Chem ch. 10

saturated hydrocarbons

A hydrocarbon in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds

unsaturated hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon in which one or more of the bonds between carbon atoms is double or triple

Addition reaction

A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule

Substitution reaction

A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms.

How does an akyly group differ from its parent alkane?

An alkyl group contains one less hydrogen atom than is parent atom

What molecular formula of the simplest alkane capable of having constitutional isomers?

C4H10

Which of the following is the correct molecular fornula for cyclopentene?

C5H8

methyl

CH3

Compound isomer of butane

CH3CH(CH3)2

ethyl

CH3CH2

general formula for alkene

CnH2n

general formula for cycloalkane

CnH2n

general formnula for an acylic alkane

CnH2n+2

general formula for alkane

CnH2n+2

general formula for alkyne

CnH2n-2

general formula for cycloalkene

CnH2n-2

halogenation reaction

a chemical reaction between a substance and a halogen in which one or more halogen atoms are incorporated into molecules of the substance

Benzene

a planar compound, aromtaic compound, cyclic molecule

Hydrogenation

addition of hydrogen

polyethylene

addition polymer made from the monomer CH2=CH2

alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are example of what hydrocarbons

aliphatic

what are satiurated hydorcarbons

alkanes, cycloalkanes

unsaturarted hydrocarbons

alkenes, aromatics, alkynes

describe funcational groups

an atom or group of atoms with charactertics physical properties, chemical properties

cis isomer

an isomer of an alkene in which the hydrogen atoms in the double bond are on the same side

aromatic compound

an organic compound that contains the benzene ring structure and may have a pleasant or unpleasant odor and flavor

Benzene NH2

aniline

which statement corretly describe characteristcs or inorganic compounds

are composed of positive and negative ions, soluble in water, ionic bonds

what describes a molecule of benzene

aromatic compound, planar compound, cyclic molecule

Explain why the boiling point of alkynes increase as the length of the hydrocarbons chain increases

as the length of the hydrocarbons chain increase, the london dispersion forces between the molecules increases theses attractive forces between molecules are, the higher boiling point will be

conformational isomers

distinct isomers that may be converted into one another by rotation about the bonds in the molecule

water-soluble ionic compunds often dissociate water to form solutions of ions, such compounds are known as

electrolytes

all organic compounds are electoyltes

false

Structure of Cycloalkanes

family of molecules having carbon-carbon bonds in a ring structure

What reaction may be used to convert an alkene to an alkane

hydrogenation

the addition of H2 across an alkene double bond, mediated by a matal catalyst is as a what kind of reaction

hydrogenation

highest to lowest melting point

nonane, hexane, ethane, methane

Why are hydrocarbons not water soluble?

nonpolar molecules

continous eight carbon alkyl group carbon

octyl group

porperties characteristc of organic compounds

organic compunds contain covalent bonds, many organic compunds are nonelectrolytes

1,2 substitution

ortho

combustion

oxidation of hydrocarbons by burning in the presence of air to produce co2 and h20

1,4 substitution

para

continous fice carbon alkyl group called

pentyl group

geometry of ethene

planar molecule 120 degrees

larger molecules made from repeating smaller units

polymers

compounds that contain multiple benzene rings fused together via adjacent carbon atoms are called

polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

what are compounds are containing multiple benzene rings fused via adjacent carbon atoms

polynuclear aromtaic hydrocarbons

halogenation

reaction is important because it converts unreactive alkanes into versatile alkyl

constitutional isomers

same molecular formula, different connectivity

fats

solids at room temp.

functional groups

some contain a hetero atom, some contain multiple bond, some contain hetero atom and multiple bond

trans isomer

substituents other than hydrogen on opposite side of double bond

How does the molecular formula of a cycloalkane differ from that of the corresponding alkane?

the cycloalkane has 2 fewer hydrogen atoms in its formula

London dispersion forces

the intermolecular attraction resulting from the uneven distribution of electrons and the creation of temporary dipoles

infrntify what is indicated by the "pent" part of the name 2-methylpentane

the length of the longest chain

which of the following are true of halogenation reactions of alkenes

the product is called a dihalide, the x-x bond of the original halogen is broken, two new c-x bonds are formed

Markounikov's Rule

the rich gets richer, H goes to the end of the double bond

How many constiutional isomers are there for C5H12

three

what is true about the hydrogenation of alkenes

two new C-H bonds are formed, a metal catalyst is needed, one H-H bond is broken

Which of the following correctly names an alkene?

1-butene

A cycloalkane molecule contains 8 carbon atoms, How many Hydrogen?

16

a cycolalkane molecule contains 8 carbons atoms, how many hydrogen

16

How many moles of hydrogen gas (H2) are needed to convert one mole ethyne to ethane?

2

Methane reacts with oxygen in a combustion reaction to produce carbon dioxide and water. How many moles of water are produced by the complete combustion of one mole of methane?

2 moles

Compound is a isomer of pentane

2,2-dimethlypropane

Which of the following correctly math the IUPAC and common system for naming a benzene with two groups attached?

2-bromotoluene and ortho-bromotoluene

Alkane contains 25 carbon atoms, how many hydrogen atoms?

52

which of the following are true of alkene hydrohalogenation reactions?

HX bond is added across the double bond, a C=C double bond is broken, the reaction readily occurs with HBr and HCl

in a general hydrohalogenation reaction of an alkene

HX is added across the double bond

an organic compound is classified as aromatic if it fits which of the following criteria?

It contains a benzene ring

Benzene NO2

Nitrobenzene

Benzene OH

Phenol

Benzene CH3

Toluene

aromatic compounds

Unsaturated, demostrate a much higher degree of chemical stability than alkene or alkyne compounds

van der waals forces

attractive forces between molecules

Benzene COOH

benzoic acid

what are polynuclear aromatic compounds that are either suspected or confirmed carcinogens

benzopyrene, anthracene

Alkenes

c=c double bonds as their functional group

organic compounds

can form linear chains, rings strutures, and branched chains, carbon can form double and triple bonds with other cqrbon qtomw, carbon can form stable covalent bonds with other carbon atoms

organic chemistry is the study of compunds that contain the element

carbon

elements present in hydrocarbons

carbon, hydorgen

What is the name of the organic product in the reaction of benzene and chlorine (with FeCl3 as a catalyst)?

chlorobenzene

hydration of an alkyne results in a product with which type of functional group?

ketone or aldehyde, carbonyl group name

geometry of ethyne

linear molecule 180 degrees

oils

liquids at room temp.

describe an alkyne

low melting/boiling point compared to alcohols similar size, insoluble in water

1,3 substitution

meta

formula indicates the ttpe and number of atoms in a molecule but does not show how they are connected

molecular

this type of formula tells the kind and number of atoms in a molecule but does not show the bonding pattern

molecular formula

resonance hybrid

molecules in which more than one valid lewis structure can be written

smaller molecules that are covalently bound together to make larger molecules

monomers