths, each with own energy

What is Entropy

The measure of how much energy is dispersed in a given process Relates to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Ozone depletion Involves ___ radiation

UV

Which region of the Ultraviolet spectrum is absorbed least by the atmosphere?

UV-A

Types of UV Light

UV-A (Least energetic) (320-400nm) (Reaches Earth most often) UV-B (280-320nm) (partially absorbed by Oxygen) UV-C (Most energetic) (200-280nm) (Absorbed by oxygen and ozone in atmosphere)

What UV light causes skin cancer?

UV-B and some UV-A

Noble Gases Properties

Un-reactive nonmetals

Least Hazardous source of Fresh Water?

Underground Aquifers

What is a Mole?

Unit used to find the weight of atoms

How are CFC's made?

Unnaturally created for old fridges, aerosol sprays, housing insulations

Surfactant

Used to dissolve polar and non-polar bonds at same time because contains both

Is NACL an electrolyte?

Yes, ionic bonds always conduct electricity

Mixture

a physical combination of two or more substances present in variable amounts

Water Footprint

a rough measure of the volume of fresh water that we use to keep a person or group alive and to support their lifestyles

Stratospheric ozone is destroyed and formed at the same rate...

above the equator and above the Antarctic in its early fall

You wear sunscreen on your skin in order for the sunscreen to ___

absorb UV-A and UV-B radiation

Ozone in the stratosphere is important because it...

absorbs some UV radiation

Most fresh water is used for ___

agriculture

How do we use molarity to measure solution?

find molar mass of compound, put over 1 liter=1 Molarity=Moles of solute/Liters in Solution

The Montreal Protocol is a...

Treaty to reduce the amount of CFCs produced in the world

Climate change takes place in the ...

Troposphere

If we assume that the top of Mt. Everest is the highest land mass on earth, hikers who scale its summit are standing in the...

Troposphere

Which is the lower region of the atmosphere in which we live?

Troposphere

A polar covalent bond is created when...

Two atoms share their bonding electrons unequally

Covalent Bonds are only formed by ___ + ___

Two nonmetals

What is a Solvent?

It dissolves solutes

Why isn't sugar an electrolyte?

It has covalent compounds

What is the effect of infrared energy on matter?

It increases the vibration of chemical bonds

What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

It is impossible to completely convert heat into work without making other changes in the universe 'There is no perfect machine' Entropy is related to that

Why is H2O so reactive?

It's polar and has 2 unshared electrons

Which element is not a halogen? F I Kr Br

Kr

Air Quality Index

Scale that ranks levels of ozone and other air pollutants (0-500) 500=high

Climate change causes ___

Sea level and global temperature rising

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The arrangement of waves of radiant energy in order of wavelength and frequency

Cracking is...

The breaking of larger molecules into smaller ones Major catalyst in the Petroleum refining process

Ionic Bonds are between non-metal and...

Metal

How to measure conductivity of solution?

Conductivity meter

Air Quality index for Healthy-Moderate Air

0-100

Amount of AVAILABLE fresh water

0.1%

H2O molecule negative part

1 Oxygen

O2 and O3 molecules are...

Allotropes

Properties of the Infrared Region on the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Feel heat, invisible

How to find Molar Mass?

Find number below large letter on Periodic Table and convert into grams

What is a proper use for a calorimeter?

For measuring the heat of combustion

Intermolecular Force

Forces of attraction between 2 MOLECULES

____ are highly reactive chemical species with one or more unpaired electrons

Free Radicals

What causes the destruction of Ozone?

Free radicals of Hydrogen, Hydroxyl, Nitrogen, CFC's and Halons

Groundwater

Fresh water found in underground reservoirs also known as aquifers

Air is a... element compound mixture pure substance

Mixture

Is air a mixture or a pure substance?

Mixture

Homogenous Mixture

Mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout

PPH to PPM conversion

Move decimal four places to the right

The Carbon Cycle refers to the...

Movement of carbon through living organisms, the atmosphere, the sea, and the earth

Mole Conversion to grams

Multiple given moles by the molar mass in grams over one mole

Gram conversion to Mole

Multiply gram amount by 1 mole over total atomic weight (atomic mass in grams)

The heat energy released or absorbed by a chemical reaction is generally determined by the difference between the energy that...?

Must be put into to break the bonds in the reactants and the energy that is released upon making the bonds in the products

Is sugar an Electrolyte?

NO

Was the Kyoto Protocol ratified by the US?

NO

Anion

Negatively charged ion

Electrons

Negatively charged particles outside nucleus

Neutrons

Neutrally charged particles inside nucleus

Combustion is a chemical process in which a fuel combines with ____ to release energy and form products

Nitrogen

List the three most abundant components in the atmosphere in decreasing order...

Nitrogen > Oxygen > Argon

Air Particles unchanged by respiration?

Nitrogen and Argon

Covalent bonds are between non-metal and...

Non-Metal

Hetero compounds (H2) will always be...

Non-polar, Linear

What does the Atomic number tell you?

Number of protons in the nucleus. Always equal to the number of electrons (if stable)

List the 4 steps of the Chapman Cycle

O2 -> 2 O O+O2->O3 O3->O+O2 (Involves radiation) O+O3->2 O2

Which component of the air is an Element? H20 NO2 O3 CO2

O3

Ionic Bonds are only formed by ___+___

One non-metal and one metal

Ozone depletion if happening in the...

Stratosphere

Where is the ozone layer found?

Stratosphere

How to get number of neutrons using the Periodic Table?

Subtract atomic number from the mass number

Mass Number

Sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus; tells you the isotopes

Which country has the highest per capita emission of carbon dioxide?

The United States

Bromide II has charge of...

2+

Intramolecular Force

A force that exists within a molecule

What happens in an Endothermic process?

Any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy

What is a Solute?

What is being dissolved in a Solvent

What would be the temperature on earth in the absence of the effects of carbon dioxide and water?

-18 Degrees C

Types of light waves on the Electromagnetic Spectrum (From smallest to largest)

(From smallest to largest) Gamma, x-ray, UV, Visible, IR, Microwave, Radio (Smallest=Higher frequency, shortest wavelengths)

Polyatomic Ions

A covalently bonded group of atoms that has overall positive or negative charge

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

What is Electronegativity?

A measure of an atom's attraction for an electron in a chemical bond

What is electronegativity?

A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons

Elements

A molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into simpler units by chemical reactions

In which example is the entropy of the initial state lower than the entropy of the final state? (Ice, Water, Vapor)

A pot of water boils to produce water vapor at 100 Degrees Celsius

Distillation

A process that separates the substances in a solution based on their boiling points, used to clean salt water

What is not a possible consequence of global warming?

An increase in pH (basicity) of the surface ocean water

What is groundwater?

Any water taken from aquifers

What is the relationship between stratospheric levels of atomic chlorine and ozone?

As chlorine increases, ozone decreases

What is Molar Mass?

Atomic Mass in Grams

AMU

Atomic Mass per Unit; get from Mass Number on Periodic Table

Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

How did the world respond to CFC's?

Banned them in spray cans and phased out of products

How to find Atomic Mass?

Below the letter on the Period Table

What is the best way to combat climate change?

Burn less coal; lessens the amount of pollution in the air

How does the destruction of the ozone happen?

By an interaction of CFCs with chlorine free radicals

Scientists have correlated average global Temperature with atmospheric CO2 using Ice cores from Antartica. How is the carbon dioxide level determined?

By measuring the CO2 concentration in trapped gases in the ice layers (Bubbles)

HFC's may be used to replace CFC's. Which compound is a HFC?

CF3CH2F

Which has the greatest GWP (Global warming potential) value?

CFC-12-CCl2F2

Climate change involves ___ radiation

CO2

Which component of the air makes up approx. 100 times more of an exhaled breath than of an inhaled breath?

CO2

Which one is not an air pollutant? CO NO2 SO2 CO2

CO2

Which substances are regulated by the Kyoto Protocol?

Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, Sulfur Hexafluoride

Name 5 kinds of Air Pollutants

Carbon Monoxide, Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, Particulate Matter (dust, sand)

Which statement is false about Catalytic Converters?

Catalytic Converters in automobile tail pipes utilize nitrogen gas to burn VOCs to form CO2 and H2O

Free Radicals

Chemical particles with an off number of electrons; bond very quickly and do many reactions

Which product of the ultraviolet decomposition of CFCs acts as the catalyst for ozone decomposition?

Chlorine Atoms

What chemical directly catalyzes the destruction of ozone?

Chlorine free radicals

Which is the major contribution to the ozone hole?

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

What are CFC's?

Chlorofluorocarbons (chemicals) that break down the ozone layer

How do CFC's hurt the Ozone?

Cl-C bond broken by UV-C; Becomes CL free radical; Steals 1 O from O3; it quickly loses this O to another lose O to kill more ozone

Which explanation accounts for the fact that, on average, cloudy nights are warmer than clear nights?

Clouds are composed of water vapor and H2O is a strong greenhouse gas

Can recognize ionic bonds due to...

Combination of left and right of staircase on Periodic Table

Salt, Sugar, and Ethanol are all ___ solutes

Completely dissolved

Solutes can be dissolved by H2O ___ or ___

Completely or partially

Halons

Compounds similar to CFC's, in which bromine or fluorine atoms replace some or all of the chlorine atoms; more dangerous

Isomers are...

Compounds with the same chemical formulas, but different molecular structure

List the order of rays from highest energy to lowest energy:

Cosmic Rays, Gamma Rays, x-ras, Ultraviolet rays, visible light, infra-red, microwaves, radiowaves

During Petroleum refining, catalysts play an extremely important role during the...

Cracking and Reforming Process Process of breaking higher hydrocarbons into lower ones and converting open chain hydrocarbons

Density Equation

D = 1g/cm3

What is the single most effective strategy to reduce carbon dioxide emissions?

Develop alternate energy sources that do not rely on fossil fuels

What is the objection to the Kyoto Protocol?

Developing countries are not required to control greenhouse gas emissions

Future of Ozone layer

Disappearing by 2/3 holes constantly over poles

A molecule with only polar atoms can be ___

Either polar or non-polar

Who is most at risk for skin cancer?

Elderly; due to overexposure over the years

What causes water's uniqueness?

Electronegativity and water molecule's polarity

Classification of pure substances

Elements and Compounds

The First Law of Thermodynamics states that...

Energy is neither created nor destroyed "Conversion of Energy

What is the Activation Energy?

Energy needed to intimate a chemical reaction

What is Heat?

Energy that flows from a warmer body to a colder body

What is the relation of Entropy to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

Entropy of the Universe is constantly increasing

What can decrease the activation energy of a reaction?

Enzymes and Catalysts can decrease the activation energy

Where is UV intensity highest?

Equator

True or False: Carbon Dioxide is a greenhouse gas but methane (CH4) is not

False

Water availability is influenced by... (3)

Global climate change, overconsumption, contamination

Results of the Montreal Protocol include...

Greatly reduced production of CFCs Increased production of alternatives to CFCs Recycling of CFCs

What does an element's group tell us?

Group is the vertical column. Tells us how many valence electrons are in the outer shell; tells us how reactive the element is

Which covalent bond is the most polar?

H - O

The ____ concentration in the air over the desert differs dramatically from that in the air in the tropical rain forest

H2O

How does Water vapor hurt the Ozone Layer?

H2O evaporates and reaches the ozone layer. UV light breaks H2O, making Hydrogen and Hydroxyl Free Radicals. These steal 1 O from O3, making O2

Why are HFC's Environmentally superior to the currently used HCFCs?

HCFCs contain chlorine while HFCs do not contain chlorine

What happens in an Exothermic chemical reaction?

Heat is released as the reaction proceeds

Types of Mixtures

Heterogenous and Homogenous

Fast/Shorter waves means...

Higher frequency

Alkali Metals Properties

Highly reactive metals

Steady State

Homeostasis in Ozone layer in terms of O2 and O3

What is a Solution?

Homogenous mixture of dissolved solute and solvent

What do periods mean on the Periodic Table?

How many valence shells there are

Frequency

How many wave peaks pass a certain point per given time

What is UV light harmful to?

Humans, small marine life, Bacteria and viruses

One replacement for CFC's are ____ which are compounds of hydrogen, carbon, fluorine, and chlorine

Hydrochlorofluorocarbons

How to measure if compound is polar or non-polar?

If given electronegativity of elements, compare to see if balanced. If not and difference is greater than 2.0, it's POLAR

Where is most of the carbon on Earth stored?

In the form of fossil fuels and carbonate minerals and rocks

Electronegativity on Periodic Table

Increases left to right, decreases by moving down column; Oxygen and Fluorine are highest; LAST COLUMN IS NOT ELECTRONEGATIVE

Water has one of the highest specific heats of any known liquid. This means that the temperature of a water sample ___ with the input of a ___ amount of energy

Increases only slightly; Large

Which approach would help most to reduce indoor air pollution?

Increasing the air exchange

CO2 Absorbs energy in the ___ part of the EM spectrum

Infra-Red

Chlorofluorocarbons rise to the Stratosphere and...

Interact with UV energy to produce free radicals that destroy ozone

Which is stronger? Covalent or Ionic Bonds?

Ionic

Potable water is water that...

Is safe to drink and to cook with

How does UV damage cells and what can that do?

Light energy (photons) goes into cells and causes mutations with skin cells. Can cause skin cancer, retinal damage, and cataracts

What happens when UV hits the skin?

Light energy (photons) goes into cells; if there's enough energy, they will come apart from the inside; can cause cell death and suntan

In which transition is the entropy of the initial state greater than the entropy of the final state? (Ice, Water, Vapor)

Liquid water freezes into ice

Long/Spread out waves means...

Low Frequency

Atomic Mass definition

Mass in grams of the same number of atoms

AMU Definition

Mass of 1/12 of Carbon-12

How does climate change affect water availability?

Melting glaciers, takes water from people who use them, floods/droughts

Inventor of Periodic Table

Mendeleev

Polar Compound Effect

Only part of it attracts electrons, so the positive/negative balance is off

Hydrocarbons

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen. Have different prefixes than other molecules used for fuels

Air Particles changed by respiration?

Oxygen and CO2

Which air pollutant would be most likely to depend on air temperature for its production?

Ozone

Types of solution concentrations (4)

Percents, PPM, PPB, Molarity

H2O is polar or non-polar?

Polar

How do bonds effect solutions dissolving solutes?

Polar bonds dissolve polar bonds, "Like with Like"

What is a Cation?

Positively charged ion

Protons

Positively charged particles inside nucleus

Types of water (2)

Potable and non-potable

To be electronically stable, an atom must have an equal number of ___ and ___

Protons and Neutrons

Combustion

Rapid reaction between oxygen and fuel that results in heat and light

UV Index

Rates the amount of damaging UV radiation is entering the Earth's atmosphere and reaching the surface

Halogens Properties

Reactive non-metals

Goal of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 included...

Reduce the amount of new production of CFC's in developed countries; recycle existing CFC's rather than release them into the air; encourage research into substitutes for CFC's

Possible consequences of Global Warming (4)

Rise in sea level; increase in average relative humidity; increase in forest growth in northern hemisphere; weakening of ocean currents

Chapman Cycle

Series of chemical reactions responsible for the formation and destruction of ozone in the stratosphere. Occurs when UV-C light is absorbed by O2. The 02 breaks into 2 O, which each bond to a different O2 molecule, making O3

The fact that a carbon (C) is less electronegative than nitrogen (N) means that in a C-N bond, the...

Shared electrons are closer to the N atom then to the C atom

Ozone depletion causes ___

Skin cancer in high contact

Atom

Smallest particle of an element

Ozone Pollutant

Smelly gas that can cause breathing problems

Aqueous Solutions

Solutions in which water is the solvent

How to prevent skin cancer:

Sunscreen that absorbs UV A and B

Types of Potable water (3)

Surface water, ground water, atmosphere

What is Temperature?

Tells about the direction of heat flow

What happens when 2 H2O's are close-by?

The H is attracted to the O on the other because + likes the -

Surface Water

The fresh water found in lakes, rivers, and streams

How is polarity affected by electronegativity?

The greater difference in electronegativity between 2 bonded atoms, the more polar it will be

Greenhouse Effect

The process in which atmospheric gases trap and return more than 80% of the heat energy radiated by the Earth

Which common process on earth is endothermic?

The production of oxygen by photosynthesis

What is Specific Heat?

The quantity of heat energy that must be absorbed to increase the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree Celsius

Which is not true about free radicals?

They are very stable chemical species

What types of light energy can we see?

Visible light (400-700nm)

How do we measure concentrations in lab?

Volumetric Flask

Frequency is inversely related to...___

Wavelength

Hydrogen Bonds

When hydrogen is attracted to and bonds with a very electronegative atom (O,N,F) and a nearby atom with high electronegativity (O,N,F); can be on different atoms or same one

Things that affect chances of getting skin cancer:

Where you live (equator=more risk), when you go outside (10am-4pm=most UV rays), clothing, tanning, following media warnings, genetics

As the ozone hold gets more pronounced, with time, one expects the incidence of skin cancer to...

increase worldwide

Speed of light in air...

is independent of the wavelength and frequency of light

A molecule with only non-polar bonds will always be ___

non-polar

During the Antarctic Spring, ozone is destroyed at a greater rate than it is formed...

on the surface of the atmospheric ice crystals; in a process that is catalytic; in polar stratospheric clouds

Covalent Bond

sharing a pair of electrons between atoms

Concentration

the amount of solute to solution (ex: Sugar to water)

Hydrogen Bonding

the intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to an unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule

What is a Calorimeter?

the process of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity

When assessing the risk of an air pollutant, which does not play a role in considering someone's exposure to the pollutant?

the toxicity of the pollutant


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