Chem ch. 10
saturated hydrocarbons
A hydrocarbon in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds
unsaturated hydrocarbon
A hydrocarbon in which one or more of the bonds between carbon atoms is double or triple
Addition reaction
A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule
Substitution reaction
A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms.
How does an akyly group differ from its parent alkane?
An alkyl group contains one less hydrogen atom than is parent atom
What molecular formula of the simplest alkane capable of having constitutional isomers?
C4H10
Which of the following is the correct molecular fornula for cyclopentene?
C5H8
methyl
CH3
Compound isomer of butane
CH3CH(CH3)2
ethyl
CH3CH2
general formula for alkene
CnH2n
general formula for cycloalkane
CnH2n
general formnula for an acylic alkane
CnH2n+2
general formula for alkane
CnH2n+2
general formula for alkyne
CnH2n-2
general formula for cycloalkene
CnH2n-2
halogenation reaction
a chemical reaction between a substance and a halogen in which one or more halogen atoms are incorporated into molecules of the substance
Benzene
a planar compound, aromtaic compound, cyclic molecule
Hydrogenation
addition of hydrogen
polyethylene
addition polymer made from the monomer CH2=CH2
alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are example of what hydrocarbons
aliphatic
what are satiurated hydorcarbons
alkanes, cycloalkanes
unsaturarted hydrocarbons
alkenes, aromatics, alkynes
describe funcational groups
an atom or group of atoms with charactertics physical properties, chemical properties
cis isomer
an isomer of an alkene in which the hydrogen atoms in the double bond are on the same side
aromatic compound
an organic compound that contains the benzene ring structure and may have a pleasant or unpleasant odor and flavor
Benzene NH2
aniline
which statement corretly describe characteristcs or inorganic compounds
are composed of positive and negative ions, soluble in water, ionic bonds
what describes a molecule of benzene
aromatic compound, planar compound, cyclic molecule
Explain why the boiling point of alkynes increase as the length of the hydrocarbons chain increases
as the length of the hydrocarbons chain increase, the london dispersion forces between the molecules increases theses attractive forces between molecules are, the higher boiling point will be
conformational isomers
distinct isomers that may be converted into one another by rotation about the bonds in the molecule
water-soluble ionic compunds often dissociate water to form solutions of ions, such compounds are known as
electrolytes
all organic compounds are electoyltes
false
Structure of Cycloalkanes
family of molecules having carbon-carbon bonds in a ring structure
What reaction may be used to convert an alkene to an alkane
hydrogenation
the addition of H2 across an alkene double bond, mediated by a matal catalyst is as a what kind of reaction
hydrogenation
highest to lowest melting point
nonane, hexane, ethane, methane
Why are hydrocarbons not water soluble?
nonpolar molecules
continous eight carbon alkyl group carbon
octyl group
porperties characteristc of organic compounds
organic compunds contain covalent bonds, many organic compunds are nonelectrolytes
1,2 substitution
ortho
combustion
oxidation of hydrocarbons by burning in the presence of air to produce co2 and h20
1,4 substitution
para
continous fice carbon alkyl group called
pentyl group
geometry of ethene
planar molecule 120 degrees
larger molecules made from repeating smaller units
polymers
compounds that contain multiple benzene rings fused together via adjacent carbon atoms are called
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
what are compounds are containing multiple benzene rings fused via adjacent carbon atoms
polynuclear aromtaic hydrocarbons
halogenation
reaction is important because it converts unreactive alkanes into versatile alkyl
constitutional isomers
same molecular formula, different connectivity
fats
solids at room temp.
functional groups
some contain a hetero atom, some contain multiple bond, some contain hetero atom and multiple bond
trans isomer
substituents other than hydrogen on opposite side of double bond
How does the molecular formula of a cycloalkane differ from that of the corresponding alkane?
the cycloalkane has 2 fewer hydrogen atoms in its formula
London dispersion forces
the intermolecular attraction resulting from the uneven distribution of electrons and the creation of temporary dipoles
infrntify what is indicated by the "pent" part of the name 2-methylpentane
the length of the longest chain
which of the following are true of halogenation reactions of alkenes
the product is called a dihalide, the x-x bond of the original halogen is broken, two new c-x bonds are formed
Markounikov's Rule
the rich gets richer, H goes to the end of the double bond
How many constiutional isomers are there for C5H12
three
what is true about the hydrogenation of alkenes
two new C-H bonds are formed, a metal catalyst is needed, one H-H bond is broken
Which of the following correctly names an alkene?
1-butene
A cycloalkane molecule contains 8 carbon atoms, How many Hydrogen?
16
a cycolalkane molecule contains 8 carbons atoms, how many hydrogen
16
How many moles of hydrogen gas (H2) are needed to convert one mole ethyne to ethane?
2
Methane reacts with oxygen in a combustion reaction to produce carbon dioxide and water. How many moles of water are produced by the complete combustion of one mole of methane?
2 moles
Compound is a isomer of pentane
2,2-dimethlypropane
Which of the following correctly math the IUPAC and common system for naming a benzene with two groups attached?
2-bromotoluene and ortho-bromotoluene
Alkane contains 25 carbon atoms, how many hydrogen atoms?
52
which of the following are true of alkene hydrohalogenation reactions?
HX bond is added across the double bond, a C=C double bond is broken, the reaction readily occurs with HBr and HCl
in a general hydrohalogenation reaction of an alkene
HX is added across the double bond
an organic compound is classified as aromatic if it fits which of the following criteria?
It contains a benzene ring
Benzene NO2
Nitrobenzene
Benzene OH
Phenol
Benzene CH3
Toluene
aromatic compounds
Unsaturated, demostrate a much higher degree of chemical stability than alkene or alkyne compounds
van der waals forces
attractive forces between molecules
Benzene COOH
benzoic acid
what are polynuclear aromatic compounds that are either suspected or confirmed carcinogens
benzopyrene, anthracene
Alkenes
c=c double bonds as their functional group
organic compounds
can form linear chains, rings strutures, and branched chains, carbon can form double and triple bonds with other cqrbon qtomw, carbon can form stable covalent bonds with other carbon atoms
organic chemistry is the study of compunds that contain the element
carbon
elements present in hydrocarbons
carbon, hydorgen
What is the name of the organic product in the reaction of benzene and chlorine (with FeCl3 as a catalyst)?
chlorobenzene
hydration of an alkyne results in a product with which type of functional group?
ketone or aldehyde, carbonyl group name
geometry of ethyne
linear molecule 180 degrees
oils
liquids at room temp.
describe an alkyne
low melting/boiling point compared to alcohols similar size, insoluble in water
1,3 substitution
meta
formula indicates the ttpe and number of atoms in a molecule but does not show how they are connected
molecular
this type of formula tells the kind and number of atoms in a molecule but does not show the bonding pattern
molecular formula
resonance hybrid
molecules in which more than one valid lewis structure can be written
smaller molecules that are covalently bound together to make larger molecules
monomers